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Research paper thumbnail of Environmental Aspects of Lead Free Soldering and Study of Legislations Banning Lead Based Solders in Different Countries

Environmental Science Archives, 2024

Lead based solders have been in use for many years, but in recent times, they are being phased ou... more Lead based solders have been in use for many years, but in recent times, they are being phased out. Lead based solders have generated environmental problems and the dissolved lead in soil is also poisonous and carcinogenic. This being the case, lead is being phased out in most countries. This paper is a review on the problems faced due to lead based solders and the legislations undertaken in various countries to tackle this problem. Legal steps have been taken in developed countries and some steps have been taken in India too. Legislations in USA, European Union, Japan and India have been discussed. A detailed view of legislations in different countries is discussed and the way forward is outlined.These steps would help to ensure that our environment is kept cleaner. It is hoped that these legislations would force researchers to discover more and more lead free alloys in the future.

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Silicon Nitride Particles on the Sliding Wear Characteristics of Functionally Graded Aluminium Composite

In this study, high-hardness Silicon Nitride (Si 3 N 4) particles were spatially dispersed with a... more In this study, high-hardness Silicon Nitride (Si 3 N 4) particles were spatially dispersed with aluminium A356 alloy, making A356 reinforced with 10 wt.% Si 3 N 4 Functionally Graded Metal Matrix Composite (A356-10 wt.% Si 3 N 4 FGMMC) through vertical centrifugal casting route. The gradient particle distribution and phase analysis were verified along the radial direction. The hardness and sliding wear behaviour were evaluated using VickerÕs microhardness tester and pin-on-disc tribometer. The superior microhardness (182 HV) was observed at the exterior surface, which was 73% higher than the interior surface. In the dissimilar zones of the FGMMC, wear performance was assessed with the applied loads of 20, 40, and 60 N at sliding velocities of 2, 3 and 4 m/s during the sliding distances of 500, 1250, and 2000 m. Taguchi's technique and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were implemented to pinpoint the optimum and momentous sliding wear variables. The lowest wear rate of 0.749 3 10 24 is identified at the ceramic wealthy zone with 20 N, 2 m/s, 500 m, and ANOVA analysis revealed that the various zones had a major impact (30.70%) followed by load (28.76%). The worn surface investigation confirmed the production of a stable tribo-oxide layer and revealed the enhanced wear resistance on the wealthy ceramic zone. The microstructural, hardness and wear experiment's findings confirmed the gradient distribution of Si 3 N 4 in the A356 alloy from the exterior to the interior surface, with a maximum in the exterior periphery.

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Research paper thumbnail of Analyzing the effect of WEDM parameters on machining of heat treated SiC and TiO2 reinforced LM25 aluminium alloy hybrid composite using Taguchi methodology

International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 2023

In the present study, the wire cut electric discharge machining (WEDM) parameters were optimized ... more In the present study, the wire cut electric discharge machining (WEDM) parameters were optimized for the machining of
Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) reinforced LM25 aluminum alloy composite (SiC–TiO2–LM25 Al Alloy
composite). The heat treatment was conducted in a muffle furnace and it was performed with solution treatment followed by
water cooling and then artificially aged for 4, 6 and 8 h, followed by natural cooling at room temperature. The microstructural
and hardness evaluation was conducted to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite.
The L9 orthogonal array table was utilized to perform the WEDM experiments. The effect of control variables such as ageing
duration (4, 6 and 8 h), pulse on time (1, 2 and 3 µs) and wire feed rate (1, 2 and 3 mm/s) on the cutting speed (CS) was studied.
The microstructural examination confirmed the presence of evenly distributed reinforcement particles with spheroidised SiC
in the heat treated composite. The 6 h aged sample showed maximum hardness of 112.3 HV compared to various aged
samples. The result showed that an ageing time of 8 h, pulse on time of 2 µs and wire feed rate of 2 mm/sec was identified as
the optimum control variables to obtain maximum CS. Moreover, ANOVA analysis showed that ageing duration significantly
affected the CS followed by wire feed rate and pulse on time. The confirmation experiment showed an increase in CS with
optimum control variables.

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Research paper thumbnail of Artificial Intelligence usage in India Analysed Using Six Hat Management Thinking Tools

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology, 2023

Artificial intelligence has been used in Industries for several years and its usage is only incre... more Artificial intelligence has been used in Industries for several years and its usage is only increasing in recent times.The six-hat method of analyzing problems also is a time-tested management technique.This paper attempts to weld these two techniques and analyze the impact of six-hat thinking on artificial intelligence, which is a novel way of thinking. The pros and cons have been analyzed for three different situations in the Indian context, twoIndustrial,namely casting and welding and one Educational.This intermingling of these two modern concepts is a novelty,whichmay not have been attempted before.Conclusions have been made based on the analysis.

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Research paper thumbnail of Fe-Ti Powder Metallurgy paper DAP

Springer Nature Singapore Pvt Ltd, 2019

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Research paper thumbnail of SEM and EDAX Evaluation of Al-Fe Alloy

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 2019

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis of the Al-Fe alloy re... more The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis of the Al-Fe alloy revealed the formation of varying ironaluminide intermetallic compounds. The Al-Fe alloys were produced by varying the composition of Fe. The pure 'Al' billets were heated up to 750 о c and in the molten condition of aluminium 'Fe' powder was added resulting in an exothermic reaction. The exothermic reaction raised the molten bath temperature to ~ 1400 о c which activated the formation of intermetallic compound.

