David P. Hedlund | St. John's University (original) (raw)

Books by David P. Hedlund

Esports Business Management, 2021

Esports have rapidly expanded from a pastime undertaken by casual players to one of the largest s... more Esports have rapidly expanded from a pastime undertaken by casual players to one of the largest segments of the entertainment industry, in which hundreds of millions of people play and compete daily. Esports Business Management With HKPropel Access is one of the first textbooks to present an all-encompassing look into the world of esports business, will teach both aspiring students and sports professionals about the business of this rapidly expanding industry. Written by esports executives, business experts, and esports educators—and endorsed by the International Esports Federation, Esports Research Network, and the United States Esports Federation—the textbook offers a comprehensive approach to the operational side of esports, supplemented by a striking full-color design and dynamic imagery that will bring concepts to life.

The text begins with a basic overview of the industry, including various levels of esports, culture, and social issues. Next, readers will explore the interests and concerns of various tiers of stakeholders—from title publishers and event organizers to leagues, sponsors, fans, and more—and learn about governance at multiple levels, from the international level to college conferences. A full look at the marketing engine of esports examines sponsorship opportunities, esports events and venues, and communications at all levels, including broadcasting, analytics, and social media. The book addresses managerial and business issues associated with running an esports-related entity, including financial and legal concepts as well as team and player management. The text concludes by examining careers found in the various segments of the industry and looking at the future of esports.

Throughout the text, Zoning sidebars provide real-world spotlights that bring the concepts to life. Student learning will be enhanced by the related online learning aids delivered through HKPropel, with student exercises and case studies that apply content to life, industry profiles, and a list of Internet resources for further learning.

While similarities exist between the sports and esports environments, there are also significant differences in how the esports industry must operate to thrive. Esports Business Management is the foundational text for understanding and working in this exciting, fast-paced industry.

Published Research (Articles, Chapters, Papers) by David P. Hedlund

Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports, 2022

An introduction to the "Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports"

International Journal of Esports, 2020

One of the biggest challenges researchers face at the outset of their research is the question of... more One of the biggest challenges researchers face at the outset of their research is the question of knowing how much of something actually exists. For example, the underpinning of Ahn, Collis and Jenny’s (2020) article titled “The one billion dollar myth: Methods for sizing the massively undervalued esports revenue landscape” and published in the International Journal of Esports is specifically focused on this type of question: How much revenue is actually generated by the esports industry? Are there other important questions facing the industry which would also benefit from the reporting of results?

Determinants of support and participation in a major sport event referendum

Sport Management Review

In recent years, referenda have been used to inform decisions to bid on major sport events. Recog... more In recent years, referenda have been used to inform decisions to bid on major sport events. Recognising referenda as a means to engage a community in a major sport event, the purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of referenda support and participation. A sample of 603 New Zealanders completed a questionnaire assessing 1) their support for a referendum on their city bidding to host the Commonwealth Games, and 2) the likelihood of participation in such a referendum. Based on exploratory factor analysis and multinomial logistic regression, the key findings are that political cynicism, civic duty, event status and involvement affected voters’ referendum support, while political cynicism, civic duty, political interest, event status and involvement impacted their voting intentions. The results have implications for prospective host cities, sport managers, policymakers, and ordinary citizens.

A typology of esports players

Journal of Global Sport Management

In recent years, esports have grown from a small number of local gaming activities undertaken by ... more In recent years, esports have grown from a small number of local gaming activities undertaken by a few recreational participants to a multi-billion dollar industry with professional leagues, franchises, teams and players. While the industry has grown, our collective understanding of some of the most fundamental questions such as who plays esports and why, have received scant attention from academics. In an effort to further understand, profile and categorize players, the purpose of this research is to create a typology of esports players and to cross-validate previous research findings. Using hierarchical and k-clustering techniques, six psychographic factors (socialization, positive affect, competition, fantasy/escape, coping, pass/waste time) and additional demographic and behavioral characteristics are used to create a typology of esports players. Based on a large, diverse and international sample of respondents (n = 1165), five types of players, including (1) Competitive, (2) Casual, (3) Casual-Social, (4) Casual-Fun, and (5) Casual-Competitive esports players, are identified. In-depth examination and discussion of the five types of players are provided. The implications of this research suggest the importance of considering demographic, psychographic and behavioral characteristics when attempting to identify, understand and classify different types of esports players.

