Stuart Card | Stanford University (original) (raw)
Papers by Stuart Card
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2004
Subject indexes were an important step forward for books because they enabled the comparison and ... more Subject indexes were an important step forward for books because they enabled the comparison and correlations of information without extensive reading, re-reading and memorization. In this short paper, we focus on the user interaction and usage scenario of a new system called ScentIndex that enhances the subject index of an eBook by conceptually reorganizing it to suit particular information needs. Users first enter information needs via keywords describing the concepts they are trying to retrieve and comprehend. ScentIndex then computes what index entries are conceptually related, and reorganizes and displays these index entries on a single page.
2006 IEEE Symposium On Visual Analytics And Technology, 2006
A great deal of analytical work is done in the context of reading, in digesting the semantics of ... more A great deal of analytical work is done in the context of reading, in digesting the semantics of the material, the identification of important entities, and capturing the relationship between entities. Visual analytic environments, therefore, must encompass reading tools that enable the rapid digestion of large amount of reading material. Other than plain text search, subject indexes, and basic highlighting, tools are needed for rapid foraging of text. In this paper, we describe a technique that presents an enhanced subject index for a book by conceptually reorganizing it to suit particular expressed user information needs. Users first enter information needs via keywords describing the concepts they are trying to retrieve and comprehend. Then our system, called ScentIndex, computes what index entries are conceptually related, and reorganizes and displays these index entries on a single page. We also provide a number of navigational cues to help users peruse over this list of index entries and find relevant passages quickly. Compared to regular reading of a paper book, our study showed that users are more efficient and more accurate in finding, comparing, and comprehending material in our system.
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, 2005
Researchers have noticed that readers are increasingly skimming instead of reading in depth. Skim... more Researchers have noticed that readers are increasingly skimming instead of reading in depth. Skimming also occur in re-reading activities, where the goal is to recall specific topical facts. Bookmarks and highlighters were invented precisely to achieve this goal. For skimming activities, readers need effective ways to direct their attention toward the most relevant passages within text. We describe how we have enhanced skimming activity by conceptually highlighting sentences within electronic text that relate to search keywords. We perform the conceptual highlighting by computing what conceptual keywords are related to each other via word co-occurrence and spreading activation. Spreading activation is a cognitive model developed in psychology to simulate how memory chunks and conceptual items are retrieved in our brain. We describe the method used, and illustrate the idea with realistic scenarios using our system.
This interview is part of a series on Human Computer Interaction (HCI) conducted by the Charles B... more This interview is part of a series on Human Computer Interaction (HCI) conducted by the Charles Babbage Institute for ACM SIGCHI (Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group for Computer Human Interaction). HCI Pioneer Stuart Card discusses early education, attending Oberlin College, and helping lead its computer center, before the bulk of the interview focuses on his graduate education at Carnegie Mellon University working under Allen Newell, and his long and influential tenure at Xerox PARC. This includes his long and impactful collaboration with Newell and fellow Newell doctoral student Tom Moran. Newell, Card, and Moran were fundamentally important to theorizing early Human Computer Interaction, and the three co-wrote the widely used and deeply insightful textbook, The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction. Card provides an overview of his decades of work of Xerox PARC and various aspects of his research contributions to HCI models, information visualization, and information access (especially foraging theory). He moved into managing research and also relates a portion of his leadership roles at PARC and outside on important committees such as for the National Academy of Science. He briefly expresses his ideas on the early institutional history of SIGCHI and its evolution. Regarding his work at PARC, Card discusses his influential work on computer mice research at greater length. Card became an adjunct professor at Stanford University. He is an ACM Fellow and was awarded SIGCHI's Lifetime Research Achievement Award.
Checklist usage can increase performance in complex, perilous domains. While paper checklists are... more Checklist usage can increase performance in complex, perilous domains. While paper checklists are valuable, they are static, slow to access, and show both too much and too little information. In response, we introduce the Dynamic Procedure Aids approach. Dynamic Procedure Aids address four key problems in checklist usage: ready access to the aids, rapid assimilation of their content, professional acceptance of their use in medical procedures, and the limited attention available to their users. To understand the efficacy of Dynamic Procedure Aids for crisis response, we created dpAid, a software system for crisis medicine. dpAid’s design was based on more than a year of observing medical teams responding to simulated crises. We assess our Dynamic Procedure Aids with narrative simulation. A study compared Dynamic Procedure Aids, paper, and no aid conditions, finding that participants with Dynamic Procedure Aids performed significantly better than with paper or no aid.
