Paweł Larionow - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Paweł Larionow

Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2025

In line with the contemporary shift towards assessing emotion-based constructs across positive an... more In line with the contemporary shift towards assessing emotion-based constructs across positive and negative emotions, this study presents an investigation on the clinical relevance of assessing two broadly studied emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, across positive and negative emotions. More specifically, the study aimed (1) to examine psychometric properties of a first Polish version of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire – Positive/Negative (ERQ-PN), and (2) to investigate whether, where and why the assessment of emotional valence (positive vs negative) is needed for a more nuanced understanding of two emotion regulation processes. The sample comprised 391 Polish adults aged 18–73, who filled out the ERQ-PN, and a series of short self-report questionnaires on anxiety and depression symptoms, well-being, and emotion regulation difficulties. The Polish ERQ-PN has demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including the intended four-factor structure, which was invariant across females and males. Using a series of various analyses, we have found empirical support for the importance of distinguishing emotional valence in the examined emotion regulation strategies. Among the four strategies, cognitive reappraisal of negative emotions has emerged as the most clinically relevant, showing strong associations with better mental health outcomes. Theoretically, these findings support the process model of emotion regulation, demonstrating that various emotion regulation strategies have specific links with mental health outcomes, with these links being more or less pronounced depending on the emotional valence. Given its strong psychometric properties and high clinical relevance, the ERQ-PN is a good measure of emotion regulation strategies across positive and negative emotions.

Kwestionariusz wsparcia rodzicielskiego w regulacji emocji dziecka poddaje ocenie stosowanie 10 s... more Kwestionariusz wsparcia rodzicielskiego w regulacji emocji dziecka poddaje ocenie stosowanie 10 strategii regulacji emocji, których używają rodzice w celu regulacji emocji dziecka. PACER składa się z 50 pytań, po 5 na każdą z 10 strategii regulacji emocji.

Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2025

Background/Objectives: Alexithymia is a construct involving deficits in the cognitive processing ... more Background/Objectives: Alexithymia is a construct involving deficits in the cognitive processing of emotions. It is often regarded as an important risk factor for a variety of psychopathologies, but there is ongoing uncertainty about whether it might act as a stable trait, or if instead it is just a state reaction to distress. Our aim was to examine absolute and relative stability of alexithymia over a period of 7 months. Methods: Our sample included 73 general community adults who, over three time points, completed the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire-Short Form (PAQ-S) and a battery of self-report questionnaires assessing several key mental health outcomes (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms, somatic complaints, well-being). Results: Our results showed strong absolute stability for PAQ-S scores, with no significant differences in alexithymia levels between the three time points (p > 0.05, η 2 = 0.01, ω 2 = 0.00), whereas there were differences in the scores of other mental health outcomes. We also demonstrated good relative stability of alexithymia, with its scores being independent of changes in the other health outcomes. Conclusions: Our findings therefore support the capacity for alexithymia to act as a stable trait. As such, our results help to further uncover the nature of alexithymia and support its status as a risk factor for poor affective outcomes.

European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 2025

Is empathy a "double-edged sword"? This study aimed to contribute to a more nuanced understanding... more Is empathy a "double-edged sword"? This study aimed to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the multidimensional empathy construct in the statistical prediction of negative and positive mental health outcomes. More specifically, this research intended to reveal whether, what, and how four individual empathy dimensions (i.e., cognitive empathy for negative emotions, cognitive empathy for positive emotions, affective empathy for negative emotions, and affective empathy for positive emotions) uniquely statistically predicted the levels of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as well-being. A total of 786 Polish-speaking adults (452 females and 334 males) filled out a series of self-report questionnaires on empathy (the Perth Empathy Scale), anxiety, and depression symptoms, as well as well-being. Adjusting for demographic variables, the frequentist and Bayesian multiple regression analyses revealed that affective empathy dimensions (i.e., abilities to vicariously share others' emotions) significantly predicted psychopathology symptoms and well-being, whereas cognitive empathy dimensions (i.e., abilities to understand others' emotions) did not. In particular, higher affective empathy for negative emotions contributed to worse mental health outcomes, whereas higher affective empathy for positive emotions contributed to better mental outcomes. Overall, the results indicated that individual empathy dimensions demonstrated their specific dark and light sides in the statistical prediction of mental illness and well-being indicators, further supporting the clinical relevance of the multidimensional empathy construct.

INPLASY, 2025

The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the prevalence of alexithymia and its... more The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the prevalence of alexithymia and its role in the biopsychosocial functioning of transgender and non-binary individuals, among both adolescents and adults. Therefore, two following questions will be examined: (1) What is the prevalence of alexithymia in gender diverse people?; (2) How does alexithymia affect biopsychosocial functioning (e.g., mental health problems, well-being) of gender diverse people?

Healthcare, 2025

Background/Objectives: Difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) serve as a transdiagnostic risk f... more Background/Objectives: Difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) serve as a transdiagnostic risk factor for a wide range of emotion-based psychopathologies, including anxiety and depression disorders. This study presents a report on the psychometrics of the eight-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-8 (DERS-8) and the development of its Polish norms. Methods: The sample comprised 1329 Polish adults aged 18-73, with 907 females, 384 males, 36 non-binary, and 2 people with an unidentifiable gender. The participants filled out a series of self-report questionnaires on DER, anxiety and depression symptoms, and well-being. Factor structure and measurement invariance, as well as discriminant validity of the DERS-8, were tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent and divergent validity was assessed via relationships with negative and positive mental health outcomes. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated with alpha and omega coefficients. Demographic differences were also examined. Results: Our empirical evidence supported the strong psychometrics of the Polish DERS-8, including its good level of internal consistency reliability (i.e., 0.89) and strong validity. The one-factor DERS-8 model had a good fit, with its supported scalar invariance between a set of demographic variables and levels of mental health outcomes. DERS-8 scores were strong positive predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms and negative predictors of well-being, emphasizing the potential detrimental effects of DER on the dual continuum of mental health and mental illness. Conclusions: The Polish DERS-8 has strong psychometric properties. Given the development of its percentile rank norms, the scale can be used as a good screening measure of DER in the Polish adult sample.

Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2025

Background/Objectives: The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a 10-item self-report measur... more Background/Objectives: The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a 10-item self-report measure of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES). This study aimed to (1) examine the latent structure of the Polish version of the ERQ, and (2) use it to explore different profiles of emotion regulation strategy use and their links with mental health outcomes. Methods: Our sample was 1197 Polish-speaking adults from the general community in Poland. Results: A factor analysis showed that the ERQ had strong factorial validity, with an intended two-factor structure (CR and ES factors) that was invariant across gender, age, and education categories, as well as across different levels of psychopathology symptoms and alexithymia. Our latent profile analysis extracted four emotion regulation profiles (subtypes): a Mainly Reappraisal profile (high CR, low ES), a Mainly Suppression profile (low CR with high ES), a Generally Low Regulation profile (low CR, low ES), and a Generally High Regulation profile (high CR, high ES). People with the Mainly Reappraisal profile had the best mental health outcomes, whereas people with the Mainly Suppression profile had the poorest mental health outcomes. Conclusions: Conceptually, these findings support the process model of emotion regulation, illustrating the differential affective outcomes of various emotion regulation strategies. Our results highlight the importance of considering individual differences in strategy use patterns, including combinations of strategies within an emotion regulation profile. The Polish version of the ERQ appears to be a robust measure of these key emotion regulation processes across a variety of demographic groups. To facilitate its use, including score interpretations in clinical practice, we present Polish percentile rank norms for the ERQ.

Polish Psychological Forum, 2024

Introduction: Students are increasingly facing psychological problems and experiencing academic b... more Introduction: Students are increasingly facing psychological problems and experiencing academic burnout. In order to design effective psychological help for students, it is necessary to identify risk factors (e.g., health symptoms) and protective factors (e.g., personal and study-related resources) against academic burnout. The aim of this study was to determine the role of selected psychological factors, including risk factors and protective factors, in academic burnout.

Material and methods: The study involved 350 students of the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, (263 women, 82 men, and 5 non-binary people), ranging in age from 17 to 53 years (M = 22.84, SD = 4.65). A set of self-report questionnaires was used to examine students' psychological resources (e.g., vitality, passion for studying) and health symptoms (e.g., somatic symptoms). The most significant psychological factors associated with academic burnout were identified using regression analysis. Using qualitative questions, factors that positively and negatively affect students' subjective well-being in college were analysed.

Results: There was a high prevalence of positive screening results for symptoms of anxiety (57.14%) and depression (45.43%). Almost all of the risk factors analysed, including somatic complaints, stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms, were associated with higher levels of academic burnout. In contrast, protective factors against burnout, including vitality, resilience, general academic self-efficacy, and harmonious passion for studying, were associated with lower levels of academic burnout. The regression analysis showed that harmonious passion for studying was the most significant predictor of low levels of academic burnout.

Conclusions: The study highlighted the importance of harmonious passion for the prevention of academic burnout and pointed to the necessity of conducting regular (screening) studies of mental and somatic health, which seems important for creating effective ways to prevent academic burnout in students.

