Edward Raupp | Goris State University (original) (raw)

Papers by Edward Raupp

Deleted Journal, Nov 1, 2023

Deleted Journal, Dec 31, 2015

This study forecasts standard of living in Tanzania over the next ten years as measured by the ra... more This study forecasts standard of living in Tanzania over the next ten years as measured by the ratio of two rates: (1) economic growth, using real gross domestic product (GDP), to (2) population growth. GDP alone is an insufficient measure of a nation’s well-being. China and India, for example, have high levels of GDP, but the pie is sliced very thin to be shared among the billions of people who live in those two countries. Real GDP per capita measures not only the level of economic activity but also the number of people who must share in the results of that activity. This study uses historical data for Tanzania’s real GDP (i.e., adjusted for inflation) and population to observe the ratio over time (from 1960 to 2011). One discovery is that of a point of inflection at the end of the 20th century, such that GDP per capita rose at an annual rate of just one percent “pre-inflection” and four times that rate “post-inflection.” The study uses standard statistical methods to forecast the variables over the next ten years. Results of the forecast indicate that GDP will continue to grow at a faster rate than will population, with a consequent steady rise in the average standard of living. How the increased prosperity will be distributed, so as to reduce the level of poverty and the disparity of income, remains to be seen.

Deleted Journal, Nov 10, 2023

Research reveals three imperatives for the growth of national economies: education, health, and t... more Research reveals three imperatives for the growth of national economies: education, health, and technology. Growth requires a well educated population to do the nation's work. Workers must be in good health in order to be productive. But even well educated and healthy workers need technology in order to leverage their efforts. While these three imperatives are common conditions for growth, rational government policies are required for these factors to function. A new set of forecasting models, THE GEORGIA FORECAST TM , indicate that nearand long-term prospects for Georgia's growth are bright. These prospective outcomes may be enhanced by rational, economically efficient and equitable adjustments in policy.

Chachibaia, Raupp. Nano Studies Magazine, 2012, v. 5, pp. 15-30.

Caucasus Journal of Milton Studies, 2023

Scholars and pseudo-scholars have analyzed Milton's Sonnet 19 for 350 years, and most have gotten... more Scholars and pseudo-scholars have analyzed Milton's Sonnet 19 for 350 years, and most have gotten it wrong. Taken in the context of open, sometimes even violent hostilities between Catholics and Protestants, the poem might be read as a statement of Milton's position on salvation, which is essentially sola fide, justification by faith alone, as formulated in the sixteenth century by Martin Luther and John Calvin. The essence of the sonnet is, we conclude, not Milton's blindness, neither physical nor spiritual, but an affirmation of his belief that mankind is saved by faith, not works. The study uses close reading of the fourteen lines of the sonnet and finds, as many have seen, two distinct parts. First, an octet of self-pity complains that the Maker who endowed the narrator with the gift of poetry may chastise him for not using that gift to serve the needs of that Maker. The Parable of the Talents is clearly the reference. Second, a sestet of accommodation relieves the narrator (and the reader) of the angst of the dreaded outcome mentioned in the Parable. It is the fourteenth line, however, that tells the tale. "They also serve who only stand and wait." This is the affirmation of sola fide.

Journal of Education in Black Sea Region, May 21, 2021

Arguably, the three most important early writers in the English language-indeed, one might say th... more Arguably, the three most important early writers in the English language-indeed, one might say the founders of the language

Journal in Humanities, 2012

Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, hi... more Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, his most often quoted words may well be the last line of his Sonnet XIX, When I consider how my light is spent. That last line is, "They also serve who only stand and wait." The key to understanding the essence of the sonnet is to understand the contentious issue of salvation that divides the Roman Catholic Church from those who "protest" against the church and argue for reform, from the followers of Martin Luther in the 16th century to the Puritans of Milton's 17th century. This study samples the literature addressing Milton and his life and times, as well as critical comment on the sonnet, but it goes deeper, using close reading of the sonnet itself. The issue in contention is whether, as Catholic church doctrine maintains, "good works" are sufficient for salvation, or, as Luther claims, justification is by faith alone. What we find in Milton is something new, which is that faith is primary, but that the faithful will perform good works as a matter of obedience to God's commands. When Milton loses his physical sight, he gains spiritual light, which he expresses in the sonnet. His use of the Parable of the Talents raises the question of whether being blind is an excuse for not using his talent as a writer to praise God. The last line of the sonnet answers that question.

