Burton Lee | Stanford University (original) (raw)

Papers by Burton Lee

IEEE Internet Computing, 1998

Archives of internal medicine, 1990

As a former member of the Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, I... more As a former member of the Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, I have been asked to comment on physicians' attitudes toward the care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We went into this problem in some detail during the course of our hearings in 1987 and 1988, and, in general, found the topic to be somewhat disquieting. These same attitudes, I might add, are not limited to physicians. They can be found among all professionals and para-professionals who deal with all varieties of sick people. The study of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), or more properly termed HIV infection , invariably highlights a great number of problems, not only in medicine but across society as a whole. 1 The majority of people with HIV infection, in this country, are drug addicts of all types and their sexual partners, people involved in promiscuous sexual behavior, and homosexuals.

Yearbook on space policy, Oct 17, 2008

Space entrepreneurship is a frequent topic of discussion today within the European and United Sta... more Space entrepreneurship is a frequent topic of discussion today within the European and United States space communities. To someobservers, space and entrepreneurial activities may not seem complementary at first glance, particularly when considered in the context of a sector which seems to prefer costly large-scale projects under government leadership or major multinational companies building highly complex space systems. Traditional space industry typically views the entrepreneurial space sector with a combination of hope and interest in new approaches to technology development and risk management, as well as with misunderstanding, suspicion and unmet expectations. While some space startup firms have experienced market and financial success, outside of the satellite industry, most to date have not brought major changes to the space industry and the broader economy as expected.

This paper proposes a design chart incorporating demanufacturing complexity metrics in robust des... more This paper proposes a design chart incorporating demanufacturing complexity metrics in robust design for recyclability. The proposed recyclability map relates sort complexity and material recovery efficiency for major subassemblies. The map helps designers to reduce product retirement costs and scrap through the appropriate selection of design modularity, material selection and disassembly strategy. Our method focuses on the dismantling process associated with multiple product families and generations and incorporates changes in recycling process technology capabilities. The recyclability map allows designers to understand the effects of uncertainties in product recycling and helps them to reach a strategy that is insensitive to these changes. The paper uses recycling of an inkjet printer as a validation example.

This paper presents the use of Bayesian networks as a methodology for eliciting and encoding Fail... more This paper presents the use of Bayesian networks as a methodology for eliciting and encoding Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (BN-FMEA) models of mechatronic systems. The method uses probabilistic directed acyclic graphs to construct causal dependency structures between functional, behavioral and structural random variables of the physical system. Default apriori probabilities and conditional probability tables are generated and attached to the graph structure for post-design evaluation by diagnostic engineers. BN-FMEA provides a language for design teams to articulate — with less ambiguity and greater precision — component failure cause-effect relationships across sub-systems. An example of an inkjet printer illustrates how BN-FMEA can be applied. The approach supports traditional FMEA objectives — identification of system failure modes, provides improved knowledge representation and inferencing power over spreadsheets, and is generally applicable to the class of industry- and government-standard FMEA spreadsheets and tables in use today. Finally, BN-FMEA is presented as a basis for improved integration of design and diagnostic modeling of mechatronic systems.

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1994

Artificial intelligence for engineering design, analysis and manufacturing, Sep 1, 2001

Product design and diagnosis are, today, worlds apart. Despite strong areas of overlap at the ont... more Product design and diagnosis are, today, worlds apart. Despite strong areas of overlap at the ontological level, traditional design process theory and practice does not recognize diagnosis as a part of the modeling process chain; neither do diagnosis knowledge engineering processes reference design modeling tasks as a source of knowledge acquisition. This paper presents the DAEDALUS knowledge engineering framework as a methodology for integrating design and diagnosis tasks, models, and modeling environments around a common Domain Ontology and Product Models Library. The approach organizes domain knowledge around the execution of a set of tasks in an enterprise product engineering task workflow. Each task employs a Task Application which uses a customized subset of the Domain Ontology—the Task Ontology—to construct a graphical Product Model. The Ontology is used to populate the models with relevant concepts (variables) and relations (relationships), thus serving as a concept dictionary-style mechanism for knowledge sharing and reuse across the different Task Applications. For inferencing, each task employs a local Problem-solving Method (PSM), and a Model-PSM Mapping, which operate on the local Product Model to produce reasoning outcomes. The use of a common Domain Ontology across tasks and models facilitates semantic consistency of variables and relations in constructing Bayesian networks for design and diagnosis.The approach is motivated by inefficiencies encountered in cleanly exchanging and integrating design FMEA and diagnosis models. Demonstration software under development is intended to illustrate how the DAEDALUS framework can be applied to knowledge sharing and exchange between Bayesian network-based design FMEA and diagnosis modeling tasks. Anticipated limitations of the DAEDALUS methodology are discussed, as is its relationship to Tomiyama's Knowledge Intensive Engineering Framework (KIEF). DAEDALUS is grounded in formal knowledge engineering principles and methodologies established during the past decade. Finally, the framework is presented as one possible approach for improved integration of generalized design and diagnostic modeling and knowledge exchange.

