Manu Kumar | Stanford University (original) (raw)

Papers by Manu Kumar

Using gaze information as a form of input poses challenges based on the nature of eye movements a... more Using gaze information as a form of input poses challenges based on the nature of eye movements and how we humans use our eyes in conjunction with other motor actions. In this paper, we present three techniques for improving the feasibility of using gaze as a form of input. We first present a saccade detection and smoothing algorithm that works on real-time streaming gaze information. We then present a study which explores some of the timing issues of using gaze in conjunction with a trigger (key press or other motor action) and propose a solution for resolving these issues. Finally, we present the concept of Focus Points, which makes it easier for users to focus their gaze when using gaze-based interaction techniques. Though these techniques were developed for improving the performance of gazebased pointing, their use is applicable in general to using gaze as a practical form of input.

We present a technique for switching between active applications by using a combination of keyboa... more We present a technique for switching between active applications by using a combination of keyboard (or any other trigger) and eye gaze. In particular, our approach combines the use of a two-dimensional layout visualization for showing the user all open applications and the use of eye gaze tracking for selecting the desired window. Our studies show that this combination of gaze and the visual representation of active tasks allows users to switch between applications quickly and naturally. Users strongly preferred this technique of switching between applications compared to other alternatives. Figure 1. Exposé view of open applications (image from http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/expose/).

Technical Rep. Stanford CSTR, Jan 1, 2007

Data from an eye tracker is noisy and includes jitter due to errors in tracking and because of th... more Data from an eye tracker is noisy and includes jitter due to errors in tracking and because of the physiology of the eye. To smooth the data from the eye tracker, it is necessary to determine whether the most recent data point is the beginning of a saccade or whether it is an aberration ...

Tracking the user's eye-gaze information has been technologically possible for several decades. H... more Tracking the user's eye-gaze information has been technologically possible for several decades. However, systems that track eye-gaze are still very expensive. The exorbitant price tag on commercial systems has resulted in limited use of eye-tracking technology. In this paper we examine the factors which contribute to the high costs of eye-tracking systems. We then propose several techniques and strategies which can be used to reduce the cost of these systems, ultimately resulting in more widespread use of the technology.

CHI'07 extended abstracts on Human …, Jan 1, 2007

The GUIDe (Gaze-enhanced User Interface Design) project in the HCI Group at Stanford University e... more The GUIDe (Gaze-enhanced User Interface Design) project in the HCI Group at Stanford University explores how gaze information can be effectively used as an augmented input in addition to keyboard and mouse. We present three practical applications of gaze as an augmented input for pointing and selection, application switching, and scrolling. Our gaze-based interaction techniques do not overload the visual channel and present a natural, universally-accessible and general purpose use of gaze information to facilitate interaction with everyday computing devices.

The eyes are a rich source of information for gathering context in our everyday lives. A user's g... more The eyes are a rich source of information for gathering context in our everyday lives. A user's gaze is postulated to be the best proxy for attention or intention. Using gaze information as a form of input can enable a computer system to gain more contextual information about the user's task, which in turn can be leveraged to design interfaces which are more intuitive and intelligent. Eye gaze tracking as a form of input was primarily developed for users who are unable to make normal use of a keyboard and pointing device. However, with the increasing accuracy and decreasing cost of eye gaze tracking systems it will soon be practical for able-bodied users to use gaze as a form of input in addition to keyboard and mouse.

CHI'05 extended abstracts on Human factors in …, Jan 1, 2005

We apply HCI design principles to redesign the dashboard of the automobile to address the problem... more We apply HCI design principles to redesign the dashboard of the automobile to address the problem of speeding. We prototyped and evaluated a new speedometer designed with the explicit intention of changing drivers' speeding behavior. Our user-tests show that displaying the current speed limit as part of the speedometer visualization (i.e. the dynamic speedometer) results in safer driving behavior. Designing with the intent to achieve a particular behavior can be an effective approach for increasing the safety of mission-critical systems. This is an area in which HCI designers can have a significant impact.

CHI'07 extended abstracts on …, Jan 1, 2007

Scrolling is an essential part of our everyday computing experience. Contemporary scrolling techn... more Scrolling is an essential part of our everyday computing experience. Contemporary scrolling techniques rely on the explicit initiation of scrolling by the user. The act of scrolling is tightly coupled with the user's ability to absorb information via the visual channel. The use of eye gaze information is therefore a natural choice for enhancing scrolling techniques. We present several gaze-enhanced scrolling techniques for manual and automatic scrolling which use gaze information as a primary input or as an augmented input. We also introduce the use off-screen gaze-actuated buttons for document navigation and control.