The influence of perceived fan orientation on satisfaction, loyalty and sport consumption behaviors

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to develop and validate a scale to measure the perceive... more Purpose – The purpose of this research is to develop and validate a scale to measure the perceived orientation of sport organizations toward their fans, and subsequently to test its relationship with six outcomes based on data from the fanbases of three distinct sport teams.

Design/methodology/approach – Using interviews and focus groups, important elements of fans’ perceptions of their relationship with sport organizations are identified. After creating items based on the results of the interviews and focus groups, EFA, CFA and SEM procedures are used to create and test a multidimensional scale of perceived fan orientation.

Findings – Using EFA and CFA procedures, an 11-item, four-dimension scale of perceived fan orientation is validated, including components measuring (1) hosting events and campaigns for fans, (2) communicating information to fans, (3) interacting with fans when requests and problems arise, and (4) providing preferential treatment to fans. The SEM results provide evidence of the impact of fan orientation on multiple measured outcomes for three professional football teams.

Research limitations/implications – This research is limited to three professional football teams in Turkey. However, the development of the multidimensional perceived fan orientation (PERFANOR) scale provides sport organizations’ management and personnel with information about the relationship fans desire.

Practical implications – Sport managers, marketers and front-line staff are recommended to undertake activities to improve the relationship between the organization, team and its fans.

Originality/value – The principles and practices of relationship marketing and service quality often include discussions of the importance of “putting fans first,” however until now, no multidimensional scale existed in sport which measures the perceived fan orientation of a sport organization.

Determinants of college sport fans’ purchase of sport retail merchandise

Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 2020

Despite the importance of understanding the factors impacting the purchase of goods and services,... more Despite the importance of understanding the factors impacting the purchase of goods and services, research focused specifically on the sport retail process is rare. Due to this dearth of research, the purpose of this study is to identify the most influential determinants of college sports fans’ purchase of retail merchandise. Determinants included consumer, product, retail and online store characteristics. Product price, quality and selection were identified by the sample (n = 627) as the three most important determinants of sport merchandise purchase. Based on a measure of respondents’ connection to the team, the most highly identified sport fans perceived selection as most important, less identified sport fans indicated quality as important, and the least identified sport fans designated price as important. For both brick and mortar and online retailers of collegiate sport merchandise, the determinants of retail purchase are important considerations that can be used to shape marketing strategies.

Inclusion of electronic sport in the Olympic Games for the right (or wrong) reasons

International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 2020

With so many popular and unique sports played around the world, one of the most important challen... more With so many popular and unique sports played around the world, one of the most important challenges for the International Olympic Committee is deciding which ones merit inclusion in the Olympic Games. In recent years, a spirited debate has ensued surrounding electronic sports, also known as esports, and the possible inclusion of this type of competitive video gaming at the Olympic Games. Considerations center around the sporting legitimacy of electronic sport, which games might be appropriate to play at events such as the Olympics, and whether esports epitomize the values and ideals promoted by the Olympic Movement. There may be substantial and contrasting information on the topic and these aforementioned questions but the growing popularity and significance of esports are noteworthy. Over the years, numerous policy entrepreneurs and stakeholders, including governing bodies, intellectual property rights holders, teams, players and sponsors have all put forward various agenda and policy solutions in response to these questions. In this article, multiple perspectives on the potential inclusion of esports at the Olympic Games are presented and discussed in the context of both the Multiple Streams Framework and Actor-Network Theory. It is the hope of the authors that this article will fuel further discussions on the important topic of the possible, future inclusion of esports at the Olympic Games.

Rebooting Content: Broadcasting Sport & Esports to Homes During COVID-19

International Journal of Sport Communication, 2020

Beginning in early March 2020, sport in the U.S. entered an unprecedented period of hiatus due to... more Beginning in early March 2020, sport in the U.S. entered an unprecedented period of hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The postponement, suspension, and cancellation of live sporting events impacted every professional and amateur sport organization, from the NBA to NASCAR, high school sports to college football, and even esports leagues. Although the abrupt cancellation of live sporting events was disruptive, it did create opportunities for the production of new media and consumption opportunities for sport leagues, teams, and their fans through different types of sport media broadcasts. This commentary examines how the U.S. sport industry developed media content strategies using new, mixed, and rebroadcasted content, across multiple broadcast and streaming platforms, to provide sport consumption opportunities to fans largely quarantined at home. This research contributes to the existing scholarship on live and rebroadcasted mediated content, while providing guidance to content owners and rights holders facing uncertainty in the marketplace.