ATS Scholar

Teaching complex topics in mechanical ventilation can prove challenging for clinical educators, b... more Teaching complex topics in mechanical ventilation can prove challenging for clinical educators, both at the bedside and in the classroom setting. Some of these topics, such as the topic of auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-PEEP), consist of complicated physiological principles that can be difficult to convey in an organized and intuitive manner. In this entry of "How I Teach," we provide an approach to teaching the concept of auto-PEEP to senior residents and fellows working in the intensive care unit. We offer a framework for educators to effectively present the concepts of auto-PEEP to learners, either at the bedside or in the classroom setting, by summarizing key concepts and including concrete examples of the educational techniques we use. This framework includes specific content we emphasize, how to present this content using a variety of educational resources, assessing learner understanding, and how to modify the topic on the basis of location, time, or resource constraints.

ATS Scholar

Video 1. Monitoring initial ventilator settings in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Volume 1: Design for Manufacturing Conference, 1996

This paper describes a schematic representation of product retirement specification that aids in ... more This paper describes a schematic representation of product retirement specification that aids in design for recycling and reuse. In the past decade, a graphical representation of the assembly process, called the assembly fishbone diagram, has effectively assisted engineers to conduct design for assembly (DFA) and process failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). On the other hand, environmentally conscious manufacturing requires engineers to make advanced planning for product retirement. This study investigates the use of the reverse fishbone diagram to model the disassembly and reprocessing sequence of a product at the end of its useful life. An industry-provided student project guided us to an initial definition of the reverse fishbone diagram that effectively led the students to analyze the recyclability and make practical redesign suggestions. The diagram is continuously adding more rigorous definitions and promises to be a central tool for evaluation of recyclability in a simu...

ATS Scholar, 2020

Video 1. Basic ventilator parameters.

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2003

Learning Objectives: * Explain the role of paraoxonase (PON) in organophosphate metabolism and th... more Learning Objectives: * Explain the role of paraoxonase (PON) in organophosphate metabolism and the implications of polymorphism in the human PON gene for farm workers exposed to pesticides. * Identify demographic and clinical correlates of chronic toxicity in farm workers exposed to pesticides when applying them to crops. * Relate the occurrence of chronic pesticide toxicity to the PON genotypes associated with fast and slow enzymatic hydrolysis of toxic pesticide metabolites.