Proceedings of the …, Jan 1, 2008

Using gaze information as a form of input poses challenges based on the nature of eye movements a... more Using gaze information as a form of input poses challenges based on the nature of eye movements and how we humans use our eyes in conjunction with other motor actions. In this paper, we present three techniques for improving the use of gaze as a form of input. We first present a saccade detection and smoothing algorithm that works on real-time streaming gaze information. We then present a study which explores some of the timing issues of using gaze in conjunction with a trigger (key press or other motor action) and propose a solution for resolving these issues. Finally, we present the concept of Focus Points, which makes it easier for users to focus their gaze when using gaze-based interaction techniques. Though these techniques were developed for improving the performance of gaze-based pointing, their use is applicable in general to using gaze as a practical form of input.

Proceedings of the SIGCHI …, Jan 1, 2007

We present a practical technique for pointing and selection using a combination of eye gaze and k... more We present a practical technique for pointing and selection using a combination of eye gaze and keyboard triggers. EyePoint uses a two-step progressive refinement process fluidly stitched together in a look-press-look-release action, which makes it possible to compensate for the accuracy limitations of the current state-of-the-art eye gaze trackers. While research in gaze-based pointing has traditionally focused on disabled users, EyePoint makes gaze-based pointing effective and simple enough for even able-bodied users to use for their everyday computing tasks. As the cost of eye gaze tracking devices decreases, it will become possible for such gaze-based techniques to be used as a viable alternative for users who choose not to use a mouse depending on their abilities, tasks and preferences.

Proceedings of the 3rd …, Jan 1, 2007

Shoulder-surfing -using direct observation techniques, such as looking over someone's shoulder, t... more Shoulder-surfing -using direct observation techniques, such as looking over someone's shoulder, to get passwords, PINs and other sensitive personal information -is a problem that has been difficult to overcome. When a user enters information using a keyboard, mouse, touch screen or any traditional input device, a malicious observer may be able to acquire the user's password credentials. We present EyePassword, a system that mitigates the issues of shoulder surfing via a novel approach to user input.

Using gaze information as a form of input poses challenges based on the nature of eye movements a... more Using gaze information as a form of input poses challenges based on the nature of eye movements and how we humans use our eyes in conjunction with other motor actions. In this paper, we present three techniques for improving the feasibility of using gaze as a form of input. We first present a saccade detection and smoothing algorithm that works on real-time streaming gaze information. We then present a study which explores some of the timing issues of using gaze in conjunction with a trigger (key press or other motor action) and propose a solution for resolving these issues. Finally, we present the concept of Focus Points, which makes it easier for users to focus their gaze when using gaze-based interaction techniques. Though these techniques were developed for improving the performance of gazebased pointing, their use is applicable in general to using gaze as a practical form of input.

We present a technique for switching between active applications by using a combination of keyboa... more We present a technique for switching between active applications by using a combination of keyboard (or any other trigger) and eye gaze. In particular, our approach combines the use of a two-dimensional layout visualization for showing the user all open applications and the use of eye gaze tracking for selecting the desired window. Our studies show that this combination of gaze and the visual representation of active tasks allows users to switch between applications quickly and naturally. Users strongly preferred this technique of switching between applications compared to other alternatives. Figure 1. Exposé view of open applications (image from http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/expose/).

Technical Rep. Stanford CSTR, Jan 1, 2007

Data from an eye tracker is noisy and includes jitter due to errors in tracking and because of th... more Data from an eye tracker is noisy and includes jitter due to errors in tracking and because of the physiology of the eye. To smooth the data from the eye tracker, it is necessary to determine whether the most recent data point is the beginning of a saccade or whether it is an aberration ...

Tracking the user's eye-gaze information has been technologically possible for several decades. H... more Tracking the user's eye-gaze information has been technologically possible for several decades. However, systems that track eye-gaze are still very expensive. The exorbitant price tag on commercial systems has resulted in limited use of eye-tracking technology. In this paper we examine the factors which contribute to the high costs of eye-tracking systems. We then propose several techniques and strategies which can be used to reduce the cost of these systems, ultimately resulting in more widespread use of the technology.