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Research paper thumbnail of Environmental Aspects of Lead Free Soldering and Study of Legislations Banning Lead Based Solders in Different Countries

Environmental Science Archives, 2024

Lead based solders have been in use for many years, but in recent times, they are being phased ou... more Lead based solders have been in use for many years, but in recent times, they are being phased out. Lead based solders have generated environmental problems and the dissolved lead in soil is also poisonous and carcinogenic. This being the case, lead is being phased out in most countries. This paper is a review on the problems faced due to lead based solders and the legislations undertaken in various countries to tackle this problem. Legal steps have been taken in developed countries and some steps have been taken in India too. Legislations in USA, European Union, Japan and India have been discussed. A detailed view of legislations in different countries is discussed and the way forward is outlined.These steps would help to ensure that our environment is kept cleaner. It is hoped that these legislations would force researchers to discover more and more lead free alloys in the future.

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Silicon Nitride Particles on the Sliding Wear Characteristics of Functionally Graded Aluminium Composite

In this study, high-hardness Silicon Nitride (Si 3 N 4) particles were spatially dispersed with a... more In this study, high-hardness Silicon Nitride (Si 3 N 4) particles were spatially dispersed with aluminium A356 alloy, making A356 reinforced with 10 wt.% Si 3 N 4 Functionally Graded Metal Matrix Composite (A356-10 wt.% Si 3 N 4 FGMMC) through vertical centrifugal casting route. The gradient particle distribution and phase analysis were verified along the radial direction. The hardness and sliding wear behaviour were evaluated using VickerÕs microhardness tester and pin-on-disc tribometer. The superior microhardness (182 HV) was observed at the exterior surface, which was 73% higher than the interior surface. In the dissimilar zones of the FGMMC, wear performance was assessed with the applied loads of 20, 40, and 60 N at sliding velocities of 2, 3 and 4 m/s during the sliding distances of 500, 1250, and 2000 m. Taguchi's technique and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were implemented to pinpoint the optimum and momentous sliding wear variables. The lowest wear rate of 0.749 3 10 24 is identified at the ceramic wealthy zone with 20 N, 2 m/s, 500 m, and ANOVA analysis revealed that the various zones had a major impact (30.70%) followed by load (28.76%). The worn surface investigation confirmed the production of a stable tribo-oxide layer and revealed the enhanced wear resistance on the wealthy ceramic zone. The microstructural, hardness and wear experiment's findings confirmed the gradient distribution of Si 3 N 4 in the A356 alloy from the exterior to the interior surface, with a maximum in the exterior periphery.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Analyzing the effect of WEDM parameters on machining of heat treated SiC and TiO2 reinforced LM25 aluminium alloy hybrid composite using Taguchi methodology

International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 2023

In the present study, the wire cut electric discharge machining (WEDM) parameters were optimized ... more In the present study, the wire cut electric discharge machining (WEDM) parameters were optimized for the machining of
Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) reinforced LM25 aluminum alloy composite (SiC–TiO2–LM25 Al Alloy
composite). The heat treatment was conducted in a muffle furnace and it was performed with solution treatment followed by
water cooling and then artificially aged for 4, 6 and 8 h, followed by natural cooling at room temperature. The microstructural
and hardness evaluation was conducted to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the Hybrid Metal Matrix Composite.
The L9 orthogonal array table was utilized to perform the WEDM experiments. The effect of control variables such as ageing
duration (4, 6 and 8 h), pulse on time (1, 2 and 3 µs) and wire feed rate (1, 2 and 3 mm/s) on the cutting speed (CS) was studied.
The microstructural examination confirmed the presence of evenly distributed reinforcement particles with spheroidised SiC
in the heat treated composite. The 6 h aged sample showed maximum hardness of 112.3 HV compared to various aged
samples. The result showed that an ageing time of 8 h, pulse on time of 2 µs and wire feed rate of 2 mm/sec was identified as
the optimum control variables to obtain maximum CS. Moreover, ANOVA analysis showed that ageing duration significantly
affected the CS followed by wire feed rate and pulse on time. The confirmation experiment showed an increase in CS with
optimum control variables.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Artificial Intelligence usage in India Analysed Using Six Hat Management Thinking Tools

International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology, 2023

Artificial intelligence has been used in Industries for several years and its usage is only incre... more Artificial intelligence has been used in Industries for several years and its usage is only increasing in recent times.The six-hat method of analyzing problems also is a time-tested management technique.This paper attempts to weld these two techniques and analyze the impact of six-hat thinking on artificial intelligence, which is a novel way of thinking. The pros and cons have been analyzed for three different situations in the Indian context, twoIndustrial,namely casting and welding and one Educational.This intermingling of these two modern concepts is a novelty,whichmay not have been attempted before.Conclusions have been made based on the analysis.

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Research paper thumbnail of Fe-Ti Powder Metallurgy paper DAP

Springer Nature Singapore Pvt Ltd, 2019

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of SEM and EDAX Evaluation of Al-Fe Alloy

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 2019

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis of the Al-Fe alloy re... more The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray analysis of the Al-Fe alloy revealed the formation of varying ironaluminide intermetallic compounds. The Al-Fe alloys were produced by varying the composition of Fe. The pure 'Al' billets were heated up to 750 о c and in the molten condition of aluminium 'Fe' powder was added resulting in an exothermic reaction. The exothermic reaction raised the molten bath temperature to ~ 1400 о c which activated the formation of intermetallic compound.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact