William Ion | University of Strathclyde (original) (raw)

Papers by William Ion

Research paper thumbnail of Global Design to Gain a Competitive Edge: An Holistic and Collaborative Design Approach based on Computational Tools

Springer eBooks, Jul 16, 2008

... The Editors would also like to thank Dr. Andrew Lynn for his kind support and maintenance of ... more ... The Editors would also like to thank Dr. Andrew Lynn for his kind support and maintenance of the conference paper management system which he ... 137 Christopher L. Spiteri, Jonathan C. Borg Research on Application of Ontological Information Coding in Information Integration ...

Research paper thumbnail of A framework for supporting intelligent and flexible workflow-based engineering design process

International Journal of Design Engineering, 2007

To support an efficient management of a creative and dynamic Engineering Design Process (EDP), th... more To support an efficient management of a creative and dynamic Engineering Design Process (EDP), this paper proposes a new intelligent and flexible workflow-based EDP management framework entitled EnDesProM. The Autonomic Object (AO) based on autonomic computing is embedded in the nodes of flexible workflow to ensure the intelligence of the framework. An innovative flexible workflow modelling method based on dynamic instance creation is proposed as part of the EnDesProM. Both the formalised definition and graphical expression of the EDP models are introduced to ensure the rigor of the approach. The architecture of the intelligent workflow is designed and the application of the weighted Certainty Factor (CF) model in the knowledge expression is investigated to deal with the incomplete information in EDP. The EnDesProM has been evaluated through an EDP in a Make-to-Order (MTO) company and the results show that EnDesProM can support the creative and dynamic EDP satisfactorily, though further improvements are required.

Research paper thumbnail of Predicting Product Cosmetic in the Automotive Industry

Research paper thumbnail of Developing the Skills System for the National Manufacturing Institute for Scotland (NMIS)

A key challenge for employers and providers in Scotland is how to support NMIS and the MSA to dev... more A key challenge for employers and providers in Scotland is how to support NMIS and the MSA to develop and deliver impactful and sustainable change through responsive, adaptable, iterative skill systems which are relevant to current and predicted demand. Positioning the NMIS and MSA development as an advanced digital and cyberphysical asset, which can be leveraged by established educational institutes, is a fundamental aspect of this proposition. Having a robust evidence base to inform how it can best achieve its objectives is an important element of the NMIS strategic vision and planned operational delivery. This research report adds to this evidence base, and proposes a new pedagogical model for delivering advanced manufacturing skills in Scotland, and specifically an MSA delivery model.

Research paper thumbnail of A Novel Approach towards Sustainability Assessment in Manufacturing and Stakeholder’s Role

Sustainability, Mar 9, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated Systems Design Education

Integrated Systems Design refers to the design, development and integration of products and syste... more Integrated Systems Design refers to the design, development and integration of products and systems. Central to successful ISD is the coordination and incorporation of contributions from many professions and technologies. This presents challenges for organisations in the composition and supporting of integrated systems. One challenge is that many engineering graduates enter industry with little or no explicit knowledge of ISD and systems thinking. This in turn results in reduced organisational efficiency and increased post employment training. The hypothesis is simple; provide engineering students with ISD principles and you will provide organisations with graduates who can contribute to industry quicker. The Royal Academy of Engineering appointed a Visiting Professor at the University of Strathclyde, with the overall aim to produce a pilot scheme integrating systems design education into engineering programmes. This paper charts the key project findings, beginning with a review of ISD practice within industry and academia. From this review, an analysis matrix was developed and piloted allowing Universities to analyse the extent ISD is being taught and identify gaps in knowledge.

Research paper thumbnail of A novel methodology for in-process monitoring of flow forming

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AWAM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (IGNITE-AICCE’17): Sustainable Technology And Practice For Infrastructure and Community Resilience, 2017

Flow forming (FF) is an incremental cold working process with near-net-shape forming capability. ... more Flow forming (FF) is an incremental cold working process with near-net-shape forming capability. Failures by fracture due to high deformation can be unexpected and sometimes catastrophic, causing tool damage. If process failures can be identified in real time, an automatic cutout could prevent costly tool damage. Sound and vibration monitoring is well established and commercially viable in the machining sector to detect current and incipient process failures, but not for FF. A broad-frequency microphone was used to record the sound signature of the manufacturing cycle for a series of FF parts. Parts were flow formed using single and multiple passes, and flaws were introduced into some of the parts to simulate the presence of spontaneously initiated cracks. The results show that this methodology is capable of identifying both introduced defects and spontaneous failures during flow forming. Further investigation is needed to categorise and identify different modes of failure and identify further potential applications in rotary forming.

Research paper thumbnail of Validation of a finite element model of the cold roll forming process on the basis of 3D geometric accuracy

Procedia Engineering, 2017

Cold roll forming is an incremental sheet metal forming process used to supply products to numero... more Cold roll forming is an incremental sheet metal forming process used to supply products to numerous industries such as automotive, architecture and construction, etc. In recent years there has been an increase in the demand by customers for high value products, through the forming of high strength materials, or complex profiles. Such demands increase the challenges faced by the tooling designer to bring a successful product through from design to manufacture, on time and within specification. Finite element (FE) simulations are increasingly applied in industry due to the desired advantage of reducing design iterations by allowing the designer to investigate the effects of parameter changes, without the risk of expensive tooling costs. Some successful validation of the numerical modelling of the cold roll forming process can be found in literature, in particular when analysing the strain distribution across the material or comparing the final rolled profile geometry. However, cold roll forming is a continuous process and no one has published work on the measurement of the profile on a pass to pass basis, in particular, the three dimensional geometry of the profile. Experimental trials were carried out to obtain a 3D point cloud model of the top surface of a roll formed section. This investigation aimed to quantify how accurate FE simulation may be in relation to physical data.

Research paper thumbnail of Student search behaviour in a digital library

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for superplastic forming dies: opportunities for thermal spray technology

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for superplastic forming ceramic dies: an initial study on protective coatings performance

Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced manufacturing process, typically restricted to low volu... more Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced manufacturing process, typically restricted to low volume and high value products, where metallic sheets are heated at the superplastic temperature and blow formed into a metallic die. Refractory ceramics are a low cost option to substitute the high temperature resistant steels and other alloys conventionally used in SPF dies, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for most SPF applications. Suitable surface coatings have shown a significant effect on wear resistance and can be employed to improve the ceramic performance in terms of tool life. This paper is focused on an initial study on protective coatings for SPF ceramic dies to evaluate their effectiveness for SPF forming. The tests were conducted using a dedicated test rig built at the Advanced Forming Research Centre (AFRC) at the University of Strathclyde, and where the die-blank interaction under SPF conditions was replicated at laboratory scale.

Research paper thumbnail of Monitoring of ceramic die condition under hot forming processes

Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced manufacturing process, typically restricted to low volu... more Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced manufacturing process, typically restricted to low volume and high value products, where metallic sheets are heated at the forming temperature and blow-formed into a metallic die. Ceramic dies are an emerging technology in the SPF domain, as they have a lower production cost than conventional metal tools, and have short lead-times, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for SPF applications. Suitable surface treatments have a remarkable effect on wear resistance; hence, the scope of the research is to investigate a suitable coating solution to improve the working surface wear resistance, increasing the lifetime of the SPF ceramic dies.

Research paper thumbnail of Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED11), Vol. 8: Design Education

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for superplastic forming ceramic dies

Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process designed to form complex an... more Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process designed to form complex and large workpieces. It is generally used for aerospace applications, and due to its remarkable abilities, it is crucial to improve the tool manufacturing lead-time and lifetime to make the SPF applicable for further industrial applications. Recently, high temperature resistant steel dies are being replaced with emerging materials such as refractory ceramics. Ceramic dies have a lower production cost and have short lead-times, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for SPF applications. Surface treatments can have a catalytic effect on the mechanical properties of the working surface of the die. Different materials can be used as coatings to further reduce die wear, so coatings need to be tailored to the final application. This study will be performed at the Advanced Forming Research Centre and it will consist on the development of a surface wearing monitor method for ceramic dies and, at a later stage, to develop and implement a cost-effective coating for the lifetime improvement of ceramic dies.

Research paper thumbnail of Smart Products Through-Life: Research Roadmap

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for superplastic forming ceramic dies: opportunities for thermal spray technology

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for hot forming ceramic dies

Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process typically restricted to low... more Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process typically restricted to low volume and high value products. SPF ceramic dies have a lower production cost than conventional metal tools, and have short lead-times, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for SPF applications. Suitable surface treatments have a remarkable effect on wear resistance; hence, the scope of the research is to investigate a suitable coating solution to improve the working surface wear resistance, increasing the lifetime of the SPF ceramic dies. The research is currently focused on the evaluation of a range of coatings for ceramic dies under SPF conditions. The initial trials are in curse using a previously developed test protocol on laboratory scale dies (Staiano et al., 2014). Depending on the resulting coating protection properties, the research project will move into trials under production conditions in a 200tonn SPF press, or in the optimisation of the coating deposition procedure. The aim of the research is to improve ceramic die lifetime, enabling their employability in hot forming processes.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigating relationships between laser metal deposition deployment conditions and material microstructural evolution

Additive Manufacturing can be utilised for the repair and remanufacture of metallic components wi... more Additive Manufacturing can be utilised for the repair and remanufacture of metallic components with reduced replacement costs and with the potential for better mechanical and wear resistance properties ensuring remanufactured components are better than or equal to originals. This paper presents the current data concerning Laser Metal Deposition deployment conditions and their relationship to material microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. The study highlights the need for experiments involving scan path geometry and topology and details the experiments currently in preparation.

Research paper thumbnail of Corporate social responsibility as a fundamental discipline: our response to mainstream IT in SMEs

The ever increasing demand of stakeholders for business transparency and responsible contribution... more The ever increasing demand of stakeholders for business transparency and responsible contribution are a clear indication of increased societal and environmental awareness. From social justice in the workplace to philanthropic activities, these growing demands can become a burden for some organisations, as new regulations are constantly being introduced to satisfy our global needs. This pressure is greater for SMEs as they have considerably fewer resources in terms of time, funds and knowledge to adapt to these changes. This situation is aggravated by the fact that a majority of SMEs are unaware of their societal and environmental impacts, thus making them more susceptible to fail to meet the demands of a highly competitive and regulated market. Institutions of Higher Education are aware of the above and have tried to introduce education in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the curricula of engineering students. However, the introduction of this material has not produced the desired effect. Therefore, it is the purpose of this research project to; increase awareness of sustainable CSR practices in SMEs by illustrating that these practices can lead to profit rather than costs, and to highlight the need to integrate CSR as a fundamental area of study in the education of engineering students. The results will be used to develop a model aimed at facilitating the implementation of CSR practices in SMEs. Additionally, teaching material will be produced with the hope that this information will be included in the curriculum of engineering students in the near future.

Research paper thumbnail of Implementing a New Design Process

World class design to manufacture, Oct 1, 1994

The concept that design can be a structured process is far from new and is generally accepted in ... more The concept that design can be a structured process is far from new and is generally accepted in both academia and industry. Many large companies such as Land-Rover, General Motors and Xerox have fully documented design processes and are quick to highlight their benefits. Yet, there are many more medium and small companies still performing design in a rather ad hoc manner-why should this be? While there are some cases of companies who "do not have time" for such modern ideas, there are many more who appreciate the benefits but either do not know how to get started, are confused by the array of choices, or have tried to implement a new process and failed. Like total quality management, implementing a new design process requires more than just a change in practices; it calls for a change in attitudes and often organizational changes as well.