PHILOLOGICAL RESEARCHES, Dec 15, 2020

Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, hi... more Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, his most often quoted words may well be the last line of his Sonnet XIX, When I consider how my light is spent. That last line is, “They also serve who only stand and wait.” The key to understanding the essence of the sonnet is to understand the contentious issue of salvation that divides the Roman Catholic Church from those who “protest” against the church and argue for reform, from the followers of Martin Luther in the 16th century to the Puritans of Milton’s 17th century. This study samples the literature addressing Milton and his life and times, as well as critical comment on the sonnet, but it goes deeper, using close reading of the sonnet itself. The issue in contention is whether, as Catholic church doctrine maintains, “good works” are sufficient for salvation, or, as Luther claims, justification is by faith alone. What we find in Milton is something new, which is that faith is primary, but that the faithful will perform good works as a matter of obedience to God’s commands. When Milton loses his physical sight, he gains spiritual light, which he expresses in the sonnet. His use of the Parable of the Talents raises the question of whether being blind is an excuse for not using his talent as a writer to praise God. The last line of the sonnet answers that question.

The International Journal of Literary Humanities, 2022

Of all the pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer’s epic poem “The Canterbury Tales,” it is the Prioress wh... more Of all the pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer’s epic poem “The Canterbury Tales,” it is the Prioress who has been the subject of the most critical analysis, and it is her tale that has caused the greatest angst among both critics and casual readers of the Tales. We study the literature devoted to the nun and her tale and conclude that Madame Eglantine is a hypocrite, posing as a passionate follower of the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth while violating the spirit of those teachings and the vows she took: vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Her clothing and her manners are less those of a humble nun and more those of the noblewoman of her past. If her condition has changed, her attitudes and behavior have not. The tale she tells bespeaks of the hatred she has for the Jewish people even while she regularly—ironically and in public—worships Jesus and Mary, both Jews. As we search for the elements of the character of the Prioress, we discover that she is a hybrid woman, having left the worldly life of the nobility and not yet accommodated herself to the severely cloistered life demanded of her by strict monastic rules.

The legacy of Ronald Reagan is mixed. Admired by some, vilified by others. Ardent Democrat turned... more The legacy of Ronald Reagan is mixed. Admired by some, vilified by others. Ardent Democrat turned impassioned Republican. Dedicated union president turned union buster. Champion of smaller government who increased the size of the federal government during his presidency.Vociferous spokesman for reducing the national debt who tripled the national debt. Some Americans idolize the man. Others disagree. What is the enduring legacy of Ronald Reagan? How will history remember the 40th President of the United States? This paper argues the case for caution in lionizing the man. It presents evidence that casts doubt on the legacy, evidence that suggests the most enduring aspect of the Reagan presidency may be his philosophy that "greed is good," that poor people are lazy, useless to society, parasitic, and deserve no help from others, especially not from government. It is a philosophy that runs counter to the teachings of every major religion, including that of the Christianity tha...

International Journal of Education & Social Sciences (IJESS, 2021

To watch a play by William Shakespeare is, in many cases, including his histories, tragedies, and... more To watch a play by William Shakespeare is, in many cases, including his histories, tragedies, and even comedies, to watch the beginning, conduct, or conclusion of a war. His Julius Caesar begins by recounting Caesar's successful campaigns. Then, on seeing Caesar's bloody body, Marc Antony screams those fateful words that will start yet another war, this war one of revenge: "Cry Havoc! And let slip the dogs of war." Shakespeare shows us the civil war that follows, and ends with a mournful tribute to the vanquished foe. Henry V begins with a discussion of whether to go to war, either to press a claim or in response to an insult, and facilitated by a bribe. Shakespeare then gives us his version of the conduct of a war that will inspire Britons for more than 600 years, the Battle of Agincourt. He then resolves the conflict with a political marriage. This paper analyzes selected Shakespeare plays to discern the element of traditional just war theory. We identify the elements of just war theory primarily from the Christian doctrine first articulated by Augustine of Hippo and expanded by Thomas Aquinas. By their standards, and by modern criteria, much of the action in such plays as Julius Caesar and Henry V would not be considered just.