Proceedings of the 2nd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology, 1989
The graphics capabilities and speed of current hardware systems allow the exploration of 3D and a... more The graphics capabilities and speed of current hardware systems allow the exploration of 3D and animation in user interfaces, while improving the degree of int,eraction as well. In order to fully utilize these capabilities, new software architectures must support multiple, asynchronous, interacting agents (the Multiple Agent Problem), and support smooth interactive anima.tion (the Animation Problem). The Cognitive Coprocessor is a new user interface architecture designed to solve these two problems, while supporting highly interactive user interfaces that have 2D and 3D animations. This a.rchitecture includes 3D Rooms, a 3D analogy to the Rooms system with Rooms Buttons extended to Interactive Objects that deal with 3D, animation, and gestures. This research is being tested in the domain of I?tformation Visualization, which uses 2D a.nd 3D animated artifa.cts to represent the structure of informa.tion. A prototype, called the Information Visualizer, has been built.
Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, 2002
This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and... more This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and focus+context visualization methods, together with bounding constraints, to fit within preestablished bounds. The method is an instance of an emerging "attention-reactive" user interface whose components are designed to snap together in bounded spaces.
The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, May 4, 2012
Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, 1992
The Information Grid (InfoGrid) is a framework for building information access applications that ... more The Information Grid (InfoGrid) is a framework for building information access applications that provides a user interface design and an interaction model. It focuses on retrieval of application objects as its top level mechanism for accessing user information, documents, or services. We have embodied the InfoGrid design in an object-oriented application framework that supports rapid construction of applications. This application framework has been used to build a number of applications, some that are classically characterized as information retrieval applications, others that are more typically viewed as personal work tools.
IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 1999
In the process of knowledge discovery, workers examine available information in order to make sen... more In the process of knowledge discovery, workers examine available information in order to make sense of it. By sensemaking, we mean interacting with and operating on the information with a variety of information processing mechanisms (3,18). Previously, we introduced a concept that uses the spreadsheet metaphor with cells containing visualizations of complex data. In this paper, we extend and apply
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2012
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2009
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces, 2004
This paper extends previous work on focus+context visualizations of tree-structured data, introdu... more This paper extends previous work on focus+context visualizations of tree-structured data, introducing an efficient, space-constrained, multi-focal tree layout algorithm ("TreeBlock") and techniques at both the system and interactive levels for dealing with scale. These contributions are realized in a new version of the Degree-Of-Interest Tree browser, supporting real-time interactive visualization and exploration of data sets containing on the order of a million nodes.
CHI '99 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '99, 1999
Visual representation of information requires merging of data visualization methods, computer gra... more Visual representation of information requires merging of data visualization methods, computer graphics, design, and imagination. This course describes the emerging field of information visualization including visualizing retrieved information from large document collections (e.g., digital libraries), the World Wide Web, and databases. The course highlights the process of producing effective visualizations, making sense of information, taking users' needs into account, and illustrating good practical visualization procedures in specific case studies.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2000
Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not avai... more Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not available in printed books. In this paper we study a particular augmentation of digital books that provides readers with customized recommendations. We systematically explore the application of spreading activation over text and citation data to generate useful recommendations. Our findings reveal that for the tasks performed in our corpus, spreading activation over text is more useful than citation data. Further, fusing text and citation data via spreading activation results in the most useful recommendations. The fused spreading activation techniques outperform traditional text-based retrieval methods. Finally, we introduce a preliminary user interface for the display of recommendations from these algorithms.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems celebrating interdependence - CHI '94, 1994
In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characteriz... more In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characterizing information access from dynamic displays. The paper works out this method for a simple, but important, class of dynamic displays called direct-walk interactive information visuatizations, in which information is accessed through a sequence of mouse selections and key selections. The method is used to characterize a simple calendar task for an application of the Information Visualizer, to compute the changes in characterization as the result of possible program variants, and to conduct empirical comparison between different systems with the same function.
