Hazel Markus | Stanford University (original) (raw)

Papers by Hazel Markus

Journal of Education Policy

Facing increasing critique that PISA focuses too narrowly on cognitive achievement and human/know... more Facing increasing critique that PISA focuses too narrowly on cognitive achievement and human/knowledge capital, the OECD has recently shifted some of its focus to student happiness. The 2017 Students’Well- Being report distinguishes between ‘happy schools’ and ‘unhappy schools’, showing that among students who combined high performance and life satisfaction, northern European countries topped the charts. Meanwhile, students in East Asian countries including Japan, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Korea registered the lowest ‘life satisfaction’ scores among all participating countries. This piece points out some of the problems inherent in the OECD’s recent turn to happiness, problematizing the OECD yardstick of life satisfaction. Attempting to keep the critique constructive, we suggest that the OECD may want to consider using alternative metrics, then briefly highlight one developed in East Asia from different first assumptions: the Interdependent Happiness Scale. In conclusion we flag, but cannot answer, some related educational questions concerning policy, pedagogy, and priorities for the future.

Journal of personality and social psychology, 2018

Current theorizing on socioeconomic status (SES) focuses on the availability of resources and the... more Current theorizing on socioeconomic status (SES) focuses on the availability of resources and the freedom they afford as a key determinant of the association between high SES and stronger orientation toward the self and, by implication, weaker orientation toward others. However, this work relies nearly exclusively on data from Western countries where self-orientation is strongly sanctioned. In the present work, we predicted and found that especially in East Asian countries, where other-orientation is strongly sanctioned, high SES is associated with stronger other-orientation as well as with self-orientation. We first examined both psychological attributes (Study 1, N = 2,832) and socialization values (Study 2a, N = 4,675) in Japan and the United States. In line with the existent evidence, SES was associated with greater self-oriented psychological attributes and socialization values in both the U.S. and Japan. Importantly, however, higher SES was associated with greater other orient...

Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2018

Neuroticism, a broad personality trait linked to negative emotions, is consistently linked to ill... more Neuroticism, a broad personality trait linked to negative emotions, is consistently linked to ill health when self-report is used to assess health. However, when health risk is assessed with biomarkers, the evidence is inconsistent. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the association between neuroticism and biological health risk is moderated by behavioral adjustment, a propensity to flexibly adjust behaviors to environmental contingencies. Using a U.S.-Japan cross-cultural survey, we found that neuroticism was linked to lower biological health risk for those who are high, but not low, in behavioral adjustment. Importantly, Japanese were higher in behavioral adjustment than European Americans, and as predicted by this cultural difference, neuroticism was linked to lower biological health risk for Japanese but not for European Americans. Finally, consistent with prior evidence, neuroticism was associated with worse self-reported health regardless of behavioral adjustment or culture. ...

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

This study investigated whether self-concepts that arise from participation in interdependent cul... more This study investigated whether self-concepts that arise from participation in interdependent cultural contexts, in this case the self-concepts of Japanese students, will be relatively more sensitive to situational variation than will self-concepts that arise in independent cultural contexts, in this case the self-concepts of U.S. college students. The self-concepts of 128 Japanese and 133 U.S. women were assessed in one of four distinct social situations: in a group, with a faculty member, with a peer, and alone in a research booth. Furthermore, the authors examined the hypothesis that Japanese self-concepts would differ from American self-concepts in valence, reflecting normative and desirable tendencies toward self-criticism. American and Japanese participants differed in the content, number, and range of self-descriptions. As predicted, the situation had a greater influence on the self-descriptions of the Japanese participants than on the Americans’ self-descriptions, and the se...

... Richard A. Shweder 1 ,; Jacqueline J. Goodnow 2 ,; Giyoo Hatano 3 ,; Robert A. LeVine 4 ,; Ha... more ... Richard A. Shweder 1 ,; Jacqueline J. Goodnow 2 ,; Giyoo Hatano 3 ,; Robert A. LeVine 4 ,; Hazel R. Markus 5 ,; Peggy J. Miller 6. ... Mahapatra, & Miller, 1990; Shweder, Much, Mahapatra, & Park, 1997), and culture and the self (Doi, 1981; Herdt, 1981, 1990; Kurtz, 1992; Lebra, 1992 ...