CHEST Journal, 2004

PURPOSE: A method of extubation from mechanical ventilation best validated in the literature is o... more PURPOSE: A method of extubation from mechanical ventilation best validated in the literature is one of a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). A few randomized control trials comparing 30 versus 120 minute SBT's found no difference in outcomes but the numbers of patients evaluated were small. In our ICU, we use a 90-minute CPAP trial to assess the patient's likelihood of being extubated. Along with clinical parameters we use a rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) as a quantifiable, objective measure of a patient's tolerance of the SBT. Our objective is to evaluate whether RSBI changes significantly (20 point increase from baseline and crosses 100) from the beginning to the end of a 90-minute SBT. METHODS: We evaluated 164 consecutive medical ICU patients on mechanical ventilation at an urban teaching hospital. Of these, 141 were successfully extubated. Sixteen were extubated to non-invasive ventilation and 7 patients underwent tracheostomies. We excluded terminally extubated patients. A critical care fellow made decisions to extubate based on clinical information, negative inspiratory force, arterial blood gas, and RSBI. RSBI was calculated at 1, 30, 60, and 90 minutes of the SBT. RESULTS: The mean RSBI's for successfully extubated patients were 65, 63, 64, and 65 at 1, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively. The mean RSBI's for patients who failed extubation were 101, 80, 81, and 82 at 1, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively. Of the successfully extubated patients, only 4 (2.8%) had a significant change in RSBI. Of the 23 who failed extubation five tolerated less than five minutes of the SBT. Of the remaining 18 patients, only 1 (5.6%) had a significant change in RSBI during the SBT. The patients who failed extubation despite meeting our screening criteria did so because of hypoxia, altered mental status, hypercarbia, or hypotension. CONCLUSION: The RSBI does not change significantly during a 90 minute SBT. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Based on our results, we conclude that there is little to be gained by extending the SBT beyond the first 30 minutes.

Cancer, 1991

Concanavalin A (Con A)‐induced suppressor cell activity against the proliferative response of aut... more Concanavalin A (Con A)‐induced suppressor cell activity against the proliferative response of autologous lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was examined in peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from 12 normal control subjects and 25 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The Con A‐induced suppressor cell activity in patients with RCC (23.4 ± 21.4%) was significantly higher than that in control subjects (9.7 ± 10.7%, P < 0.05). No significant difference between the degree of suppressor cell activity and stage of disease, grade of malignancy, or cell type was found, although the suppressor activity in patients with tumor microscopically infiltrated by lymphocytes was significantly higher than in patients without lymphocyte‐infiltration into the tumor (P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with control subjects, Con A‐induced suppressor activity in patients with high stage and in those with lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor was significantly higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, because patients with RCC have high suppressor cell activity, abrogation of this activity may be necessary to treat the RCC. Cancer 68:2586–2590, 1991.

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1985

Following lysis in hypotonic media, human erythrocyte membranes will spontaneously reseal and reg... more Following lysis in hypotonic media, human erythrocyte membranes will spontaneously reseal and regain their original low permeability for polar solutes, it is generally accepted that resealing will only occur when the membranes are heated above a critical temperature, and that the membrane lesions are stable under cold conditions. Contrary to these prevailing notions, a detailed investigation of the temperature dependence of resealing kinetics over the temperature range 0-22°C revealed that resealing occurs at measurable rates at temperatures as low as 0°C, even in buffers of low ionic strength. At all temperatures studied, initial resealing rates were approximately first-order, and Arrhenius plots of these rates revealed a sharp, singular discontinuity at approx. 7oC.

The American Journal of Medicine, 1986

Since 1969, 164 previously untreated and evaluable adult patients with Hodgkin's disease, staged ... more Since 1969, 164 previously untreated and evaluable adult patients with Hodgkin's disease, staged as I (43) or II (141), have been treated. Eighty patients were part of the National Hodgkin's Disease Study, randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy to either an Involved (39) or extended fiekl (41). In a subsequent single-arm study, 104 patients were treated with involved-flekl radiotherapy preceded and followed by three cycles of MOPP chemotherapy. Median durations of follow-up have been 172, 172, and 92 months, for the Involved-field radiotherapy, extended-field radiotherapy, and MOPP plus Involvedfield radiotherapy treatment groups, respectively. Although signlflcant differences among the three treatment groups were observed wlth respect to disease-free survival (p <O.dOl), only the group of patients treated with Involved-field radiotherapy had a statistiially significant decline in overall survival as compared with the two other treatment groups (p <O.OOl). Moreover, patients who underwent clinical staging and were treated wlth MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy had significantly prolonged disease-free survival compared wlth those who underwent surgical stagirrg and were treated with extended-fiekt radlotherapy (p <O.OOl). Ons of the patients who received MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy had subsequent development of acute monocytlc leukemia, and another had refractory anemia wlth excess blasts. One instance of diffuse poorly diierentiated lymphocytlc lymphoma was also observed. Acute monocytic leukemia developed In another patient treated wlth involved-field radiotherapy. The rates of amenorrhea in the group treated with MOPP plus Involved-fiikt radlotherapy were 9.6 percent and 76.5 percent for female patients younger and older than 30 years of age, respectively. Despite the universal azoospermia ensuing after MOPP plus involved-fii radiotherapy, In three patients whose sperm counts were checked sequentially for 26 to 53 months after treatment, evidence of spermatogenesis was observed. Three patients with remission of Hodgkin's disease after involved-fiekl (two) and extended-field (one) radiotherapy dled from cardiovascular disease that could only be attributed to the prior radlotherapy. Although further folbw-up evaluation will be required to determine the impact of the three diierent treatment modalities on survival and long-term toxicity, MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy appears to be superior to involved-field or extended-field radiotherapy alone In achieving prolonged disease-free survival without significant leukemogenie potential. The use of megavoltage radiotherapy with delivery of tumoricidal doses in patients with localized Hodgkin's disease has resulted in a remarkable improvement in their prognosis. Although significant dirferences in survival have not yet been observed, disease-free survival has been prolonged by the use of extensive radiotherapeutic ports-including nodal areas with a high risk of relapse-compared with radiotherapy limited to the areas obviously involved with Hodgkin's disease [l-3].

