Jason Koglin | Stanford University (original) (raw)

Papers by Jason Koglin

Optics For Euv X Ray and Gamma Ray Astronomy Ii, Aug 1, 2005

The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a small explorer (SMEX) mission currently u... more The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a small explorer (SMEX) mission currently under an extended Phase A study by NASA. NuSTAR will be the first satellite mission to employ focusing optics in the hard X-ray band (8-80 keV). Its design eliminates high detector backgrounds, allows true imaging, and permits the use of compact high performance detectors. The result: a combination of clarity, sensitivity, and spectral resolution surpassing the largest observatories that have operated in this band by orders of magnitude. We present an overview of the NuSTAR optics design and production process. We also describe the progress of several components of our independent optics development program that are beginning to reach maturity and could possibly be incorporated into the NuSTAR production scheme. We then present environmental test results that are being conducted in preparation of full space qualification of the NuSTAR optics.

The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) will be the first focusing telescope on orbit ... more The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) will be the first focusing telescope on orbit to operate in the high energy X-ray band (6 - 79 keV). This Small Explorer Mission is currently under development, and is scheduled for launch in 2011. In this poster we describe the detailed performance characteristics the hard X-ray multilayer optics and shielded solid state focal plane detectors. We describe the expected throughput, spectroscopy and imaging properties of the observatory, as well as the planned data analysis and archiving plans.

Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, 2009

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 2012

ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) was launched in June 2012 carrying th... more ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) was launched in June 2012 carrying the first focusing hard X-ray (5-80keV) optics to orbit. The multilayer coating was carried out at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space). In this article we introduce the NuSTAR multilayer reference database and its implementation in the NuSTAR optic response model. The database and its implementation is validated using on-ground effective area calibration data and used to estimate in-orbit performance.

X-Ray and Optics Instrumentation, 2011

Abstract The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that... more Abstract The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that will carry the first focusing hard X-ray (5–80 keV) telescope to orbit. The ground calibration of the optics posed a challenge as the need to suppress finite source distance ...

Optics For Euv, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy V, 2011

ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that... more ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that will carry the first focusing hard X-ray (5− 80 keV) telescope to orbit. The ground calibration of the three flight optics was carried out at the Rainwater Memorial ...

Optics For Euv, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy V, 2011

The NuSTAR mission will be the first mission to carry a hard X-ray(5-80 keV) focusing telescope t... more The NuSTAR mission will be the first mission to carry a hard X-ray(5-80 keV) focusing telescope to orbit. The optics are based on the use of multilayer coated thin slumped glass. Two different material combinations were used for the flight optics, namely W/Si and Pt/C. In this paper we describe the entire coating effort including the final coating design that was used for the two flight optics. We also present data on the performance verification of the coatings both on Si witness samples as well as on individual flight mirrors.

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet To Gamma Ray, 2012

ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) launched in June 2012 carries the fir... more ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) launched in June 2012 carries the first focusing hard Xray (5 - 80 keV) telescope to orbit. The on-ground calibration was performed at the RaMCaF facility at Nevis, Columbia University. During the assembly of the telescopes, mechanical surface metrology provided surface maps of the reflecting surfaces. Several flight coated mirrors were brought to BNL for scattering measurements. The information from both sources is fed to a raytracing code that is tested against the on-ground calibration data. The code is subsequently used for predicting the imaging properties for X-ray sources at infinite distance.

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet To Gamma Ray, 2012

Recent technological innovations now make it feasible to construct hard x-ray telescopes for spac... more Recent technological innovations now make it feasible to construct hard x-ray telescopes for space-based astronomical missions. Focusing optics are capable of improving the sensitivity in the energy range above 10 keV by orders of magnitude compared to previously used instruments. The last decade has seen focusing optics developed for balloon experiments [1] and they will soon be implemented in approved space missions such as the Nuclear

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 2004

This paper outlines an in-depth study of the W/Si coated mirrors for the High Energy Focusing Tel... more This paper outlines an in-depth study of the W/Si coated mirrors for the High Energy Focusing Telescope (HEFT). We present data taken at 8, 40 and 60 keV obtained at the Danish Space Research Institute and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble. The set of samples were chosen to cover the parameter space of sample type, sample size and