Sport Analytics

Research Methods and Design in Sport Management (2nd ed.), 2020

Classifying sport consumers: From casual to tribal fans

Handbook of Research on the Impact of Fandom in Society and Consumerism, 2020

Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior... more Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior research often examines fans based on demographic characteristics, recent advances in understanding how sport fans co-create and co-consume sporting events provides substantial evidence that sports fans should be examined as tribal groups. Tribal sport fan groups can be identified based on seven dimensions, including membership; geographic sense of community; social recognition; shared rivalry; and shared knowledge of symbols, rituals and traditions, and people. In this research, these seven dimensions are used to classify sport fans (n=1505) through hierarchical and k-cluster analyses. The results of the cluster analyses using the seven dimensions suggest six unique clusters, labelled as (1) casual fans, (2) moderate remote fans, (3) moderate local fans, (4) local developing tribal fans, (5) remote tribal fans, and (6) tribal fans. A discussion of these six fan groups and the implications regarding associations with demographics and other important variables are provided.

The motivations of esports players

Understanding esports: An introduction to the global phenomenon, 2019

Since the early 2000s, several inquiries have focused on attempting to identify motivations and u... more Since the early 2000s, several inquiries have focused on attempting to identify motivations and understand why individuals play esports. However, since 2011, while some research has been conducted on why people watch esports, no systematic research on individuals’ motivations to play esports has been published. Based on this recent dearth in esports research, in this study, the Motivation Scale for Esports Players (MSEP) is developed and tested. After a thorough review of published inquiries, in addition to qualitative and quantitative research with both esports experts and players, six motives for why individuals play esports are uncovered, including (1) socialization, (2) positive affect, (3) competition, (4) fantasy/escape, (5) coping, and (6) passing/wasting time. Results from the testing of a structural model with how many hours the individual plays esports per day as the outcome variable indicate that socialization and competition have positive and significant relationships, while affect has a negative and significant relationship. The importance and implications for those that play esports and work in the esports industry are discussed.

Analytics in the sports industry

Contemporary Sport Management (6th ed.), 2019

Those who rarely attend alone: Tribal sport fans

Exploring the rise of fandom in contemporary consumer culture, 2018

Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior... more Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior research frequently segmented fans based on demographic characteristics, recent advances in understanding how sport fans co-create and co-consume sporting events provides substantial evidence that sports fans should be examined as tribal groups. In this research, seven dimensions of sport fan tribalism are proposed and tested (membership; geographic sense of community; social recognition; shared rivalry; and shared knowledge of symbols, rituals and traditions, and people) with samples from top-level American college football (Division I American football) and the top level of professional Portuguese soccer (Primeira Liga). The results provide reliability and validity evidence in support of the seven-dimension scale. In addition, the structural testing of the scale highlights differences between tribal fans and their teams (relative to other teams) in terms of five behavioral intentions and two commitment- related outcome variables. The implications of labeling sports fans at tribal, the use of the seven-dimension scale and the structural results are all discussed.

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine players’ physical and performance measures taken at the N... more The purpose of this study is to examine players’ physical
and performance measures taken at the National Football
League (NFL) Scouting Combine and compare these with their
future performance in the NFL. From 2002 to 2016, 3 types of
player data (N = 5,506) were collected from secondary data
sources. Results of players earned on various NFL Scouting
Combine drills and measurements (e.g., height, body mass, 40-
yard dash time, vertical jump, bench press repetitions, shuttle
run time, and 3-cone drill time), the position players play on the
field (e.g., quarterback, running back, wide receiver, tight end,
offensive line, defensive line, linebacker, and defensive back),
and if players received elite performance awards (e.g., Pro
Bowl and All-Pro selections) in the future were collected. After
analyzing the data, the results indicate that (a) NFL
quarterbacks that received All-Pro and Pro Bowl awards tend
to be taller, weigh more, run faster in the 40-yard dash, jump
higher, complete more bench press reps, and are slower for
the shuttle run and 3-cone drill; (b) All-Pro and Pro Bowl NFL
running backs tend to weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster,
do not jump as high, complete more bench press reps, and
complete the shuttle run and 3-cone drills slower; (c) NFL wide
receivers who were selected for the Pro Bowl or as All-Pros
tend to be taller, weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, have
a higher vertical jump, and run the 3-cone drill faster; (d) NFL
tight ends that received All-Pro and Pro Bowl awards tend to
be taller, weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher,
complete more bench press reps, run the shuttle run slower,
and complete the 3-cone drill faster; (e) All-Pro and Pro Bowl
NFL offensive linemen tend to run the 40-yard dash faster,
jump higher, are able to complete more bench press reps,
and run both the shuttle run and 3-cone drill faster; (f) NFL
defensive linemen who were selected as All-Pro and Pro Bowl
players tend to be taller, weigh more, run the 40-yard dash
faster, jump higher, complete more bench press reps, and
run the 3-cone drill faster; (g) NFL linebackers who were
named to the All-Pro and Pro Bowl teams tend to be taller,
weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, can
complete more bench press reps, and run both the shuttle
run and 3-cone drill faster; and (h) NFL wide receivers that
were selected for the Pro Bowl or as an All-Pro tend to weigh
more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, can complete
fewer bench press reps, and run the shuttle run slower. Certified
strength and conditioning specialists for college and professional
teams will be able to use these results to help train
and set performance goals for American football athletes with
whom they work and train.