American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 1985

American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 1986

This paper describes a schematic representation of product retirement specification that aids in ... more This paper describes a schematic representation of product retirement specification that aids in design for recycling and reuse. In the past decade, graphical representation of assembly process called the assembly fishbone diagram, has effectively assisted engineers to conduct design for assembly (DFA) and process failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). On the other hand, environmentally conscious manufacturing requires engineers to make advanced planning for product retirement. This study investigates the use of reverse fishbone diagram to model the disassembly and reprocessing sequence of a product at the end of its useful life. An industry provided student project guided us to an initial definition of the reverse fishbone diagram that effectively led the students to analyze the recyclability and make practical redesign suggestions. The diagram is continuously adding more rigorous definitions and promises to be a central tool for evaluation of recyclability in a simultaneous en...

IEEE Internet Computing, 1998

Archives of internal medicine, 1990

As a former member of the Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, I... more As a former member of the Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic, I have been asked to comment on physicians' attitudes toward the care of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We went into this problem in some detail during the course of our hearings in 1987 and 1988, and, in general, found the topic to be somewhat disquieting. These same attitudes, I might add, are not limited to physicians. They can be found among all professionals and para-professionals who deal with all varieties of sick people. The study of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), or more properly termed HIV infection , invariably highlights a great number of problems, not only in medicine but across society as a whole. 1 The majority of people with HIV infection, in this country, are drug addicts of all types and their sexual partners, people involved in promiscuous sexual behavior, and homosexuals.

Yearbook on space policy, Oct 17, 2008

Space entrepreneurship is a frequent topic of discussion today within the European and United Sta... more Space entrepreneurship is a frequent topic of discussion today within the European and United States space communities. To someobservers, space and entrepreneurial activities may not seem complementary at first glance, particularly when considered in the context of a sector which seems to prefer costly large-scale projects under government leadership or major multinational companies building highly complex space systems. Traditional space industry typically views the entrepreneurial space sector with a combination of hope and interest in new approaches to technology development and risk management, as well as with misunderstanding, suspicion and unmet expectations. While some space startup firms have experienced market and financial success, outside of the satellite industry, most to date have not brought major changes to the space industry and the broader economy as expected.

This paper proposes a design chart incorporating demanufacturing complexity metrics in robust des... more This paper proposes a design chart incorporating demanufacturing complexity metrics in robust design for recyclability. The proposed recyclability map relates sort complexity and material recovery efficiency for major subassemblies. The map helps designers to reduce product retirement costs and scrap through the appropriate selection of design modularity, material selection and disassembly strategy. Our method focuses on the dismantling process associated with multiple product families and generations and incorporates changes in recycling process technology capabilities. The recyclability map allows designers to understand the effects of uncertainties in product recycling and helps them to reach a strategy that is insensitive to these changes. The paper uses recycling of an inkjet printer as a validation example.