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy V, 2011

We describe the fabrication of the two NuSTAR flight optics modules. The NuSTAR optics modules ar... more We describe the fabrication of the two NuSTAR flight optics modules. The NuSTAR optics modules are glass-graphiteepoxy composite structures to be employed for the first time in space-based X-ray optics by NuSTAR, a NASA Small Explorer schedule for launch in February 2012. We discuss the optics manufacturing process, the qualification and environmental testing performed, and briefly discuss the results of X-ray performance testing of the two modules. The integration and alignment of the completed flight optics modules into the NuSTAR instrument is described as are the optics module thermal shields.

The Astrophysical Journal, 2013

Applied Optics, 1997

Recently, a reflection-mode near-field optical microscope with an apertureless tungsten tip has b... more Recently, a reflection-mode near-field optical microscope with an apertureless tungsten tip has been introduced and 100-nm resolution has been achieved ͓R. Bachelot, P. Gleyzes, and A. C. Boccara, Microsc. Microanal. Microstruc. 5, 389 -397 ͑1994͔͒. The optical signal is recorded in parallel with a tappingmode atomic force microscope signal. By showing several images here, we confirm the capabilities of this device and clearly demonstrate a 20-nm ͑ϳ͞35͒ resolution that has been achieved with smaller tips. A study of these images shows that both the topography and the near electromagnetic field of the sample can be independently probed by this device. Additionally, we discuss the principle of our approach, notably on the basis of interference phenomena between a Rayleigh scatterer and its image through the reflecting surface, and some of the setup's experimental characteristics are presented.

Nature, Dec 15, 2016

Light-induced oxidation of water by photosystem II (PS II) in plants, algae and cyanobacteria has... more Light-induced oxidation of water by photosystem II (PS II) in plants, algae and cyanobacteria has generated most of the dioxygen in the atmosphere. PS II, a membrane-bound multi-subunit pigment protein complex, couples the one-electron photochemistry at the reaction centre with the four-electron redox chemistry of water oxidation at the Mn4CaO5 cluster in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Under illumination, the OEC cycles through five intermediate S-states (S0 to S4), in which S1 is the dark-stable state and S3 is the last semi-stable state before O-O bond formation and O2 evolution. A detailed understanding of the O-O bond formation mechanism remains a challenge, and will require elucidation of both the structures of the OEC in the different S-states and the binding of the two substrate waters to the catalytic site. Here we report the use of femtosecond pulses from an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) to obtain damage-free, room temperature structures of dark-adapted (S1), two-fla...

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 2016

Nature, Nov 28, 2016

BinAB is a naturally occurring paracrystalline larvicide distributed worldwide to combat the deva... more BinAB is a naturally occurring paracrystalline larvicide distributed worldwide to combat the devastating diseases borne by mosquitoes. These crystals are composed of homologous molecules, BinA and BinB, which play distinct roles in the multi-step intoxication process, transforming from harmless, robust crystals, to soluble protoxin heterodimers, to internalized mature toxin, and finally to toxic oligomeric pores. The small size of the crystals-50 unit cells per edge, on average-has impeded structural characterization by conventional means. Here we report the structure of Lysinibacillus sphaericus BinAB solved de novo by serial-femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free-electron laser. The structure reveals tyrosine- and carboxylate-mediated contacts acting as pH switches to release soluble protoxin in the alkaline larval midgut. An enormous heterodimeric interface appears to be responsible for anchoring BinA to receptor-bound BinB for co-internalization. Remarkably, this interface...

Scientific data, 2016

We describe the deposition of four datasets consisting of X-ray diffraction images acquired using... more We describe the deposition of four datasets consisting of X-ray diffraction images acquired using serial femtosecond crystallography experiments on microcrystals of human G protein-coupled receptors, grown and delivered in lipidic cubic phase, at the Linac Coherent Light Source. The receptors are: the human serotonin receptor 2B in complex with an agonist ergotamine, the human δ-opioid receptor in complex with a bi-functional peptide ligand DIPP-NH2, the human smoothened receptor in complex with an antagonist cyclopamine, and finally the human angiotensin II type 1 receptor in complex with the selective antagonist ZD7155. All four datasets have been deposited, with minimal processing, in an HDF5-based file format, which can be used directly for crystallographic processing with CrystFEL or other software. We have provided processing scripts and supporting files for recent versions of CrystFEL, which can be used to validate the data.