Ignition tradition? A case study of the Florida State University Athletics Department’s 2014 logo redesign

Journal of Applied Sport Management, 2018

Brand marks are important representations of organizations. Over time, due to a variety of reason... more Brand marks are important representations of organizations. Over time, due to a variety of reasons, brand marks may cease to be effective representations and require redesign. In recent years, a number of sport organizations have undertaken efforts to design new or update existing brand marks. In this research, a detailed examination of the opinions and intentions of fans, stakeholders and the public regarding the Florida State University (FSU) Athletic Department’s redesign of FSU’s primary logo is described, assessed and discussed.

Professional sport teams and fan loyalty programs: A perceived value perspective

International Journal of Sport Management, 2018

Fan loyalty programs are common among professional sport teams. A growing concern shared by resea... more Fan loyalty programs are common among professional sport teams. A growing concern shared by researchers and practitioners is to understand the various value dimensions that constitute the overall value of relationship-building tactics. We introduce a multidimensional conceptualization of the perceived value of fan loyalty programs, develop a measurement model for the proposed dimensions, and examine the impact of perceived value on both program loyalty and team loyalty. The results from Study 1 provided evidence supporting the convergent and discriminant validity of the proposed measurement model of perceived value. In Study 2, the findings provided further evidence for the construct validity of the measurement model and supported the notion that the perceived value dimensions of fan loyalty programs were not only directly predictive of program loyalty, but it also had direct and indirect effects on attitudinal team loyalty.

Comparing sport coaches’ and administrators’ perceptions of the “National Standards for Sport Coaches”

The Physical Educator, 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of sport coaches and administrators regardin... more The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of sport coaches and administrators regarding the eight domains and 40 standards contained in the “National Standards for Sport Coaches” (NSSC). Data were primarily obtained from junior high school, high school and college level sport coaches (n = 308) and sport administrators (n = 99) in the United States. The results indicated that both sport coaches and administrators believe the 40 standards are important to effective coaches. The results also showed that both sport coaches and administrators rank the importance of the eight domains with a high degree of similarity. These results represent a timely, multi-sample examination of the NSSC and the results of this research can be used to ensure that coaching education is aligned with current perceptions and needs of sport coaches and administrators. The results of this research also can be used as a starting point for upcoming revisions to the NSSC.

Team identification full circle: The importance of cognition, evaluation and affect

International Journal of Sport Management, 2017

Esports Business Management, 2021

Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports, 2022

An introduction to the "Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports"

International Journal of Esports, 2020

Determinants of support and participation in a major sport event referendum

Sport Management Review

A typology of esports players

Journal of Global Sport Management

The influence of perceived fan orientation on satisfaction, loyalty and sport consumption behaviors

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship

Practical implications – Sport managers, marketers and front-line staff are recommended to undertake activities to improve the relationship between the organization, team and its fans.

Determinants of college sport fans’ purchase of sport retail merchandise

Journal of Contemporary Athletics, 2020

Inclusion of electronic sport in the Olympic Games for the right (or wrong) reasons