This paper presents the use of Bayesian networks as a methodology for eliciting and encoding Fail... more This paper presents the use of Bayesian networks as a methodology for eliciting and encoding Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (BN-FMEA) models of mechatronic systems. The method uses probabilistic directed acyclic graphs to construct causal dependency structures between functional, behavioral and structural random variables of the physical system. Default apriori probabilities and conditional probability tables are generated and attached to the graph structure for post-design evaluation by diagnostic engineers. BN-FMEA provides a language for design teams to articulate — with less ambiguity and greater precision — component failure cause-effect relationships across sub-systems. An example of an inkjet printer illustrates how BN-FMEA can be applied. The approach supports traditional FMEA objectives — identification of system failure modes, provides improved knowledge representation and inferencing power over spreadsheets, and is generally applicable to the class of industry- and government-standard FMEA spreadsheets and tables in use today. Finally, BN-FMEA is presented as a basis for improved integration of design and diagnostic modeling of mechatronic systems.

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1994

Artificial intelligence for engineering design, analysis and manufacturing, Sep 1, 2001

Product design and diagnosis are, today, worlds apart. Despite strong areas of overlap at the ont... more Product design and diagnosis are, today, worlds apart. Despite strong areas of overlap at the ontological level, traditional design process theory and practice does not recognize diagnosis as a part of the modeling process chain; neither do diagnosis knowledge engineering processes reference design modeling tasks as a source of knowledge acquisition. This paper presents the DAEDALUS knowledge engineering framework as a methodology for integrating design and diagnosis tasks, models, and modeling environments around a common Domain Ontology and Product Models Library. The approach organizes domain knowledge around the execution of a set of tasks in an enterprise product engineering task workflow. Each task employs a Task Application which uses a customized subset of the Domain Ontology—the Task Ontology—to construct a graphical Product Model. The Ontology is used to populate the models with relevant concepts (variables) and relations (relationships), thus serving as a concept dictionary-style mechanism for knowledge sharing and reuse across the different Task Applications. For inferencing, each task employs a local Problem-solving Method (PSM), and a Model-PSM Mapping, which operate on the local Product Model to produce reasoning outcomes. The use of a common Domain Ontology across tasks and models facilitates semantic consistency of variables and relations in constructing Bayesian networks for design and diagnosis.The approach is motivated by inefficiencies encountered in cleanly exchanging and integrating design FMEA and diagnosis models. Demonstration software under development is intended to illustrate how the DAEDALUS framework can be applied to knowledge sharing and exchange between Bayesian network-based design FMEA and diagnosis modeling tasks. Anticipated limitations of the DAEDALUS methodology are discussed, as is its relationship to Tomiyama's Knowledge Intensive Engineering Framework (KIEF). DAEDALUS is grounded in formal knowledge engineering principles and methodologies established during the past decade. Finally, the framework is presented as one possible approach for improved integration of generalized design and diagnostic modeling and knowledge exchange.

ATS Scholar

Teaching complex topics in mechanical ventilation can prove challenging for clinical educators, b... more Teaching complex topics in mechanical ventilation can prove challenging for clinical educators, both at the bedside and in the classroom setting. Some of these topics, such as the topic of auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (auto-PEEP), consist of complicated physiological principles that can be difficult to convey in an organized and intuitive manner. In this entry of "How I Teach," we provide an approach to teaching the concept of auto-PEEP to senior residents and fellows working in the intensive care unit. We offer a framework for educators to effectively present the concepts of auto-PEEP to learners, either at the bedside or in the classroom setting, by summarizing key concepts and including concrete examples of the educational techniques we use. This framework includes specific content we emphasize, how to present this content using a variety of educational resources, assessing learner understanding, and how to modify the topic on the basis of location, time, or resource constraints.