Journal of applied crystallography, 2016

This article describes a free and open-source data analysis utility designed for fast online feed... more This article describes a free and open-source data analysis utility designed for fast online feedback during serial X-ray diffraction and scattering experiments: OnDA (online data analysis). Three complete real-time monitors for common types of serial X-ray imaging experiments are presented. These monitors are capable of providing the essential information required for quick decision making in the face of extreme rates of data collection. In addition, a set of modules, functions and algorithms that allow developers to modify the provided monitors or develop new ones are provided. The emphasis here is on simple, modular and scalable code that is based on open-source libraries and protocols. OnDA monitors have already proven to be invaluable tools in several experiments, especially for scoring and monitoring of diffraction data during serial crystallography experiments at both free-electron laser and synchrotron facilities. It is felt that in the future the kind of fast feedback that ...

The journal of physical chemistry letters, Jun 19, 2016

Most experimental studies of cavitation in liquid water at negative pressures reported cavitation... more Most experimental studies of cavitation in liquid water at negative pressures reported cavitation at tensions significantly smaller than those expected for homogeneous nucleation, suggesting that achievable tensions are limited by heterogeneous cavitation. We generated tension pulses with nanosecond rise times in water by reflecting cylindrical shock waves, produced by X-ray laser pulses, at the internal surface of drops of water. Depending on the X-ray pulse energy, a range of cavitation phenomena occurred, including the rupture and detachment, or spallation, of thin liquid layers at the surface of the drop. When spallation occurred, we evaluated that negative pressures below -100 MPa were reached in the drops. We model the negative pressures from shock reflection experiments using a nucleation-and-growth model that explains how rapid decompression could outrun heterogeneous cavitation in water, and enable the study of stretched water close to homogeneous cavitation pressures.

Optics For Euv X Ray and Gamma Ray Astronomy Ii, Aug 1, 2005

The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a small explorer (SMEX) mission currently u... more The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a small explorer (SMEX) mission currently under an extended Phase A study by NASA. NuSTAR will be the first satellite mission to employ focusing optics in the hard X-ray band (8-80 keV). Its design eliminates high detector backgrounds, allows true imaging, and permits the use of compact high performance detectors. The result: a combination of clarity, sensitivity, and spectral resolution surpassing the largest observatories that have operated in this band by orders of magnitude. We present an overview of the NuSTAR optics design and production process. We also describe the progress of several components of our independent optics development program that are beginning to reach maturity and could possibly be incorporated into the NuSTAR production scheme. We then present environmental test results that are being conducted in preparation of full space qualification of the NuSTAR optics.

The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) will be the first focusing telescope on orbit ... more The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) will be the first focusing telescope on orbit to operate in the high energy X-ray band (6 - 79 keV). This Small Explorer Mission is currently under development, and is scheduled for launch in 2011. In this poster we describe the detailed performance characteristics the hard X-ray multilayer optics and shielded solid state focal plane detectors. We describe the expected throughput, spectroscopy and imaging properties of the observatory, as well as the planned data analysis and archiving plans.

Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, 2009

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 2012

ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) was launched in June 2012 carrying th... more ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) was launched in June 2012 carrying the first focusing hard X-ray (5-80keV) optics to orbit. The multilayer coating was carried out at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU Space). In this article we introduce the NuSTAR multilayer reference database and its implementation in the NuSTAR optic response model. The database and its implementation is validated using on-ground effective area calibration data and used to estimate in-orbit performance.

X-Ray and Optics Instrumentation, 2011

Abstract The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that... more Abstract The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope ARray (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that will carry the first focusing hard X-ray (5–80 keV) telescope to orbit. The ground calibration of the optics posed a challenge as the need to suppress finite source distance ...