International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 2020

Rebooting Content: Broadcasting Sport & Esports to Homes During COVID-19

International Journal of Sport Communication, 2020

Sport Analytics

Research Methods and Design in Sport Management (2nd ed.), 2020

Classifying sport consumers: From casual to tribal fans

Handbook of Research on the Impact of Fandom in Society and Consumerism, 2020

The motivations of esports players

Understanding esports: An introduction to the global phenomenon, 2019

Analytics in the sports industry

Contemporary Sport Management (6th ed.), 2019

Those who rarely attend alone: Tribal sport fans

Exploring the rise of fandom in contemporary consumer culture, 2018

Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior... more Sport fans rarely attend sporting events alone. While traditional consumer and sport fan behavior research frequently segmented fans based on demographic characteristics, recent advances in understanding how sport fans co-create and co-consume sporting events provides substantial evidence that sports fans should be examined as tribal groups. In this research, seven dimensions of sport fan tribalism are proposed and tested (membership; geographic sense of community; social recognition; shared rivalry; and shared knowledge of symbols, rituals and traditions, and people) with samples from top-level American college football (Division I American football) and the top level of professional Portuguese soccer (Primeira Liga). The results provide reliability and validity evidence in support of the seven-dimension scale. In addition, the structural testing of the scale highlights differences between tribal fans and their teams (relative to other teams) in terms of five behavioral intentions and two commitment- related outcome variables. The implications of labeling sports fans at tribal, the use of the seven-dimension scale and the structural results are all discussed.

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2018

Ignition tradition? A case study of the Florida State University Athletics Department’s 2014 logo redesign

Journal of Applied Sport Management, 2018

Professional sport teams and fan loyalty programs: A perceived value perspective

International Journal of Sport Management, 2018

Comparing sport coaches’ and administrators’ perceptions of the “National Standards for Sport Coaches”

The Physical Educator, 2018

Team identification full circle: The importance of cognition, evaluation and affect

International Journal of Sport Management, 2017

Annals of Applied Sport Science, 2019

Nowadays sponsorship is an important part of sports events. Sports sponsorship offers more benefi... more Nowadays sponsorship is an important part of sports events. Sports sponsorship offers more benefits, more variety and also it’s a more powerful form of marketing. In general, sponsorship holds a unique position in the marketing mix because it is effective in building brand awareness, provides different marketing platforms and valuable networking and hospitality opportunities. Sponsorship marketing efforts can be influenced by culture. Especially when global sponsorship in sports which refers to sports events in different countries with different cultures, is under consideration. In such situations, sponsorship aspects can be affected by cultural obligations which are discussed in this article.

Youth Sport Coaches’ Perceptions of Sexually Inappropriate Behaviors and Intimate Coach-Athlete Relationships

Journal of Child Sexual Abuse

National Coaching Standards: Perceptions and the Undertaking of Core Responsibilities by Beginner, Intermediate and Elite Sport Coaches

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS MANAGEMENT

Member identity in fitness centres and its consequences: an examination of members and managers' perspectives

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of member identity and its dimensions ... more PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of member identity and its dimensions of power, urgency, external legitimacy, internal legitimacy and interest, on satisfaction and behavioural intentions in fitness centres.Design/methodology/approachTwo studies were designed. In Study 1, data were collected from fitness centre members (n = 225) and structural equation modelling used to examine the dimensions of fitness centre member identity and its subsequent effect on satisfaction and behavioural intentions. In Study 2, interviews exploring member identity were conducted with members (n = 9) and managers (n = 7) and a content analysis contrasted their perceptions of power, urgency, internal legitimacy, external legitimacy and interest.FindingsThe results of Study 1 support the multidimensional construct of member identity and its positive influence on both satisfaction and behavioural intentions. Satisfaction mediated the relationship between member identity and behaviou...

Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation

Implementing effective training and education programs is of critical importance for sport manage... more Implementing effective training and education programs is of critical importance for sport management and sport coaching academic education programs. This exploratory research examined the implementation and effectiveness of DISC behavioral profiling in sport management and sport coaching classrooms at the university level. Over four academic years (eight semesters), pre- and post-tests were collected from multiple samples of sport management and sport coaching students (N = 216) at two universities in the United States. Students received a personalized DISC behavioral profile and educational activities were used to enhance the value of the behavioral profiling initiatives. Using pre- and post-activity surveys of the knowledge and skills gained during in-course activities, paired sample t-test showed positive and significant results for 11 of 16 measured areas. The findings suggest that behavioral profiling tools and activities within sport management and sport coaching curricu...

Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports

E-sports

Encyclopedia of Sport Management, 2021

Purchase intentions towards a sponsor brand: Evidence from New Zealand

Each one of these individuals and many of the doctoral students in the Department of Sport Manage... more Each one of these individuals and many of the doctoral students in the Department of Sport Management provided valuable comments and feedback on my research over the years. I would also like to extend my appreciation to the current and former coaching staff of the Florida State University women's soccer team (Mark Krikorian, Eric Bell, Mike Bristol, Jean Rettig, and Paul Rogers) for giving me opportunities to volunteer with the team, participate in team activities, and connect with the Athletics Department. I would also like to thank Dean Nancy Marcus, the Congress of Graduate Students, and the Florida State University Graduate School for providing a grant that helped defray the costs associated with the data collection. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude and love to my family and friends, both domestic and abroad, who supported and encouraged my journey. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .

Committee Request and Assignments: The Role of Risk Taking in Assignment Success

2011 WPSA: Section 09 Legislative Politics (Topic), 2011

Committees are a critical and even essential component in the legislative process and their forma... more Committees are a critical and even essential component in the legislative process and their formation and organization has been the subject of extensive research. Since the practice of committee selection involves party leaders or a committee on committees responding to member requests, the relationship between members’ committee desires and committee assignment results has been at the core of this research. The absence of actual committee requests for non-Congressional legislative bodies has been a major inhibiting factor in present research. The recent availability of such data for a number of state legislatures dating back to the 1970s, provides us with a unique opportunity to explore the nature of this process across time and across legislative bodies at the U.S. sub-national level. This paper examines the effects of a variety of situational and contextual as well as individual level explanatory factors on this request-assignment process across a twelve session period. One new s...

The influence of perceived fan orientation on satisfaction, loyalty and sport consumption behaviors

International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to develop and validate a scale to measure the perceived o... more PurposeThe purpose of this research is to develop and validate a scale to measure the perceived orientation of sport organizations toward their fans, and subsequently, to test its relationship with six outcomes based on data from the fanbases of three distinct sport teams.Design/methodology/approachUsing interviews and focus groups, important elements of fans' perceptions of their relationship with sport organizations are identified. After creating items based on the results of the interviews and focus groups, EFA, CFA and SEM procedures are used to create and test a multidimensional scale of perceived fan orientation.FindingsUsing EFA and CFA procedures, an 11-item, four-dimension scale of perceived fan orientation is validated, including components measuring (1) hosting events and campaigns for fans, (2) communicating information to fans, (3) interacting with fans when requests and problems arise and (4) providing preferential treatment to fans. The SEM results provide evidenc...

Sport Management Review, 2021

In recent years, referenda have been used to inform decisions to bid on major sport events. Recog... more In recent years, referenda have been used to inform decisions to bid on major sport events. Recognising referenda as a means to engage a community in a major sport event, the purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of referenda support and participation intention. A sample of 603 New Zealanders completed a questionnaire a) the intention to participate in such a referendum. Based on exploratory factor analysis assessing b) their support for a referendum on their city bidding to host the Commonwealth Games, and multinomial logistic regression, the key findings are that political cynicism, civic duty, event status and involvement affected voters' referendum support, while political cynicism, civic duty, political interest, event status and involvement impacted their voting intentions. The results have implications for prospective host cities, sport managers, policymakers, and ordinary citizens.

Journal of Applied Sport Management, 2018

Brand marks are important representations of organizations. Over time, due to a variety of reason... more Brand marks are important representations of organizations. Over time, due to a variety of reasons, brand marks may cease to be effective representations and require redesign. In recent years, a number of sport organizations have undertaken efforts to design new or update existing brand marks. In this research, a detailed examination of the opinions and intentions of fans, stakeholders, and the public regarding the Florida State University (FSU) Athletic Department's redesign of FSU's primary logo is described, assessed, and discussed.

Memorisation of Rugby World Cup sponsors: The Home Team Sponsor's Advantage

Journal of Global Sport Management, 2018

ABSTRACT A challenge for mega sporting events such as the Rugby World Cup is to ensure that team ... more ABSTRACT A challenge for mega sporting events such as the Rugby World Cup is to ensure that team sponsors are not confused with event sponsors. The purpose of this research is to (1) measure consumer identification rates of mega-event sponsors and misidentification rates of product-category competitors, and (2) investigate the impact of different retrieval cues on identification rates of mega-event sponsors. Data about Rugby World Cup 2011 sponsors were collected from 608 students at a large New Zealand university using quasi-experimental design. The percentage of the full sample that correctly identified event sponsors across the recognition and recall mechanisms varied considerably. Different retrieval cues had no effect on the recognition rates. The key finding is that Adidas, Air New Zealand and Hyundai/Ford—all prominent, longstanding sponsors of the All Blacks—were consistently misidentified as official RWC sponsors.

The Education of Sport Coaches: What Should They Learn and When Should They Learn It?