CHI'07 extended abstracts on Human …, Jan 1, 2007

The GUIDe (Gaze-enhanced User Interface Design) project in the HCI Group at Stanford University e... more The GUIDe (Gaze-enhanced User Interface Design) project in the HCI Group at Stanford University explores how gaze information can be effectively used as an augmented input in addition to keyboard and mouse. We present three practical applications of gaze as an augmented input for pointing and selection, application switching, and scrolling. Our gaze-based interaction techniques do not overload the visual channel and present a natural, universally-accessible and general purpose use of gaze information to facilitate interaction with everyday computing devices.

The eyes are a rich source of information for gathering context in our everyday lives. A user's g... more The eyes are a rich source of information for gathering context in our everyday lives. A user's gaze is postulated to be the best proxy for attention or intention. Using gaze information as a form of input can enable a computer system to gain more contextual information about the user's task, which in turn can be leveraged to design interfaces which are more intuitive and intelligent. Eye gaze tracking as a form of input was primarily developed for users who are unable to make normal use of a keyboard and pointing device. However, with the increasing accuracy and decreasing cost of eye gaze tracking systems it will soon be practical for able-bodied users to use gaze as a form of input in addition to keyboard and mouse.

CHI'05 extended abstracts on Human factors in …, Jan 1, 2005

We apply HCI design principles to redesign the dashboard of the automobile to address the problem... more We apply HCI design principles to redesign the dashboard of the automobile to address the problem of speeding. We prototyped and evaluated a new speedometer designed with the explicit intention of changing drivers' speeding behavior. Our user-tests show that displaying the current speed limit as part of the speedometer visualization (i.e. the dynamic speedometer) results in safer driving behavior. Designing with the intent to achieve a particular behavior can be an effective approach for increasing the safety of mission-critical systems. This is an area in which HCI designers can have a significant impact.

CHI'07 extended abstracts on …, Jan 1, 2007

Scrolling is an essential part of our everyday computing experience. Contemporary scrolling techn... more Scrolling is an essential part of our everyday computing experience. Contemporary scrolling techniques rely on the explicit initiation of scrolling by the user. The act of scrolling is tightly coupled with the user's ability to absorb information via the visual channel. The use of eye gaze information is therefore a natural choice for enhancing scrolling techniques. We present several gaze-enhanced scrolling techniques for manual and automatic scrolling which use gaze information as a primary input or as an augmented input. We also introduce the use off-screen gaze-actuated buttons for document navigation and control.

Proceedings of the …, Jan 1, 2008

Using gaze information as a form of input poses challenges based on the nature of eye movements a... more Using gaze information as a form of input poses challenges based on the nature of eye movements and how we humans use our eyes in conjunction with other motor actions. In this paper, we present three techniques for improving the use of gaze as a form of input. We first present a saccade detection and smoothing algorithm that works on real-time streaming gaze information. We then present a study which explores some of the timing issues of using gaze in conjunction with a trigger (key press or other motor action) and propose a solution for resolving these issues. Finally, we present the concept of Focus Points, which makes it easier for users to focus their gaze when using gaze-based interaction techniques. Though these techniques were developed for improving the performance of gaze-based pointing, their use is applicable in general to using gaze as a practical form of input.

Proceedings of the SIGCHI …, Jan 1, 2007

We present a practical technique for pointing and selection using a combination of eye gaze and k... more We present a practical technique for pointing and selection using a combination of eye gaze and keyboard triggers. EyePoint uses a two-step progressive refinement process fluidly stitched together in a look-press-look-release action, which makes it possible to compensate for the accuracy limitations of the current state-of-the-art eye gaze trackers. While research in gaze-based pointing has traditionally focused on disabled users, EyePoint makes gaze-based pointing effective and simple enough for even able-bodied users to use for their everyday computing tasks. As the cost of eye gaze tracking devices decreases, it will become possible for such gaze-based techniques to be used as a viable alternative for users who choose not to use a mouse depending on their abilities, tasks and preferences.

Proceedings of the 3rd …, Jan 1, 2007

Shoulder-surfing -using direct observation techniques, such as looking over someone's shoulder, t... more Shoulder-surfing -using direct observation techniques, such as looking over someone's shoulder, to get passwords, PINs and other sensitive personal information -is a problem that has been difficult to overcome. When a user enters information using a keyboard, mouse, touch screen or any traditional input device, a malicious observer may be able to acquire the user's password credentials. We present EyePassword, a system that mitigates the issues of shoulder surfing via a novel approach to user input.