Research paper thumbnail of Global Design to Gain a Competitive Edge: An Holistic and Collaborative Design Approach based on Computational Tools

Springer eBooks, Jul 16, 2008

... The Editors would also like to thank Dr. Andrew Lynn for his kind support and maintenance of ... more ... The Editors would also like to thank Dr. Andrew Lynn for his kind support and maintenance of the conference paper management system which he ... 137 Christopher L. Spiteri, Jonathan C. Borg Research on Application of Ontological Information Coding in Information Integration ...

Research paper thumbnail of A framework for supporting intelligent and flexible workflow-based engineering design process

International Journal of Design Engineering, 2007

To support an efficient management of a creative and dynamic Engineering Design Process (EDP), th... more To support an efficient management of a creative and dynamic Engineering Design Process (EDP), this paper proposes a new intelligent and flexible workflow-based EDP management framework entitled EnDesProM. The Autonomic Object (AO) based on autonomic computing is embedded in the nodes of flexible workflow to ensure the intelligence of the framework. An innovative flexible workflow modelling method based on dynamic instance creation is proposed as part of the EnDesProM. Both the formalised definition and graphical expression of the EDP models are introduced to ensure the rigor of the approach. The architecture of the intelligent workflow is designed and the application of the weighted Certainty Factor (CF) model in the knowledge expression is investigated to deal with the incomplete information in EDP. The EnDesProM has been evaluated through an EDP in a Make-to-Order (MTO) company and the results show that EnDesProM can support the creative and dynamic EDP satisfactorily, though further improvements are required.

Research paper thumbnail of Predicting Product Cosmetic in the Automotive Industry

Research paper thumbnail of Developing the Skills System for the National Manufacturing Institute for Scotland (NMIS)

A key challenge for employers and providers in Scotland is how to support NMIS and the MSA to dev... more A key challenge for employers and providers in Scotland is how to support NMIS and the MSA to develop and deliver impactful and sustainable change through responsive, adaptable, iterative skill systems which are relevant to current and predicted demand. Positioning the NMIS and MSA development as an advanced digital and cyberphysical asset, which can be leveraged by established educational institutes, is a fundamental aspect of this proposition. Having a robust evidence base to inform how it can best achieve its objectives is an important element of the NMIS strategic vision and planned operational delivery. This research report adds to this evidence base, and proposes a new pedagogical model for delivering advanced manufacturing skills in Scotland, and specifically an MSA delivery model.

Research paper thumbnail of A Novel Approach towards Sustainability Assessment in Manufacturing and Stakeholder’s Role

Sustainability, Mar 9, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated Systems Design Education

Integrated Systems Design refers to the design, development and integration of products and syste... more Integrated Systems Design refers to the design, development and integration of products and systems. Central to successful ISD is the coordination and incorporation of contributions from many professions and technologies. This presents challenges for organisations in the composition and supporting of integrated systems. One challenge is that many engineering graduates enter industry with little or no explicit knowledge of ISD and systems thinking. This in turn results in reduced organisational efficiency and increased post employment training. The hypothesis is simple; provide engineering students with ISD principles and you will provide organisations with graduates who can contribute to industry quicker. The Royal Academy of Engineering appointed a Visiting Professor at the University of Strathclyde, with the overall aim to produce a pilot scheme integrating systems design education into engineering programmes. This paper charts the key project findings, beginning with a review of ISD practice within industry and academia. From this review, an analysis matrix was developed and piloted allowing Universities to analyse the extent ISD is being taught and identify gaps in knowledge.