International Sport Coaching Journal, 2018

Around the world, there is a growing movement to improve sport coaching education. In recent year... more Around the world, there is a growing movement to improve sport coaching education. In recent years, the International Council for Coaching Excellence (ICCE) has begun to address questions related to the education, training and development of sport coaches through the publication of the International Sport Coaching Framework (ISCF) and the Sport Coaching Bachelor Degree Standards (SCBDS). In the United States, because sport coaches can undertake a wide variety of coaching-related educational opportunities, the United States Olympic Committee has taken steps to address the disparity in training through the publishing of the Quality Coaching Framework (QCF). All of these documents provide valuable information about the best principles for educating and training sport coaches. While principles, standards and theories provide valuable overarching information about how to organize education, specific information about what topics should actually be taught in education programs is still la...

The Physical Educator, 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of sport coaches and administrators regardin... more The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of sport coaches and administrators regarding the eight domains and 40 standards contained in the National Standards for Sport Coaches (NSSC). Data were primarily obtained from junior high school, high school, and college-level sport coaches (n = 308) and sport administrators (n = 99) in the United States. The results indicated that sport coaches and administrators believe the 40 standards are important to effective coaches. The results also showed that sport coaches and administrators rank the importance of the eight domains with a high degree of similarity. These results represent a timely, multisample examination of the NSSC, and the results of this research help to ensure that coaching education is aligned with the current perceptions and needs of sport coaches and administrators. The results of this research also can be used as a starting point for upcoming revisions to the NSSC.

Annals of Applied Sport Science, 2019

Nowadays sponsorship is an important part of sports events. Sports sponsorship offers more benefi... more Nowadays sponsorship is an important part of sports events. Sports sponsorship offers more benefits, more variety and also it's a more powerful form of marketing. In general, sponsorship holds a unique position in the marketing mix because it is effective in building brand awareness, provides different marketing platforms and valuable networking and hospitality opportunities. Sponsorship marketing efforts can be influenced by culture. Especially when global sponsorship in sports which refers to sports events in different countries with different cultures, is under consideration. In such situations, sponsorship aspects can be affected by cultural obligations which are discussed in this article.

Performance of future elite players at the NFL Scouting Combine

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine players&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; physical and per... more The purpose of this study is to examine players&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; physical and performance measures taken at the NFL Scouting Combine and compare these to their future performance in the NFL. From 2002-2016, three types of player data (N=5,506) were collected from secondary data sources. Results players earned on various NFL Scouting Combine drills and measurements (e.g., height, weight, 40-yard dash time, vertical jump, bench press repetitions, shuttle run time, and 3-cone drill time), the position players play on the field (e.g., quarterback, running back, wide receiver, tight end, offensive line, defensive line, linebacker, and defensive back), and if players received elite performance awards (e.g., Pro Bowl and All-Pro selections) in the future were collected. After analyzing the data, the results indicate that (1) NFL quarterbacks that received All-Pro and Pro Bowl awards tend to be taller, weigh more, run faster in the 40-yard dash, jump higher, complete more bench presses, and are slower for the shuttle run and 3-cone drill; (2) All-Pro and Pro Bowl NFL running backs tend to weight more, run the 40-yard dash faster, do not jump as high, complete more bench presses, and complete the shuttle run and 3-cone drills slower; (3) NFL wide receivers that were selected for the Pro Bowl or as All-Pros tend to be taller, weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, have a higher vertical jump, and run the 3-cone drill faster; (4) NFL tight ends that received All-Pro and Pro Bowl awards tend to be taller, weight more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, complete more bench presses, run the shuttle run slower, and complete the 3-cone drill faster; (5) All-Pro and Pro Bowl NFL offensive linemen tend to run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, are able to complete more bench presses, and run both the shuttle run and 3-cone drill faster; (6) NFL defensive linemen that were selected as All-Pro and Pro Bowl players tend to be taller, weight more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, complete more bench presses, and run the 3-cone drill faster; (7) NFL linebackers that were named to the All-Pro and Pro Bowl teams tend to be taller, weight more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, can complete more bench presses, and run both the shuttle run and 3-cone drill faster; (8) NFL wide receivers that were selected for the Pro Bowl or as an All-Pro tend to weigh more, run the 40-yard dash faster, jump higher, can complete fewer bench presses, and run the shuttle run slower. Certified strength and conditioning specialists for college and professional teams will be able to use these results to help train and set performance goals for American football athletes with whom they work and train.