Philological Researches, 2020

Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, hi... more Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, his most often quoted words may well be the last line of his Sonnet XIX, When I consider how my light is spent. That last line is, "They also serve who only stand and wait." The key to understanding the essence of the sonnet is to understand the contentious issue of salvation that divides the Roman Catholic Church from those who "protest" against the church and argue for reform, from the followers of Martin Luther in the 16th century to the Puritans of Milton's 17th century. This study samples the literature addressing Milton and his life and times, as well as critical comment on the sonnet, but it goes deeper, using close reading of the sonnet itself. The issue in contention is whether, as Catholic church doctrine maintains, "good works" are sufficient for salvation, or, as Luther claims, justification is by faith alone. What we find in Milton is something new, which is that faith is primary, but that the faithful will perform good works as a matter of obedience to God's commands. When Milton loses his physical sight, he gains spiritual light, which he expresses in the sonnet. His use of the Parable of the Talents raises the question of whether being blind is an excuse for not using his talent as a writer to praise God. The last line of the sonnet answers that question.

Journal of the National Defense Academy of Georgia

War is ubiquitous in Shakespeare," one scholar writes, and the evidence is abundant in his plays.... more War is ubiquitous in Shakespeare," one scholar writes, and the evidence is abundant in his plays. This study examines five of those plays and asks what today's military leaders may learn from them. We study Richard III, Henry V, Julius Caesar, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus, and we find both similarities and differences that might be the sources of lessons for leaders of the 21st century. After more than 400 years, Shakespeare's treatment of the causes, conduct, and conclusion of wars continues to resonate with those who read the works or see them performed on stage or screen. In each of these five plays we discover ideas that transcend time and space to inform those who would take on the challenges of leadership.

37 Retrieval Number:100.1/ijmh.G1260035721 DOI:10.35940/ijmh.G1260.035721 Published By: Blue Eyes... more 37 Retrieval Number:100.1/ijmh.G1260035721 DOI:10.35940/ijmh.G1260.035721 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Abstract: The study of Shakespeare’s plays, apart from the delight one may experience from the language, plot, and staging, offers useful insights into the enduring problems of human relationships in general and of organizational behavior in particular. Using as text material the tragedy of King Lear and the comedy Measure for Measure, this paper addresses one such organizational problem, succession, the transfer of power from one chief executive to another.

International Conference on American Studies, 2012

The legacy of Ronald Reagan is mixed. Admired by some, vilified by others. Ardent Democrat turned... more The legacy of Ronald Reagan is mixed. Admired by some, vilified by others. Ardent Democrat turned impassioned Republican. Dedicatedunion president turned union buster. Champion of smaller government who increased the size of the federal government during hispresidency.Vociferous spokesman for reducing the national debt who tripled the national debt. Some Americans idolize the man. Othersdisagree. What is the enduring legacy of Ronald Reagan? How will history remember the 40th President of the United States? This paperargues the case for caution in lionizing the man. It presents evidence that casts doubt on the legacy, evidence that suggests the most enduringaspect of the Reagan presidency may be his philosophy that “greed is good,” that poor people are lazy, useless to society, parasitic,and deserve no help from others, especially not from government. It is a philosophy that runs counter to the teachings of every majorreligion, including that of the Christianity that Reagan professe...

Arguably, the three most important early writers in the English language – indeed, one might say ... more Arguably, the three most important early writers in the English language – indeed, one might say the founders of the language – are Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), William Shakespeare (1564-1616), and John Milton (1608-1674). Yet our experience at the higher level of education is that students have had little exposure to the life and times of these writers or of their work. Our study shows that, while some Georgian school leavers have been exposed briefly to a bit of Shakespeare, few have chanced to encounter Chaucer and none to Milton. Moreover, while teaching what we might call “The Big Three” of English language and literature, much the same might be said at the master’s level: a bit of Shakespeare, little of Chaucer, and none of Milton. To the extent that students of English as a foreign language encounter any literature at all, they tend to be offered little other than literal translation. “Retell the text.” They miss the nuances of the English language as they would encounter th...

Writers of poetry and prose use all sorts of devices to add both meaning and texture to their wor... more Writers of poetry and prose use all sorts of devices to add both meaning and texture to their works. This paper collects, defines, and gives examples of a hundred of such devices. It is, for the most part, not original work. Rather it is a quick reference drawn from other sources. Freely available websites such as those noted in the References contain much more detailed definitions and examples. This paper draws heavily on these resources. The purpose of this paper is to make available to writers – and readers – a summary of just a hundred terms in one place. The items in boldface are listed in alphabetical order with definitions in Roman font and examples and further descriptions in Italics.