Research paper thumbnail of A novel methodology for in-process monitoring of flow forming

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY AND AWAM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (IGNITE-AICCE’17): Sustainable Technology And Practice For Infrastructure and Community Resilience, 2017

Flow forming (FF) is an incremental cold working process with near-net-shape forming capability. ... more Flow forming (FF) is an incremental cold working process with near-net-shape forming capability. Failures by fracture due to high deformation can be unexpected and sometimes catastrophic, causing tool damage. If process failures can be identified in real time, an automatic cutout could prevent costly tool damage. Sound and vibration monitoring is well established and commercially viable in the machining sector to detect current and incipient process failures, but not for FF. A broad-frequency microphone was used to record the sound signature of the manufacturing cycle for a series of FF parts. Parts were flow formed using single and multiple passes, and flaws were introduced into some of the parts to simulate the presence of spontaneously initiated cracks. The results show that this methodology is capable of identifying both introduced defects and spontaneous failures during flow forming. Further investigation is needed to categorise and identify different modes of failure and identify further potential applications in rotary forming.

Research paper thumbnail of Validation of a finite element model of the cold roll forming process on the basis of 3D geometric accuracy

Procedia Engineering, 2017

Cold roll forming is an incremental sheet metal forming process used to supply products to numero... more Cold roll forming is an incremental sheet metal forming process used to supply products to numerous industries such as automotive, architecture and construction, etc. In recent years there has been an increase in the demand by customers for high value products, through the forming of high strength materials, or complex profiles. Such demands increase the challenges faced by the tooling designer to bring a successful product through from design to manufacture, on time and within specification. Finite element (FE) simulations are increasingly applied in industry due to the desired advantage of reducing design iterations by allowing the designer to investigate the effects of parameter changes, without the risk of expensive tooling costs. Some successful validation of the numerical modelling of the cold roll forming process can be found in literature, in particular when analysing the strain distribution across the material or comparing the final rolled profile geometry. However, cold roll forming is a continuous process and no one has published work on the measurement of the profile on a pass to pass basis, in particular, the three dimensional geometry of the profile. Experimental trials were carried out to obtain a 3D point cloud model of the top surface of a roll formed section. This investigation aimed to quantify how accurate FE simulation may be in relation to physical data.

Research paper thumbnail of Student search behaviour in a digital library

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for superplastic forming dies: opportunities for thermal spray technology

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for superplastic forming ceramic dies: an initial study on protective coatings performance

Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced manufacturing process, typically restricted to low volu... more Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced manufacturing process, typically restricted to low volume and high value products, where metallic sheets are heated at the superplastic temperature and blow formed into a metallic die. Refractory ceramics are a low cost option to substitute the high temperature resistant steels and other alloys conventionally used in SPF dies, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for most SPF applications. Suitable surface coatings have shown a significant effect on wear resistance and can be employed to improve the ceramic performance in terms of tool life. This paper is focused on an initial study on protective coatings for SPF ceramic dies to evaluate their effectiveness for SPF forming. The tests were conducted using a dedicated test rig built at the Advanced Forming Research Centre (AFRC) at the University of Strathclyde, and where the die-blank interaction under SPF conditions was replicated at laboratory scale.

Research paper thumbnail of Monitoring of ceramic die condition under hot forming processes

Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced manufacturing process, typically restricted to low volu... more Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced manufacturing process, typically restricted to low volume and high value products, where metallic sheets are heated at the forming temperature and blow-formed into a metallic die. Ceramic dies are an emerging technology in the SPF domain, as they have a lower production cost than conventional metal tools, and have short lead-times, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for SPF applications. Suitable surface treatments have a remarkable effect on wear resistance; hence, the scope of the research is to investigate a suitable coating solution to improve the working surface wear resistance, increasing the lifetime of the SPF ceramic dies.

Research paper thumbnail of Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED11), Vol. 8: Design Education

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for superplastic forming ceramic dies

Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process designed to form complex an... more Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process designed to form complex and large workpieces. It is generally used for aerospace applications, and due to its remarkable abilities, it is crucial to improve the tool manufacturing lead-time and lifetime to make the SPF applicable for further industrial applications. Recently, high temperature resistant steel dies are being replaced with emerging materials such as refractory ceramics. Ceramic dies have a lower production cost and have short lead-times, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for SPF applications. Surface treatments can have a catalytic effect on the mechanical properties of the working surface of the die. Different materials can be used as coatings to further reduce die wear, so coatings need to be tailored to the final application. This study will be performed at the Advanced Forming Research Centre and it will consist on the development of a surface wearing monitor method for ceramic dies and, at a later stage, to develop and implement a cost-effective coating for the lifetime improvement of ceramic dies.