The importance of sports and brands (e.g., New York Yankees, Harley-Davidson, Apple) in today&#39... more The importance of sports and brands (e.g., New York Yankees, Harley-Davidson, Apple) in today's society is well-documented. The co-consumption of sports and brands often brings people together (Bale, 2003; Bouet, 1966; Brown, Kozinets, & Sherry, 2003), and consumers of the same sport or brand often form a community. In the business literature, these communities are called "brand communities" (McAlexander, Schouten, & Koenig, 2002; Muniz & O'Guinn, 2001). While brand communities are a popular research topic in the business literature, the sport field is only in the beginning stages of applying this idea. As such, the impact of such communities with sport brands is not well understood. In order to investigate the outcomes of brand communities, we must better understand the process of introducing and developing sport brand communities. The purpose of this research is to identify and better understand the relationships among the antecedents (e.g. causes) and consequenc...

Este artículo se propone hacer una lectura de las memorias de las peripecias marítimas o fluviale... more Este artículo se propone hacer una lectura de las memorias de las peripecias marítimas o fluviales de algunos aventureros y mercenarios que hicieron parte de la gesta de Independencia al lado de Bolívar. Este recorrido también nos permite mostrar algunas notas de enemigos de la campaña libertadora, como el militar Pablo Morillo, que ofrecen una interesante perspectiva geográfica. La lectura de dichas memorias posibilita reconstruir algunas ideas míticas, como la del Dorado -mediante las cuales se hizo referencia a esta región durante el periodo colonial-, y resaltar la experiencia personal de los narradores con el paisaje del río Orinoco y sus ricas conexiones. Orinoco, El Dorado, independencia, maritorio, pensamiento geográfico, imaginarios, periplo.

Creating value through membership and participation in sport fan consumption communities

European Sport Management Quarterly, 2014

ABSTRACT Research question: While marketers acknowledge the critical role of developing long-term... more ABSTRACT Research question: While marketers acknowledge the critical role of developing long-term strategies that enhance the value of the organization, collaborative and co-creation service activities are gaining importance. At sporting events, sport team personnel collaborate with sport consumers to create the event experience. Sport consumers, however, rarely attend sporting events alone. Instead, sport consumers join and participate in networks of like-minded fans and engage in collaborative and co-creation consumption activities. In sports, these networks are called sport fan consumption communities. The purpose of this research is to create and test a hypothesized model of membership and participation in a sport fan consumption community and fans' behavioral intentions. Research methods: In total, 10 hypotheses were generated and tested using a sample of students and alumni (n = 627) from a large Division I-A (NCAA) university in the southeastern USA. Using confirmatory factory analysis procedures, reliability and validity evidence for 15 items measuring the 5 hypothesized constructs was found using approximately half of the data (n = 314). Subsequently, structural equation modeling with bootstrapping procedures was used to examine the direct, indirect (mediated) and total effects with the remaining data (n = 313). Results and findings: The empirical results supported all 10 hypothesized relationships. The results suggest that both a feeling of membership in the sport fan consumption community and participation in the rituals and traditions associated with the community independently and in coordination lead to increases in future intentions to attend the university's (gridiron) football team's games, purchase the team's merchandise, and recommend the team's games to others. Implications: For sport managers and marketers, resources should be allocated to support the creation and development of sport fan consumption communities in order to improve the relationships between fans and their team.

JEGE is an international indexed and peer-reviewed journal focused on publishing innovative empir... more JEGE is an international indexed and peer-reviewed journal focused on publishing innovative empirical, theoretical, review, interdisciplinary, and industry-related research on all aspects of video games; esports; gaming on personal computers, mobile devices, consoles, and cloud-based platforms; haptic gaming and technology; virtual, augmented, mixed, and extended reality gaming and technology; new and emerging technology used for recreation, rehabilitation, and competition; and more.

Proceedings of the 58th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS 2025, 2025

The esports research field continues to evolve rapidly, encompassing various interdisciplinary pe... more The esports research field continues to evolve rapidly, encompassing various interdisciplinary perspectives. For HICSS-58, we sought high-quality research across various methodologies examining diverse aspects of esports. We received 15 manuscripts spanning multiple disciplines and perspectives, and six were selected for inclusion. The papers cover player behavior analysis, environmental sustainability, fan experience technologies, sponsorship integration, public perceptions of esports in major sporting events, and character preferences in competitive games. These studies contribute to understanding the complex esports ecosystem, its leaders, technological innovations, and player behaviors shaping its future.