ATS Scholar

Video 1. Monitoring initial ventilator settings in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Volume 1: Design for Manufacturing Conference, 1996

This paper describes a schematic representation of product retirement specification that aids in ... more This paper describes a schematic representation of product retirement specification that aids in design for recycling and reuse. In the past decade, a graphical representation of the assembly process, called the assembly fishbone diagram, has effectively assisted engineers to conduct design for assembly (DFA) and process failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). On the other hand, environmentally conscious manufacturing requires engineers to make advanced planning for product retirement. This study investigates the use of the reverse fishbone diagram to model the disassembly and reprocessing sequence of a product at the end of its useful life. An industry-provided student project guided us to an initial definition of the reverse fishbone diagram that effectively led the students to analyze the recyclability and make practical redesign suggestions. The diagram is continuously adding more rigorous definitions and promises to be a central tool for evaluation of recyclability in a simu...

ATS Scholar, 2020

Video 1. Basic ventilator parameters.

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2003

Learning Objectives: * Explain the role of paraoxonase (PON) in organophosphate metabolism and th... more Learning Objectives: * Explain the role of paraoxonase (PON) in organophosphate metabolism and the implications of polymorphism in the human PON gene for farm workers exposed to pesticides. * Identify demographic and clinical correlates of chronic toxicity in farm workers exposed to pesticides when applying them to crops. * Relate the occurrence of chronic pesticide toxicity to the PON genotypes associated with fast and slow enzymatic hydrolysis of toxic pesticide metabolites.

CHEST Journal, 2004

PURPOSE: A method of extubation from mechanical ventilation best validated in the literature is o... more PURPOSE: A method of extubation from mechanical ventilation best validated in the literature is one of a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT). A few randomized control trials comparing 30 versus 120 minute SBT's found no difference in outcomes but the numbers of patients evaluated were small. In our ICU, we use a 90-minute CPAP trial to assess the patient's likelihood of being extubated. Along with clinical parameters we use a rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) as a quantifiable, objective measure of a patient's tolerance of the SBT. Our objective is to evaluate whether RSBI changes significantly (20 point increase from baseline and crosses 100) from the beginning to the end of a 90-minute SBT. METHODS: We evaluated 164 consecutive medical ICU patients on mechanical ventilation at an urban teaching hospital. Of these, 141 were successfully extubated. Sixteen were extubated to non-invasive ventilation and 7 patients underwent tracheostomies. We excluded terminally extubated patients. A critical care fellow made decisions to extubate based on clinical information, negative inspiratory force, arterial blood gas, and RSBI. RSBI was calculated at 1, 30, 60, and 90 minutes of the SBT. RESULTS: The mean RSBI's for successfully extubated patients were 65, 63, 64, and 65 at 1, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively. The mean RSBI's for patients who failed extubation were 101, 80, 81, and 82 at 1, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively. Of the successfully extubated patients, only 4 (2.8%) had a significant change in RSBI. Of the 23 who failed extubation five tolerated less than five minutes of the SBT. Of the remaining 18 patients, only 1 (5.6%) had a significant change in RSBI during the SBT. The patients who failed extubation despite meeting our screening criteria did so because of hypoxia, altered mental status, hypercarbia, or hypotension. CONCLUSION: The RSBI does not change significantly during a 90 minute SBT. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Based on our results, we conclude that there is little to be gained by extending the SBT beyond the first 30 minutes.

Cancer, 1991

Concanavalin A (Con A)‐induced suppressor cell activity against the proliferative response of aut... more Concanavalin A (Con A)‐induced suppressor cell activity against the proliferative response of autologous lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin was examined in peripheral blood lymphocytes derived from 12 normal control subjects and 25 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The Con A‐induced suppressor cell activity in patients with RCC (23.4 ± 21.4%) was significantly higher than that in control subjects (9.7 ± 10.7%, P < 0.05). No significant difference between the degree of suppressor cell activity and stage of disease, grade of malignancy, or cell type was found, although the suppressor activity in patients with tumor microscopically infiltrated by lymphocytes was significantly higher than in patients without lymphocyte‐infiltration into the tumor (P < 0.05). Furthermore, compared with control subjects, Con A‐induced suppressor activity in patients with high stage and in those with lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor was significantly higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, because patients with RCC have high suppressor cell activity, abrogation of this activity may be necessary to treat the RCC. Cancer 68:2586–2590, 1991.