Research reveals three imperatives for the growth of national economies: education, health, and t... more Research reveals three imperatives for the growth of national economies: education, health, and technology. Growth requires a well educated population to do the nation’s work. Workers must be in good health in order to be productive. But even well educated and healthy workers need technology in order to leverage their efforts. While these three imperatives are common conditions for growth, rational government policies are required for these factors to function. A new set of forecasting models, THE GEORGIA FORECASTTM, indicate that near- and long-term prospects for Georgia’s growth are bright. These prospective outcomes may be enhanced by rational, economically effi- cient and equitable adjustments in policy.

Deleted Journal, Nov 1, 2023

Deleted Journal, Dec 31, 2015

This study forecasts standard of living in Tanzania over the next ten years as measured by the ra... more This study forecasts standard of living in Tanzania over the next ten years as measured by the ratio of two rates: (1) economic growth, using real gross domestic product (GDP), to (2) population growth. GDP alone is an insufficient measure of a nation’s well-being. China and India, for example, have high levels of GDP, but the pie is sliced very thin to be shared among the billions of people who live in those two countries. Real GDP per capita measures not only the level of economic activity but also the number of people who must share in the results of that activity. This study uses historical data for Tanzania’s real GDP (i.e., adjusted for inflation) and population to observe the ratio over time (from 1960 to 2011). One discovery is that of a point of inflection at the end of the 20th century, such that GDP per capita rose at an annual rate of just one percent “pre-inflection” and four times that rate “post-inflection.” The study uses standard statistical methods to forecast the variables over the next ten years. Results of the forecast indicate that GDP will continue to grow at a faster rate than will population, with a consequent steady rise in the average standard of living. How the increased prosperity will be distributed, so as to reduce the level of poverty and the disparity of income, remains to be seen.

Deleted Journal, Nov 10, 2023

Research reveals three imperatives for the growth of national economies: education, health, and t... more Research reveals three imperatives for the growth of national economies: education, health, and technology. Growth requires a well educated population to do the nation's work. Workers must be in good health in order to be productive. But even well educated and healthy workers need technology in order to leverage their efforts. While these three imperatives are common conditions for growth, rational government policies are required for these factors to function. A new set of forecasting models, THE GEORGIA FORECAST TM , indicate that nearand long-term prospects for Georgia's growth are bright. These prospective outcomes may be enhanced by rational, economically efficient and equitable adjustments in policy.

Chachibaia, Raupp. Nano Studies Magazine, 2012, v. 5, pp. 15-30.

Caucasus Journal of Milton Studies, 2023

Scholars and pseudo-scholars have analyzed Milton's Sonnet 19 for 350 years, and most have gotten... more Scholars and pseudo-scholars have analyzed Milton's Sonnet 19 for 350 years, and most have gotten it wrong. Taken in the context of open, sometimes even violent hostilities between Catholics and Protestants, the poem might be read as a statement of Milton's position on salvation, which is essentially sola fide, justification by faith alone, as formulated in the sixteenth century by Martin Luther and John Calvin. The essence of the sonnet is, we conclude, not Milton's blindness, neither physical nor spiritual, but an affirmation of his belief that mankind is saved by faith, not works. The study uses close reading of the fourteen lines of the sonnet and finds, as many have seen, two distinct parts. First, an octet of self-pity complains that the Maker who endowed the narrator with the gift of poetry may chastise him for not using that gift to serve the needs of that Maker. The Parable of the Talents is clearly the reference. Second, a sestet of accommodation relieves the narrator (and the reader) of the angst of the dreaded outcome mentioned in the Parable. It is the fourteenth line, however, that tells the tale. "They also serve who only stand and wait." This is the affirmation of sola fide.

Journal of Education in Black Sea Region, May 21, 2021

Arguably, the three most important early writers in the English language-indeed, one might say th... more Arguably, the three most important early writers in the English language-indeed, one might say the founders of the language

Journal in Humanities, 2012

Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, hi... more Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, his most often quoted words may well be the last line of his Sonnet XIX, When I consider how my light is spent. That last line is, "They also serve who only stand and wait." The key to understanding the essence of the sonnet is to understand the contentious issue of salvation that divides the Roman Catholic Church from those who "protest" against the church and argue for reform, from the followers of Martin Luther in the 16th century to the Puritans of Milton's 17th century. This study samples the literature addressing Milton and his life and times, as well as critical comment on the sonnet, but it goes deeper, using close reading of the sonnet itself. The issue in contention is whether, as Catholic church doctrine maintains, "good works" are sufficient for salvation, or, as Luther claims, justification is by faith alone. What we find in Milton is something new, which is that faith is primary, but that the faithful will perform good works as a matter of obedience to God's commands. When Milton loses his physical sight, he gains spiritual light, which he expresses in the sonnet. His use of the Parable of the Talents raises the question of whether being blind is an excuse for not using his talent as a writer to praise God. The last line of the sonnet answers that question.