Optics For Euv, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy V, 2011

ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that... more ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) is a NASA Small Explorer mission that will carry the first focusing hard X-ray (5− 80 keV) telescope to orbit. The ground calibration of the three flight optics was carried out at the Rainwater Memorial ...

Optics For Euv, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy V, 2011

The NuSTAR mission will be the first mission to carry a hard X-ray(5-80 keV) focusing telescope t... more The NuSTAR mission will be the first mission to carry a hard X-ray(5-80 keV) focusing telescope to orbit. The optics are based on the use of multilayer coated thin slumped glass. Two different material combinations were used for the flight optics, namely W/Si and Pt/C. In this paper we describe the entire coating effort including the final coating design that was used for the two flight optics. We also present data on the performance verification of the coatings both on Si witness samples as well as on individual flight mirrors.

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet To Gamma Ray, 2012

ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) launched in June 2012 carries the fir... more ABSTRACT The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) launched in June 2012 carries the first focusing hard Xray (5 - 80 keV) telescope to orbit. The on-ground calibration was performed at the RaMCaF facility at Nevis, Columbia University. During the assembly of the telescopes, mechanical surface metrology provided surface maps of the reflecting surfaces. Several flight coated mirrors were brought to BNL for scattering measurements. The information from both sources is fed to a raytracing code that is tested against the on-ground calibration data. The code is subsequently used for predicting the imaging properties for X-ray sources at infinite distance.

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet To Gamma Ray, 2012

Recent technological innovations now make it feasible to construct hard x-ray telescopes for spac... more Recent technological innovations now make it feasible to construct hard x-ray telescopes for space-based astronomical missions. Focusing optics are capable of improving the sensitivity in the energy range above 10 keV by orders of magnitude compared to previously used instruments. The last decade has seen focusing optics developed for balloon experiments [1] and they will soon be implemented in approved space missions such as the Nuclear

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 2004

This paper outlines an in-depth study of the W/Si coated mirrors for the High Energy Focusing Tel... more This paper outlines an in-depth study of the W/Si coated mirrors for the High Energy Focusing Telescope (HEFT). We present data taken at 8, 40 and 60 keV obtained at the Danish Space Research Institute and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble. The set of samples were chosen to cover the parameter space of sample type, sample size and

Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy V, 2011

We describe the fabrication of the two NuSTAR flight optics modules. The NuSTAR optics modules ar... more We describe the fabrication of the two NuSTAR flight optics modules. The NuSTAR optics modules are glass-graphiteepoxy composite structures to be employed for the first time in space-based X-ray optics by NuSTAR, a NASA Small Explorer schedule for launch in February 2012. We discuss the optics manufacturing process, the qualification and environmental testing performed, and briefly discuss the results of X-ray performance testing of the two modules. The integration and alignment of the completed flight optics modules into the NuSTAR instrument is described as are the optics module thermal shields.

The Astrophysical Journal, 2013

Applied Optics, 1997

Recently, a reflection-mode near-field optical microscope with an apertureless tungsten tip has b... more Recently, a reflection-mode near-field optical microscope with an apertureless tungsten tip has been introduced and 100-nm resolution has been achieved ͓R. Bachelot, P. Gleyzes, and A. C. Boccara, Microsc. Microanal. Microstruc. 5, 389 -397 ͑1994͔͒. The optical signal is recorded in parallel with a tappingmode atomic force microscope signal. By showing several images here, we confirm the capabilities of this device and clearly demonstrate a 20-nm ͑ϳ͞35͒ resolution that has been achieved with smaller tips. A study of these images shows that both the topography and the near electromagnetic field of the sample can be independently probed by this device. Additionally, we discuss the principle of our approach, notably on the basis of interference phenomena between a Rayleigh scatterer and its image through the reflecting surface, and some of the setup's experimental characteristics are presented.