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2005
The importance of annotations, as a by-product of the reading activity, cannot be overstated. Ann... more The importance of annotations, as a by-product of the reading activity, cannot be overstated. Annotations help users in the process of analyzing, re-reading, and recalling detailed facts such as prior analyses and relations to other works. As electronic reading become pervasive, digital annotations will become part of the essential records of the reading activity. But creating and rendering annotations on a 3D book and other objects in a 3D workspace is nontrivial. In this paper, we present our exploration of how to use 3D graphics techniques to create realistic annotations with acceptable frame rates. We discuss the pros and cons of several techniques and detail our hybrid solution.
3D User Interfaces (3DUI'06)
Taking the form of physical books, virtual 3D books can be used as basic components of e-book sys... more Taking the form of physical books, virtual 3D books can be used as basic components of e-book systems, information workspaces, and digital libraries. This paper describes the page turning design of 3Book, a 3D book system that we recently developed. Our design aims to find a sensible balance among important factors such as visual realism, readability, interactivity, and scalability. To convey the impression of reading or viewing an actual physical book, we model all the faces of the book and synchronize the movements of various portions of the book during page turning. Our design delivers a seamless transition between two states of the book (i.e., when it is lying still and when it is turning pages). In addition, we deform the turning pages around an imaginary cone of changing sizes to produce realistically-looking curved pages.
2006 IEEE Symposium On Visual Analytics And Technology, 2006
This proposal seeks to use point-of regard eyetracking in connection with a new type of analytica... more This proposal seeks to use point-of regard eyetracking in connection with a new type of analytical tool, Display Space-Time Resource Diagrams, to understand, characterize, and unltimately engineer a new class of dynamic displays for perceptual support of cognitive tasks. Cognitive tasks of any complexity are accomplished with the aid of resources outside the head. This is evident for a task as simple as arithmetic, which is quicker and more accurately done with paper and pencil than mentally for most people (unless special methods are learned). Modern windows-based humancomputer interfaces are based on the use of a computer-controlled display surface to effectively expand user's working memory and to shift object and command specification from recall memory to recognition memory.
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2004
Subject indexes were an important step forward for books because they enabled the comparison and ... more Subject indexes were an important step forward for books because they enabled the comparison and correlations of information without extensive reading, re-reading and memorization. In this short paper, we focus on the user interaction and usage scenario of a new system called ScentIndex that enhances the subject index of an eBook by conceptually reorganizing it to suit particular information needs. Users first enter information needs via keywords describing the concepts they are trying to retrieve and comprehend. ScentIndex then computes what index entries are conceptually related, and reorganizes and displays these index entries on a single page.
2006 IEEE Symposium On Visual Analytics And Technology, 2006
A great deal of analytical work is done in the context of reading, in digesting the semantics of ... more A great deal of analytical work is done in the context of reading, in digesting the semantics of the material, the identification of important entities, and capturing the relationship between entities. Visual analytic environments, therefore, must encompass reading tools that enable the rapid digestion of large amount of reading material. Other than plain text search, subject indexes, and basic highlighting, tools are needed for rapid foraging of text. In this paper, we describe a technique that presents an enhanced subject index for a book by conceptually reorganizing it to suit particular expressed user information needs. Users first enter information needs via keywords describing the concepts they are trying to retrieve and comprehend. Then our system, called ScentIndex, computes what index entries are conceptually related, and reorganizes and displays these index entries on a single page. We also provide a number of navigational cues to help users peruse over this list of index entries and find relevant passages quickly. Compared to regular reading of a paper book, our study showed that users are more efficient and more accurate in finding, comparing, and comprehending material in our system.
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, 2005
Researchers have noticed that readers are increasingly skimming instead of reading in depth. Skim... more Researchers have noticed that readers are increasingly skimming instead of reading in depth. Skimming also occur in re-reading activities, where the goal is to recall specific topical facts. Bookmarks and highlighters were invented precisely to achieve this goal. For skimming activities, readers need effective ways to direct their attention toward the most relevant passages within text. We describe how we have enhanced skimming activity by conceptually highlighting sentences within electronic text that relate to search keywords. We perform the conceptual highlighting by computing what conceptual keywords are related to each other via word co-occurrence and spreading activation. Spreading activation is a cognitive model developed in psychology to simulate how memory chunks and conceptual items are retrieved in our brain. We describe the method used, and illustrate the idea with realistic scenarios using our system.