PHILOLOGICAL RESEARCHES, Dec 15, 2020

Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, hi... more Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, his most often quoted words may well be the last line of his Sonnet XIX, When I consider how my light is spent. That last line is, “They also serve who only stand and wait.” The key to understanding the essence of the sonnet is to understand the contentious issue of salvation that divides the Roman Catholic Church from those who “protest” against the church and argue for reform, from the followers of Martin Luther in the 16th century to the Puritans of Milton’s 17th century. This study samples the literature addressing Milton and his life and times, as well as critical comment on the sonnet, but it goes deeper, using close reading of the sonnet itself. The issue in contention is whether, as Catholic church doctrine maintains, “good works” are sufficient for salvation, or, as Luther claims, justification is by faith alone. What we find in Milton is something new, which is that faith is primary, but that the faithful will perform good works as a matter of obedience to God’s commands. When Milton loses his physical sight, he gains spiritual light, which he expresses in the sonnet. His use of the Parable of the Talents raises the question of whether being blind is an excuse for not using his talent as a writer to praise God. The last line of the sonnet answers that question.

The International Journal of Literary Humanities, 2022

Of all the pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer’s epic poem “The Canterbury Tales,” it is the Prioress wh... more Of all the pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer’s epic poem “The Canterbury Tales,” it is the Prioress who has been the subject of the most critical analysis, and it is her tale that has caused the greatest angst among both critics and casual readers of the Tales. We study the literature devoted to the nun and her tale and conclude that Madame Eglantine is a hypocrite, posing as a passionate follower of the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth while violating the spirit of those teachings and the vows she took: vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Her clothing and her manners are less those of a humble nun and more those of the noblewoman of her past. If her condition has changed, her attitudes and behavior have not. The tale she tells bespeaks of the hatred she has for the Jewish people even while she regularly—ironically and in public—worships Jesus and Mary, both Jews. As we search for the elements of the character of the Prioress, we discover that she is a hybrid woman, having left the worldly life of the nobility and not yet accommodated herself to the severely cloistered life demanded of her by strict monastic rules.

The legacy of Ronald Reagan is mixed. Admired by some, vilified by others. Ardent Democrat turned... more The legacy of Ronald Reagan is mixed. Admired by some, vilified by others. Ardent Democrat turned impassioned Republican. Dedicated union president turned union buster. Champion of smaller government who increased the size of the federal government during his presidency.Vociferous spokesman for reducing the national debt who tripled the national debt. Some Americans idolize the man. Others disagree. What is the enduring legacy of Ronald Reagan? How will history remember the 40th President of the United States? This paper argues the case for caution in lionizing the man. It presents evidence that casts doubt on the legacy, evidence that suggests the most enduring aspect of the Reagan presidency may be his philosophy that "greed is good," that poor people are lazy, useless to society, parasitic, and deserve no help from others, especially not from government. It is a philosophy that runs counter to the teachings of every major religion, including that of the Christianity tha...

International Journal of Education & Social Sciences (IJESS, 2021

To watch a play by William Shakespeare is, in many cases, including his histories, tragedies, and... more To watch a play by William Shakespeare is, in many cases, including his histories, tragedies, and even comedies, to watch the beginning, conduct, or conclusion of a war. His Julius Caesar begins by recounting Caesar's successful campaigns. Then, on seeing Caesar's bloody body, Marc Antony screams those fateful words that will start yet another war, this war one of revenge: "Cry Havoc! And let slip the dogs of war." Shakespeare shows us the civil war that follows, and ends with a mournful tribute to the vanquished foe. Henry V begins with a discussion of whether to go to war, either to press a claim or in response to an insult, and facilitated by a bribe. Shakespeare then gives us his version of the conduct of a war that will inspire Britons for more than 600 years, the Battle of Agincourt. He then resolves the conflict with a political marriage. This paper analyzes selected Shakespeare plays to discern the element of traditional just war theory. We identify the elements of just war theory primarily from the Christian doctrine first articulated by Augustine of Hippo and expanded by Thomas Aquinas. By their standards, and by modern criteria, much of the action in such plays as Julius Caesar and Henry V would not be considered just.