Research paper thumbnail of Smart Products Through-Life: Research Roadmap

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for superplastic forming ceramic dies: opportunities for thermal spray technology

Research paper thumbnail of Protective coatings for hot forming ceramic dies

Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process typically restricted to low... more Superplastic forming (SPF) is an advanced sheet manufacturing process typically restricted to low volume and high value products. SPF ceramic dies have a lower production cost than conventional metal tools, and have short lead-times, but their brittle nature is a limiting factor for SPF applications. Suitable surface treatments have a remarkable effect on wear resistance; hence, the scope of the research is to investigate a suitable coating solution to improve the working surface wear resistance, increasing the lifetime of the SPF ceramic dies. The research is currently focused on the evaluation of a range of coatings for ceramic dies under SPF conditions. The initial trials are in curse using a previously developed test protocol on laboratory scale dies (Staiano et al., 2014). Depending on the resulting coating protection properties, the research project will move into trials under production conditions in a 200tonn SPF press, or in the optimisation of the coating deposition procedure. The aim of the research is to improve ceramic die lifetime, enabling their employability in hot forming processes.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigating relationships between laser metal deposition deployment conditions and material microstructural evolution

Additive Manufacturing can be utilised for the repair and remanufacture of metallic components wi... more Additive Manufacturing can be utilised for the repair and remanufacture of metallic components with reduced replacement costs and with the potential for better mechanical and wear resistance properties ensuring remanufactured components are better than or equal to originals. This paper presents the current data concerning Laser Metal Deposition deployment conditions and their relationship to material microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. The study highlights the need for experiments involving scan path geometry and topology and details the experiments currently in preparation.

Research paper thumbnail of Corporate social responsibility as a fundamental discipline: our response to mainstream IT in SMEs

The ever increasing demand of stakeholders for business transparency and responsible contribution... more The ever increasing demand of stakeholders for business transparency and responsible contribution are a clear indication of increased societal and environmental awareness. From social justice in the workplace to philanthropic activities, these growing demands can become a burden for some organisations, as new regulations are constantly being introduced to satisfy our global needs. This pressure is greater for SMEs as they have considerably fewer resources in terms of time, funds and knowledge to adapt to these changes. This situation is aggravated by the fact that a majority of SMEs are unaware of their societal and environmental impacts, thus making them more susceptible to fail to meet the demands of a highly competitive and regulated market. Institutions of Higher Education are aware of the above and have tried to introduce education in the area of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the curricula of engineering students. However, the introduction of this material has not produced the desired effect. Therefore, it is the purpose of this research project to; increase awareness of sustainable CSR practices in SMEs by illustrating that these practices can lead to profit rather than costs, and to highlight the need to integrate CSR as a fundamental area of study in the education of engineering students. The results will be used to develop a model aimed at facilitating the implementation of CSR practices in SMEs. Additionally, teaching material will be produced with the hope that this information will be included in the curriculum of engineering students in the near future.

Research paper thumbnail of Implementing a New Design Process

World class design to manufacture, Oct 1, 1994

The concept that design can be a structured process is far from new and is generally accepted in ... more The concept that design can be a structured process is far from new and is generally accepted in both academia and industry. Many large companies such as Land-Rover, General Motors and Xerox have fully documented design processes and are quick to highlight their benefits. Yet, there are many more medium and small companies still performing design in a rather ad hoc manner-why should this be? While there are some cases of companies who "do not have time" for such modern ideas, there are many more who appreciate the benefits but either do not know how to get started, are confused by the array of choices, or have tried to implement a new process and failed. Like total quality management, implementing a new design process requires more than just a change in practices; it calls for a change in attitudes and often organizational changes as well.