Nature, Dec 15, 2016

Light-induced oxidation of water by photosystem II (PS II) in plants, algae and cyanobacteria has... more Light-induced oxidation of water by photosystem II (PS II) in plants, algae and cyanobacteria has generated most of the dioxygen in the atmosphere. PS II, a membrane-bound multi-subunit pigment protein complex, couples the one-electron photochemistry at the reaction centre with the four-electron redox chemistry of water oxidation at the Mn4CaO5 cluster in the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Under illumination, the OEC cycles through five intermediate S-states (S0 to S4), in which S1 is the dark-stable state and S3 is the last semi-stable state before O-O bond formation and O2 evolution. A detailed understanding of the O-O bond formation mechanism remains a challenge, and will require elucidation of both the structures of the OEC in the different S-states and the binding of the two substrate waters to the catalytic site. Here we report the use of femtosecond pulses from an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) to obtain damage-free, room temperature structures of dark-adapted (S1), two-fla...

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 2016

Nature, Nov 28, 2016

BinAB is a naturally occurring paracrystalline larvicide distributed worldwide to combat the deva... more BinAB is a naturally occurring paracrystalline larvicide distributed worldwide to combat the devastating diseases borne by mosquitoes. These crystals are composed of homologous molecules, BinA and BinB, which play distinct roles in the multi-step intoxication process, transforming from harmless, robust crystals, to soluble protoxin heterodimers, to internalized mature toxin, and finally to toxic oligomeric pores. The small size of the crystals-50 unit cells per edge, on average-has impeded structural characterization by conventional means. Here we report the structure of Lysinibacillus sphaericus BinAB solved de novo by serial-femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free-electron laser. The structure reveals tyrosine- and carboxylate-mediated contacts acting as pH switches to release soluble protoxin in the alkaline larval midgut. An enormous heterodimeric interface appears to be responsible for anchoring BinA to receptor-bound BinB for co-internalization. Remarkably, this interface...

Scientific data, 2016

We describe the deposition of four datasets consisting of X-ray diffraction images acquired using... more We describe the deposition of four datasets consisting of X-ray diffraction images acquired using serial femtosecond crystallography experiments on microcrystals of human G protein-coupled receptors, grown and delivered in lipidic cubic phase, at the Linac Coherent Light Source. The receptors are: the human serotonin receptor 2B in complex with an agonist ergotamine, the human δ-opioid receptor in complex with a bi-functional peptide ligand DIPP-NH2, the human smoothened receptor in complex with an antagonist cyclopamine, and finally the human angiotensin II type 1 receptor in complex with the selective antagonist ZD7155. All four datasets have been deposited, with minimal processing, in an HDF5-based file format, which can be used directly for crystallographic processing with CrystFEL or other software. We have provided processing scripts and supporting files for recent versions of CrystFEL, which can be used to validate the data.

Journal of applied crystallography, 2016

This article describes a free and open-source data analysis utility designed for fast online feed... more This article describes a free and open-source data analysis utility designed for fast online feedback during serial X-ray diffraction and scattering experiments: OnDA (online data analysis). Three complete real-time monitors for common types of serial X-ray imaging experiments are presented. These monitors are capable of providing the essential information required for quick decision making in the face of extreme rates of data collection. In addition, a set of modules, functions and algorithms that allow developers to modify the provided monitors or develop new ones are provided. The emphasis here is on simple, modular and scalable code that is based on open-source libraries and protocols. OnDA monitors have already proven to be invaluable tools in several experiments, especially for scoring and monitoring of diffraction data during serial crystallography experiments at both free-electron laser and synchrotron facilities. It is felt that in the future the kind of fast feedback that ...

The journal of physical chemistry letters, Jun 19, 2016

Most experimental studies of cavitation in liquid water at negative pressures reported cavitation... more Most experimental studies of cavitation in liquid water at negative pressures reported cavitation at tensions significantly smaller than those expected for homogeneous nucleation, suggesting that achievable tensions are limited by heterogeneous cavitation. We generated tension pulses with nanosecond rise times in water by reflecting cylindrical shock waves, produced by X-ray laser pulses, at the internal surface of drops of water. Depending on the X-ray pulse energy, a range of cavitation phenomena occurred, including the rupture and detachment, or spallation, of thin liquid layers at the surface of the drop. When spallation occurred, we evaluated that negative pressures below -100 MPa were reached in the drops. We model the negative pressures from shock reflection experiments using a nucleation-and-growth model that explains how rapid decompression could outrun heterogeneous cavitation in water, and enable the study of stretched water close to homogeneous cavitation pressures.