Philological Researches, 2020

Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, hi... more Although it is Paradise Lost that receives much of the attention from scholars of John Milton, his most often quoted words may well be the last line of his Sonnet XIX, When I consider how my light is spent. That last line is, "They also serve who only stand and wait." The key to understanding the essence of the sonnet is to understand the contentious issue of salvation that divides the Roman Catholic Church from those who "protest" against the church and argue for reform, from the followers of Martin Luther in the 16th century to the Puritans of Milton's 17th century. This study samples the literature addressing Milton and his life and times, as well as critical comment on the sonnet, but it goes deeper, using close reading of the sonnet itself. The issue in contention is whether, as Catholic church doctrine maintains, "good works" are sufficient for salvation, or, as Luther claims, justification is by faith alone. What we find in Milton is something new, which is that faith is primary, but that the faithful will perform good works as a matter of obedience to God's commands. When Milton loses his physical sight, he gains spiritual light, which he expresses in the sonnet. His use of the Parable of the Talents raises the question of whether being blind is an excuse for not using his talent as a writer to praise God. The last line of the sonnet answers that question.

Journal of the National Defense Academy of Georgia

War is ubiquitous in Shakespeare," one scholar writes, and the evidence is abundant in his plays.... more War is ubiquitous in Shakespeare," one scholar writes, and the evidence is abundant in his plays. This study examines five of those plays and asks what today's military leaders may learn from them. We study Richard III, Henry V, Julius Caesar, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus, and we find both similarities and differences that might be the sources of lessons for leaders of the 21st century. After more than 400 years, Shakespeare's treatment of the causes, conduct, and conclusion of wars continues to resonate with those who read the works or see them performed on stage or screen. In each of these five plays we discover ideas that transcend time and space to inform those who would take on the challenges of leadership.

37 Retrieval Number:100.1/ijmh.G1260035721 DOI:10.35940/ijmh.G1260.035721 Published By: Blue Eyes... more 37 Retrieval Number:100.1/ijmh.G1260035721 DOI:10.35940/ijmh.G1260.035721 Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Abstract: The study of Shakespeare’s plays, apart from the delight one may experience from the language, plot, and staging, offers useful insights into the enduring problems of human relationships in general and of organizational behavior in particular. Using as text material the tragedy of King Lear and the comedy Measure for Measure, this paper addresses one such organizational problem, succession, the transfer of power from one chief executive to another.

International Conference on American Studies, 2012

The legacy of Ronald Reagan is mixed. Admired by some, vilified by others. Ardent Democrat turned... more The legacy of Ronald Reagan is mixed. Admired by some, vilified by others. Ardent Democrat turned impassioned Republican. Dedicatedunion president turned union buster. Champion of smaller government who increased the size of the federal government during hispresidency.Vociferous spokesman for reducing the national debt who tripled the national debt. Some Americans idolize the man. Othersdisagree. What is the enduring legacy of Ronald Reagan? How will history remember the 40th President of the United States? This paperargues the case for caution in lionizing the man. It presents evidence that casts doubt on the legacy, evidence that suggests the most enduringaspect of the Reagan presidency may be his philosophy that “greed is good,” that poor people are lazy, useless to society, parasitic,and deserve no help from others, especially not from government. It is a philosophy that runs counter to the teachings of every majorreligion, including that of the Christianity that Reagan professe...

Arguably, the three most important early writers in the English language – indeed, one might say ... more Arguably, the three most important early writers in the English language – indeed, one might say the founders of the language – are Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), William Shakespeare (1564-1616), and John Milton (1608-1674). Yet our experience at the higher level of education is that students have had little exposure to the life and times of these writers or of their work. Our study shows that, while some Georgian school leavers have been exposed briefly to a bit of Shakespeare, few have chanced to encounter Chaucer and none to Milton. Moreover, while teaching what we might call “The Big Three” of English language and literature, much the same might be said at the master’s level: a bit of Shakespeare, little of Chaucer, and none of Milton. To the extent that students of English as a foreign language encounter any literature at all, they tend to be offered little other than literal translation. “Retell the text.” They miss the nuances of the English language as they would encounter th...

Writers of poetry and prose use all sorts of devices to add both meaning and texture to their wor... more Writers of poetry and prose use all sorts of devices to add both meaning and texture to their works. This paper collects, defines, and gives examples of a hundred of such devices. It is, for the most part, not original work. Rather it is a quick reference drawn from other sources. Freely available websites such as those noted in the References contain much more detailed definitions and examples. This paper draws heavily on these resources. The purpose of this paper is to make available to writers – and readers – a summary of just a hundred terms in one place. The items in boldface are listed in alphabetical order with definitions in Roman font and examples and further descriptions in Italics.