This interview is part of a series on Human Computer Interaction (HCI) conducted by the Charles B... more This interview is part of a series on Human Computer Interaction (HCI) conducted by the Charles Babbage Institute for ACM SIGCHI (Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group for Computer Human Interaction). HCI Pioneer Stuart Card discusses early education, attending Oberlin College, and helping lead its computer center, before the bulk of the interview focuses on his graduate education at Carnegie Mellon University working under Allen Newell, and his long and influential tenure at Xerox PARC. This includes his long and impactful collaboration with Newell and fellow Newell doctoral student Tom Moran. Newell, Card, and Moran were fundamentally important to theorizing early Human Computer Interaction, and the three co-wrote the widely used and deeply insightful textbook, The Psychology of Human Computer Interaction. Card provides an overview of his decades of work of Xerox PARC and various aspects of his research contributions to HCI models, information visualization, and information access (especially foraging theory). He moved into managing research and also relates a portion of his leadership roles at PARC and outside on important committees such as for the National Academy of Science. He briefly expresses his ideas on the early institutional history of SIGCHI and its evolution. Regarding his work at PARC, Card discusses his influential work on computer mice research at greater length. Card became an adjunct professor at Stanford University. He is an ACM Fellow and was awarded SIGCHI's Lifetime Research Achievement Award.
Checklist usage can increase performance in complex, perilous domains. While paper checklists are... more Checklist usage can increase performance in complex, perilous domains. While paper checklists are valuable, they are static, slow to access, and show both too much and too little information. In response, we introduce the Dynamic Procedure Aids approach. Dynamic Procedure Aids address four key problems in checklist usage: ready access to the aids, rapid assimilation of their content, professional acceptance of their use in medical procedures, and the limited attention available to their users. To understand the efficacy of Dynamic Procedure Aids for crisis response, we created dpAid, a software system for crisis medicine. dpAid’s design was based on more than a year of observing medical teams responding to simulated crises. We assess our Dynamic Procedure Aids with narrative simulation. A study compared Dynamic Procedure Aids, paper, and no aid conditions, finding that participants with Dynamic Procedure Aids performed significantly better than with paper or no aid.
Proceedings of the 2nd annual ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User interface software and technology, 1989
The graphics capabilities and speed of current hardware systems allow the exploration of 3D and a... more The graphics capabilities and speed of current hardware systems allow the exploration of 3D and animation in user interfaces, while improving the degree of int,eraction as well. In order to fully utilize these capabilities, new software architectures must support multiple, asynchronous, interacting agents (the Multiple Agent Problem), and support smooth interactive anima.tion (the Animation Problem). The Cognitive Coprocessor is a new user interface architecture designed to solve these two problems, while supporting highly interactive user interfaces that have 2D and 3D animations. This a.rchitecture includes 3D Rooms, a 3D analogy to the Rooms system with Rooms Buttons extended to Interactive Objects that deal with 3D, animation, and gestures. This research is being tested in the domain of I?tformation Visualization, which uses 2D a.nd 3D animated artifa.cts to represent the structure of informa.tion. A prototype, called the Information Visualizer, has been built.
Proceedings of the Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, 2002
This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and... more This paper proposes Degree-of-Interest trees. These trees use degree-of-interest calculations and focus+context visualization methods, together with bounding constraints, to fit within preestablished bounds. The method is an instance of an emerging "attention-reactive" user interface whose components are designed to snap together in bounded spaces.
The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, May 4, 2012
Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology, 1992
The Information Grid (InfoGrid) is a framework for building information access applications that ... more The Information Grid (InfoGrid) is a framework for building information access applications that provides a user interface design and an interaction model. It focuses on retrieval of application objects as its top level mechanism for accessing user information, documents, or services. We have embodied the InfoGrid design in an object-oriented application framework that supports rapid construction of applications. This application framework has been used to build a number of applications, some that are classically characterized as information retrieval applications, others that are more typically viewed as personal work tools.
IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 1999
In the process of knowledge discovery, workers examine available information in order to make sen... more In the process of knowledge discovery, workers examine available information in order to make sense of it. By sensemaking, we mean interacting with and operating on the information with a variety of information processing mechanisms (3,18). Previously, we introduced a concept that uses the spreadsheet metaphor with cells containing visualizations of complex data. In this paper, we extend and apply
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2012
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2009
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces, 2004
This paper extends previous work on focus+context visualizations of tree-structured data, introdu... more This paper extends previous work on focus+context visualizations of tree-structured data, introducing an efficient, space-constrained, multi-focal tree layout algorithm ("TreeBlock") and techniques at both the system and interactive levels for dealing with scale. These contributions are realized in a new version of the Degree-Of-Interest Tree browser, supporting real-time interactive visualization and exploration of data sets containing on the order of a million nodes.
CHI '99 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '99, 1999
Visual representation of information requires merging of data visualization methods, computer gra... more Visual representation of information requires merging of data visualization methods, computer graphics, design, and imagination. This course describes the emerging field of information visualization including visualizing retrieved information from large document collections (e.g., digital libraries), the World Wide Web, and databases. The course highlights the process of producing effective visualizations, making sense of information, taking users' needs into account, and illustrating good practical visualization procedures in specific case studies.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2000
Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not avai... more Digital books can significantly enhance the reading experience, providing many functions not available in printed books. In this paper we study a particular augmentation of digital books that provides readers with customized recommendations. We systematically explore the application of spreading activation over text and citation data to generate useful recommendations. Our findings reveal that for the tasks performed in our corpus, spreading activation over text is more useful than citation data. Further, fusing text and citation data via spreading activation results in the most useful recommendations. The fused spreading activation techniques outperform traditional text-based retrieval methods. Finally, we introduce a preliminary user interface for the display of recommendations from these algorithms.
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems celebrating interdependence - CHI '94, 1994
In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characteriz... more In this paper we present a method, the Cost-of-Knowledge Characteristic Function, for characterizing information access from dynamic displays. The paper works out this method for a simple, but important, class of dynamic displays called direct-walk interactive information visuatizations, in which information is accessed through a sequence of mouse selections and key selections. The method is used to characterize a simple calendar task for an application of the Information Visualizer, to compute the changes in characterization as the result of possible program variants, and to conduct empirical comparison between different systems with the same function.
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2005
The importance of annotations, as a by-product of the reading activity, cannot be overstated. Ann... more The importance of annotations, as a by-product of the reading activity, cannot be overstated. Annotations help users in the process of analyzing, re-reading, and recalling detailed facts such as prior analyses and relations to other works. As electronic reading become pervasive, digital annotations will become part of the essential records of the reading activity. But creating and rendering annotations on a 3D book and other objects in a 3D workspace is nontrivial. In this paper, we present our exploration of how to use 3D graphics techniques to create realistic annotations with acceptable frame rates. We discuss the pros and cons of several techniques and detail our hybrid solution.
3D User Interfaces (3DUI'06)
Taking the form of physical books, virtual 3D books can be used as basic components of e-book sys... more Taking the form of physical books, virtual 3D books can be used as basic components of e-book systems, information workspaces, and digital libraries. This paper describes the page turning design of 3Book, a 3D book system that we recently developed. Our design aims to find a sensible balance among important factors such as visual realism, readability, interactivity, and scalability. To convey the impression of reading or viewing an actual physical book, we model all the faces of the book and synchronize the movements of various portions of the book during page turning. Our design delivers a seamless transition between two states of the book (i.e., when it is lying still and when it is turning pages). In addition, we deform the turning pages around an imaginary cone of changing sizes to produce realistically-looking curved pages.
2006 IEEE Symposium On Visual Analytics And Technology, 2006
This proposal seeks to use point-of regard eyetracking in connection with a new type of analytica... more This proposal seeks to use point-of regard eyetracking in connection with a new type of analytical tool, Display Space-Time Resource Diagrams, to understand, characterize, and unltimately engineer a new class of dynamic displays for perceptual support of cognitive tasks. Cognitive tasks of any complexity are accomplished with the aid of resources outside the head. This is evident for a task as simple as arithmetic, which is quicker and more accurately done with paper and pencil than mentally for most people (unless special methods are learned). Modern windows-based humancomputer interfaces are based on the use of a computer-controlled display surface to effectively expand user's working memory and to shift object and command specification from recall memory to recognition memory.