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1985

Following lysis in hypotonic media, human erythrocyte membranes will spontaneously reseal and reg... more Following lysis in hypotonic media, human erythrocyte membranes will spontaneously reseal and regain their original low permeability for polar solutes, it is generally accepted that resealing will only occur when the membranes are heated above a critical temperature, and that the membrane lesions are stable under cold conditions. Contrary to these prevailing notions, a detailed investigation of the temperature dependence of resealing kinetics over the temperature range 0-22°C revealed that resealing occurs at measurable rates at temperatures as low as 0°C, even in buffers of low ionic strength. At all temperatures studied, initial resealing rates were approximately first-order, and Arrhenius plots of these rates revealed a sharp, singular discontinuity at approx. 7oC.

The American Journal of Medicine, 1986

Since 1969, 164 previously untreated and evaluable adult patients with Hodgkin's disease, staged ... more Since 1969, 164 previously untreated and evaluable adult patients with Hodgkin's disease, staged as I (43) or II (141), have been treated. Eighty patients were part of the National Hodgkin's Disease Study, randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy to either an Involved (39) or extended fiekl (41). In a subsequent single-arm study, 104 patients were treated with involved-flekl radiotherapy preceded and followed by three cycles of MOPP chemotherapy. Median durations of follow-up have been 172, 172, and 92 months, for the Involved-field radiotherapy, extended-field radiotherapy, and MOPP plus Involvedfield radiotherapy treatment groups, respectively. Although signlflcant differences among the three treatment groups were observed wlth respect to disease-free survival (p <O.dOl), only the group of patients treated with Involved-field radiotherapy had a statistiially significant decline in overall survival as compared with the two other treatment groups (p <O.OOl). Moreover, patients who underwent clinical staging and were treated wlth MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy had significantly prolonged disease-free survival compared wlth those who underwent surgical stagirrg and were treated with extended-fiekt radlotherapy (p <O.OOl). Ons of the patients who received MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy had subsequent development of acute monocytlc leukemia, and another had refractory anemia wlth excess blasts. One instance of diffuse poorly diierentiated lymphocytlc lymphoma was also observed. Acute monocytic leukemia developed In another patient treated wlth involved-field radiotherapy. The rates of amenorrhea in the group treated with MOPP plus Involved-fiikt radlotherapy were 9.6 percent and 76.5 percent for female patients younger and older than 30 years of age, respectively. Despite the universal azoospermia ensuing after MOPP plus involved-fii radiotherapy, In three patients whose sperm counts were checked sequentially for 26 to 53 months after treatment, evidence of spermatogenesis was observed. Three patients with remission of Hodgkin's disease after involved-fiekl (two) and extended-field (one) radiotherapy dled from cardiovascular disease that could only be attributed to the prior radlotherapy. Although further folbw-up evaluation will be required to determine the impact of the three diierent treatment modalities on survival and long-term toxicity, MOPP plus involved-field radiotherapy appears to be superior to involved-field or extended-field radiotherapy alone In achieving prolonged disease-free survival without significant leukemogenie potential. The use of megavoltage radiotherapy with delivery of tumoricidal doses in patients with localized Hodgkin's disease has resulted in a remarkable improvement in their prognosis. Although significant dirferences in survival have not yet been observed, disease-free survival has been prolonged by the use of extensive radiotherapeutic ports-including nodal areas with a high risk of relapse-compared with radiotherapy limited to the areas obviously involved with Hodgkin's disease [l-3].

American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 1985

American Journal of Clinical Oncology, 1986

This paper describes a schematic representation of product retirement specification that aids in ... more This paper describes a schematic representation of product retirement specification that aids in design for recycling and reuse. In the past decade, graphical representation of assembly process called the assembly fishbone diagram, has effectively assisted engineers to conduct design for assembly (DFA) and process failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). On the other hand, environmentally conscious manufacturing requires engineers to make advanced planning for product retirement. This study investigates the use of reverse fishbone diagram to model the disassembly and reprocessing sequence of a product at the end of its useful life. An industry provided student project guided us to an initial definition of the reverse fishbone diagram that effectively led the students to analyze the recyclability and make practical redesign suggestions. The diagram is continuously adding more rigorous definitions and promises to be a central tool for evaluation of recyclability in a simultaneous en...