A discussion is presented concerning the various uences internal and external, which direct a wom... more A discussion is presented concerning the various uences internal and external, which direct a woman tc retuin to school. _A review of-the literature was made. Subjects Were a sample of women whO contacted the Center for Continuing Education of Women from 1i64-1972. :A mail questionnaire was sent-to these women to provide some understanding about how helpful the Center is, to them, the problems of women returning to school, and some-of the = more general attitudes of women. _Result-, are given. The-women-ilk-this study _are relatively affluent, come from relatiTely well-educated .families, and are returning to school of _their own accord. The major Problems encountered in a return to school center on managing time. The most significant life changes reported include achieving stated goals, getting a degree, gaining a Specific skill, and achieving a sense-=of accomplithment.__(C)-= a US,OEPARTMENTOfNEALTN, EOUCATION,A WELPARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OP: EDUCATION

Psychological Inquiry, Jun 22, 2011

... Meaning-Full Acts We shared many seemingly mundane, yet in the deconstruction and reconstruct... more ... Meaning-Full Acts We shared many seemingly mundane, yet in the deconstruction and reconstruction, incredibly com-plex social events and situations. ... This middle way, however, is also a dan-gerous way. It made us quite vulnerable to attacks from both sides. ...

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1974

The American Psychologist, 2008

Page 448. Chapter 20 Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Silence: An Analysis of Talking as a Cultur... more Page 448. Chapter 20 Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Silence: An Analysis of Talking as a Cultural Practice Heejung S. Kim and Hazel Rose Markus Be a craftsman in speech that thou mayest be strong, for the strength ...

Psychol Inq, 1998

... On Being Well: The Role of the Self' in Building the Bridge From Philosophy to Biology K... more ... On Being Well: The Role of the Self' in Building the Bridge From Philosophy to Biology Kelli A. Keough Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin ...

Http Dx Doi Org 10 1521 Soco 1992 10 1 95, Jan 10, 2011

... is pivotal in affect-cognition relationships review the theory and evidence consistent with t... more ... is pivotal in affect-cognition relationships review the theory and evidence consistent with the notion of soft and hard representations of emotions, as well as the literature relating to "cognitive hardware" discuss the possible roles of motor cues in mood-dependent learning and ...

Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1996

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1974

Journal of Education Policy

Facing increasing critique that PISA focuses too narrowly on cognitive achievement and human/know... more Facing increasing critique that PISA focuses too narrowly on cognitive achievement and human/knowledge capital, the OECD has recently shifted some of its focus to student happiness. The 2017 Students’Well- Being report distinguishes between ‘happy schools’ and ‘unhappy schools’, showing that among students who combined high performance and life satisfaction, northern European countries topped the charts. Meanwhile, students in East Asian countries including Japan, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Korea registered the lowest ‘life satisfaction’ scores among all participating countries. This piece points out some of the problems inherent in the OECD’s recent turn to happiness, problematizing the OECD yardstick of life satisfaction. Attempting to keep the critique constructive, we suggest that the OECD may want to consider using alternative metrics, then briefly highlight one developed in East Asia from different first assumptions: the Interdependent Happiness Scale. In conclusion we flag, but cannot answer, some related educational questions concerning policy, pedagogy, and priorities for the future.

Journal of personality and social psychology, 2018

Current theorizing on socioeconomic status (SES) focuses on the availability of resources and the... more Current theorizing on socioeconomic status (SES) focuses on the availability of resources and the freedom they afford as a key determinant of the association between high SES and stronger orientation toward the self and, by implication, weaker orientation toward others. However, this work relies nearly exclusively on data from Western countries where self-orientation is strongly sanctioned. In the present work, we predicted and found that especially in East Asian countries, where other-orientation is strongly sanctioned, high SES is associated with stronger other-orientation as well as with self-orientation. We first examined both psychological attributes (Study 1, N = 2,832) and socialization values (Study 2a, N = 4,675) in Japan and the United States. In line with the existent evidence, SES was associated with greater self-oriented psychological attributes and socialization values in both the U.S. and Japan. Importantly, however, higher SES was associated with greater other orient...

Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2018

Neuroticism, a broad personality trait linked to negative emotions, is consistently linked to ill... more Neuroticism, a broad personality trait linked to negative emotions, is consistently linked to ill health when self-report is used to assess health. However, when health risk is assessed with biomarkers, the evidence is inconsistent. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the association between neuroticism and biological health risk is moderated by behavioral adjustment, a propensity to flexibly adjust behaviors to environmental contingencies. Using a U.S.-Japan cross-cultural survey, we found that neuroticism was linked to lower biological health risk for those who are high, but not low, in behavioral adjustment. Importantly, Japanese were higher in behavioral adjustment than European Americans, and as predicted by this cultural difference, neuroticism was linked to lower biological health risk for Japanese but not for European Americans. Finally, consistent with prior evidence, neuroticism was associated with worse self-reported health regardless of behavioral adjustment or culture. ...

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

This study investigated whether self-concepts that arise from participation in interdependent cul... more This study investigated whether self-concepts that arise from participation in interdependent cultural contexts, in this case the self-concepts of Japanese students, will be relatively more sensitive to situational variation than will self-concepts that arise in independent cultural contexts, in this case the self-concepts of U.S. college students. The self-concepts of 128 Japanese and 133 U.S. women were assessed in one of four distinct social situations: in a group, with a faculty member, with a peer, and alone in a research booth. Furthermore, the authors examined the hypothesis that Japanese self-concepts would differ from American self-concepts in valence, reflecting normative and desirable tendencies toward self-criticism. American and Japanese participants differed in the content, number, and range of self-descriptions. As predicted, the situation had a greater influence on the self-descriptions of the Japanese participants than on the Americans’ self-descriptions, and the se...

... Richard A. Shweder 1 ,; Jacqueline J. Goodnow 2 ,; Giyoo Hatano 3 ,; Robert A. LeVine 4 ,; Ha... more ... Richard A. Shweder 1 ,; Jacqueline J. Goodnow 2 ,; Giyoo Hatano 3 ,; Robert A. LeVine 4 ,; Hazel R. Markus 5 ,; Peggy J. Miller 6. ... Mahapatra, & Miller, 1990; Shweder, Much, Mahapatra, & Park, 1997), and culture and the self (Doi, 1981; Herdt, 1981, 1990; Kurtz, 1992; Lebra, 1992 ...

A discussion is presented concerning the various uences internal and external, which direct a wom... more A discussion is presented concerning the various uences internal and external, which direct a woman tc retuin to school. _A review of-the literature was made. Subjects Were a sample of women whO contacted the Center for Continuing Education of Women from 1i64-1972. :A mail questionnaire was sent-to these women to provide some understanding about how helpful the Center is, to them, the problems of women returning to school, and some-of the = more general attitudes of women. _Result-, are given. The-women-ilk-this study _are relatively affluent, come from relatiTely well-educated .families, and are returning to school of _their own accord. The major Problems encountered in a return to school center on managing time. The most significant life changes reported include achieving stated goals, getting a degree, gaining a Specific skill, and achieving a sense-=of accomplithment.__(C)-= a US,OEPARTMENTOfNEALTN, EOUCATION,A WELPARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OP: EDUCATION

Psychological Inquiry, Jun 22, 2011

... Meaning-Full Acts We shared many seemingly mundane, yet in the deconstruction and reconstruct... more ... Meaning-Full Acts We shared many seemingly mundane, yet in the deconstruction and reconstruction, incredibly com-plex social events and situations. ... This middle way, however, is also a dan-gerous way. It made us quite vulnerable to attacks from both sides. ...

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1974

The American Psychologist, 2008

Page 448. Chapter 20 Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Silence: An Analysis of Talking as a Cultur... more Page 448. Chapter 20 Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Silence: An Analysis of Talking as a Cultural Practice Heejung S. Kim and Hazel Rose Markus Be a craftsman in speech that thou mayest be strong, for the strength ...

Psychol Inq, 1998

... On Being Well: The Role of the Self' in Building the Bridge From Philosophy to Biology K... more ... On Being Well: The Role of the Self' in Building the Bridge From Philosophy to Biology Kelli A. Keough Department of Psychology University of Texas at Austin ...

Http Dx Doi Org 10 1521 Soco 1992 10 1 95, Jan 10, 2011

... is pivotal in affect-cognition relationships review the theory and evidence consistent with t... more ... is pivotal in affect-cognition relationships review the theory and evidence consistent with the notion of soft and hard representations of emotions, as well as the literature relating to "cognitive hardware" discuss the possible roles of motor cues in mood-dependent learning and ...

Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1996

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1974