Research reveals three imperatives for the growth of national economies: education, health, and t... more Research reveals three imperatives for the growth of national economies: education, health, and technology. Growth requires a well educated population to do the nation’s work. Workers must be in good health in order to be productive. But even well educated and healthy workers need technology in order to leverage their efforts. While these three imperatives are common conditions for growth, rational government policies are required for these factors to function. A new set of forecasting models, THE GEORGIA FORECASTTM, indicate that near- and long-term prospects for Georgia’s growth are bright. These prospective outcomes may be enhanced by rational, economically effi- cient and equitable adjustments in policy.

The study of Shakespeare’s plays, apart from the delight one may experience from the language, pl... more The study of Shakespeare’s plays, apart from the delight one may experience from the language, plot, and staging, offers useful insights into the enduring problems of human relationships in general and of organizational behavior in particular. Using as text material the tragedy of King Lear and the comedy Measure for Measure, this paper addresses one such organizational problem, succession, the transfer of power from one chief executive to another.

Writers of poetry and prose use all sorts of devices to add both meaning and texture to their wor... more Writers of poetry and prose use all sorts of devices to add both meaning and texture to their works. This paper collects, defines, and gives examples of a hundred of such devices. It is,

What to teach in introductory economics courses and how to teach it have concerned the economics ... more What to teach in introductory economics courses and how to teach it have concerned the economics education profession for decades. The question of when to teach it, i.e., in which academic term, is discussed in departmental meetings, as well, but it is the what and the how that have been the subjects of most scholarly papers. At the core of these questions is relevance. Previous studies have been mostly concerned with the effectiveness of different approaches without much attention given to whether the students perceive if and to what extent the material is relevant to their lives. Also, the focus has tended to be on cognitive achievements with little regard to how the affective domain relates to learning outcomes. Most recently, this concern for relevance has given rise to movements such as the founding in 2009 of the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) and its Project CORE (Curriculum in Open-access Resources in Economics). This study reports on an innovation at Great Bay Community College in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, that recognizes the importance of students’ perception of economics as being relevant to their lives. Both quantitative and qualitative assessments indicate the success of the approach in achieving that objective.

In recent years, the American electorate has become increasingly more sharply divided on social i... more In recent years, the American electorate has become increasingly more sharply divided on social issues, especially abortion and gay rights, and on economic issues with a focus on high unemployment rates and disparity of income and wealth. Civil discourse in the public square has largely been replaced by emotional rhetoric, half-truths, and deliberately false advertising in perhaps the world’s longest – some would say interminable – presidential campaign.
In November 2016, voters will go to the polls to express that division. Roughly half of those voting will hope for the election of the Democratic President candidate, former Secretary of State under the first term of President Barack Obama, Hillary Rodham Clinton, to lead the United States federal government for a four-year term. The other half will hope for a radical shift in United States foreign and domestic policy by electing iconoclastic business tycoon, Republican Donald J. Trump. This study aims to forecast the results of the election using generally accepted quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results are then projected onto the canvas of Georgian-America relations in the coming years – perhaps decades.
Forecasting under conditions of a high degree of uncertainty is a formidable challenge, and few situations are as uncertain as the outcome of a presidential campaign. A number of authoritative studies have concluded that forecasts using multiple methods can produce more accurate results than using one method alone (Armstrong, 2001). The current study uses a set of forecasting models, including prediction markets, polls of registered and likely voters, the Keys model (Lichtman, 2007), PollyVote (2016), and the time-for-change model (Cook, 2016).
In the run-up to the 2008 US presidential election, the International Journal of Forecasting published the results of 13 forecasting models. Twelve predicted Barack Obama would defeat John McCain. In the 2012 election, Princeton Election Consortium (2012) also accurately predicted Obama would defeat rival Mitt Romney. From these reports, among others, one might conclude that it is possible, using scientific methods, to forecast the results of even such an uncertain process as the United States presidential election.

In recent years, the American electorate has become increasingly more sharply divided on social i... more In recent years, the American electorate has become increasingly more sharply divided on social issues, especially abortion and gay rights, and on economic issues with a focus on high unemployment rates and disparity of income and wealth. Civil discourse in the public square has largely been replaced by emotional rhetoric, half-truths, and deliberately false advertising in perhaps the world’s longest – some would say interminable – presidential campaign.
In November 2016, voters will go to the polls to express that division. Roughly half of those voting will hope for the election of the Democratic President candidate, former Secretary of State under the first term of President Barack Obama, Hillary Rodham Clinton, to lead the United States federal government for a four-year term. The other half will hope for a radical shift in United States foreign and domestic policy by electing iconoclastic business tycoon, Republican Donald J. Trump. This study aims to forecast the results of the election using generally accepted quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results are then projected onto the canvas of Georgian-America relations in the coming years – perhaps decades.
Forecasting under conditions of a high degree of uncertainty is a formidable challenge, and few situations are as uncertain as the outcome of a presidential campaign. A number of authoritative studies have concluded that forecasts using multiple methods can produce more accurate results than using one method alone (Armstrong, 2001). The current study uses a set of forecasting models, including prediction markets, polls of registered and likely voters, the Keys model (Lichtman, 2007), PollyVote (2016), and the time-for-change model (Cook, 2016).
In the run-up to the 2008 US presidential election, the International Journal of Forecasting published the results of 13 forecasting models. Twelve predicted Barack Obama would defeat John McCain. In the 2012 election, Princeton Election Consortium (2012) also accurately predicted Obama would defeat rival Mitt Romney. From these reports, among others, one might conclude that it is possible, using scientific methods, to forecast the results of even such an uncertain process as the United States presidential election.

Keywords: forecasting, elections, international relations, politics, uncertainty
JEL Classifications: C44, F59, D89

Annotated Chronology of English Language and Literature, 2020

Blue Impala Press, 2020

Change is inevitable. Change may be caused by the dynamic forces of technology, globalization, o... more Change is inevitable. Change may be caused by the dynamic forces of technology, globalization, or demographics, or in the case of John Milton, as he writes in his tractate “Of Education,” the cause of change is what he judges to be the urgent need to reform a corrupt and ineffectual system of education.
Milton argues that the education system of his time and place, 17th century England, is detached from the real world and ill prepares students for the challenges they will face after graduation. It is an argument that drives many in the 21st century, and especially in the United States, to reform education at all levels.
In an environment of increasing global competition, the argument for reform—even for “catch-up”—is all the more compelling. In the United States, exceedingly high levels of spending in the education sector compared to other countries do not result in correspondingly high levels of performance in reliable international assessments.
This book looks past the reform de jour so often proposed as a remedy to the anomaly. We see in Milton some lessons that might guide today’s would-be reformers, not least of which is to associate academic preparation more closely to the real world outside the classroom.

In a sense, every university class is a foreign language class. Economics fits that model. There ... more In a sense, every university class is a foreign language class. Economics fits that model. There are strange words, like “oligopsony,” and words that are familiar but have different meanings to economists, like “elasticity.” This book aims to help students to make sense of the vocabulary of economics.
No claim is made to originality. The definitions in this book have their origins in many works; some of these are listed in the References section. And no effort was made to identify each definition with its source, since many are mixtures, and some are seasoned with our own comments.
When I was first invited to teach economics in the United States, I asked a student how she liked the course she had just completed—it happened to be the same macroeconomics course I was about to start teaching. She said, “It was boring and irrelevant to my life!” From that moment, I pledged to myself and to my students that I would make every effort to ensure that such a comment would never issue from any of my students. One of my approaches has been to define economics terms in ways that students could understand and that were relevant to their lives; I hope this little book helps.
The first version of this book, A Brief Dictionary of Economic Terms, was prepared for Gori University students in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia. Any revenues above the cost of printing will go to the English Library at Gori University. After three editions, why a new version? Students, lecturers, and others have requested it, and the language of business and economics continues to evolve. Events of the past few years have given rise to new language, some of which seems almost unintelligible. Some of this language is included in this new version, raising doubt as to whether the book may any longer be called “brief”!
—ERR

12th International Scientific Conference, Gori State Teaching University, 2019

There is no shortage of scholarly books and journal articles regarding women in The Canterbury Ta... more There is no shortage of scholarly books and journal articles regarding women in The Canterbury Tales. While some of these works ask the question, "Was Chaucer a misogynist?" there is no convincing case for one answer or the other. This paper examines the evidence and invites the reader to join the conversation about the question. We start with the task of defining the term. What is the formal definition of the word "misogyny," and how has that definition changed over time? Then we pose the question, "Was Chaucer a misogynist?" and look for evidence both for an affirmative answer and a negative answer. There is a substantial amount of evidence both in The Canterbury Tales itself and in the life and times during which Chaucer wrote the epic poem, and that evidence may be used to