Healthcare, 2024

Background/Objectives: The Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS-13) is a thirteen-item measure of eco-anx... more Background/Objectives: The Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS-13) is a thirteen-item measure of eco-anxiety, with four dimensions: (1) affective symptoms, (2) rumination, (3) behavioural symptoms, and (4) anxiety about personal impact. Being a recently developed questionnaire, data on its psychometrics are limited. The aim of this study was to introduce a Polish version of the HEAS-13 and examine its psychometric properties. Methods: Our sample consisted of 634 Polish-speaking adults, with ages ranging from 18 to 67 years. We assessed the HEAS-13’s factor structure, internal consistency, test–retest reliabilities, and its concurrent validity via relationships with climate-related variables, psychopathology symptoms, and well-being. We put emphasis on examining the discriminant validity of the HEAS-13 against general psychological distress. Results: As expected, the Polish HEAS-13 demonstrated strong factorial validity with an intended four-factor structure. The internal consistency and test–retest reliabilities of the scale were good and moderate, respectively. Higher levels of eco-anxiety were associated with higher environmental concerns, the experience of climate change (i.e., one’s perception of being affected by climate change), pro-environmental behavioural engagement, climate change worry, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, as well as lower levels of well-being. We empirically supported the strong discriminant validity of the HEAS-13, demonstrating that eco-anxiety was separable from general psychological distress. We also noted that females, younger people, and those with lower educational levels experienced higher eco-anxiety. To facilitate the use of this measure, we propose a potential screening cut-off value for the HEAS-13, which can indicate meaningfully elevated levels of eco-anxiety. Conclusions: Overall, the Polish version of the HEAS-13 has strong psychometric properties, usefully enabling the examination of climate-related anxiety. Our findings highlight its potential in cross-cultural research and healthcare practice.

Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, 2024

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form (ERQ-S) is a brief 6-item self-report measure of ... more The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Short Form (ERQ-S) is a brief 6-item self-report measure of two emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. It is a short form of the most widely used emotion regulation measure in the field, but currently there are limited data on the performance of the ERQ-S. The aim of this study was to introduce a Polish version of the ERQ-S, examine its psychometric properties and provide Polish norms to aid score interpretation. Our sample was 574 Polish-speaking adults aged 18-69 from the general community in Poland. We examined the ERQ-S's factor structure and measurement invariance with confirmatory factor analysis. We assessed the concurrent validity of the questionnaire via relationships with psychopathology symptoms and well-being. As expected, the Polish version of the ERQ-S demonstrated strong factorial validity with a theoretically congruent 2-factor structure (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression factors), which was invariant across gender, age and education categories. The ERQ-S's concurrent validity and internal consistency reliability were good. As expected, cognitive reappraisal was significantly associated with lower psychopathology symptoms and higher well-being, whereas the opposite pattern was present for expressive suppression. Overall, the Polish version of the ERQ-S has strong psychometric properties and good clinical relevance.

Kwestionariusz regulacji emocji – Pozytywne/negatywne emocje (KRE–PN) służy do oceny różnic indyw... more Kwestionariusz regulacji emocji – Pozytywne/negatywne emocje (KRE–PN) służy do oceny różnic indywidualnych w nawykowym stosowaniu dwóch strategii regulacji emocji: przeformułowania poznawczego (tj. zmiany sposobu myślenia o sytuacji w celu zmiany jej wpływu emocjonalnego) i tłumienia ekspresji (tj. tłumienia behawioralnej ekspresji emocji) w odniesieniu do emocji pozytywnych i emocji negatywnych oddzielnie (De Jesús-Romero i in., 2024). Wyniki ERQ–PN oblicza się dla każdej z tych strategii, przy czym wyższe wyniki wskazują na wyższy poziom wykorzystywania tych strategii.

Skale podatności na zarażenie pozytywnymi i negatywnymi emocjami (Positive and Negative SEC Scale... more Skale podatności na zarażenie pozytywnymi i negatywnymi emocjami (Positive and Negative SEC Scales; PNSEC; Marx i in., 2024) to 8-pozycyjny kwestionariusz samoopisowy oceniający poziom podatności na zarażenie afektywne w odniesieniu do emocji pozytywnych i emocji negatywnych.

Journal of Sexual and Mental Health, 2024

Introduction: Originally developed in English, the Perth Empathy Scale (PES) is a 20-item self-re... more Introduction: Originally developed in English, the Perth Empathy Scale (PES) is a 20-item self-report measure of empathy, designed to assess cognitive empathy and affective empathy across both negative and positive emotions. Recently, the Polish version of the PES was introduced, which demonstrated strong psychometric properties. Material and methods: In the present study, we aimed (1) to further examine the psychometrics of the Polish PES, with a focus on measurement invariance testing, and (2) to facilitate use of the scale by providing norms for Polish adults. Our sample included 1112 Polish-speaking adults aged 18–77 years, recruited from the general community in Poland. The PES’s factor structure and measurement invariance were verified with confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency reliability coefficients were assessed, and percentile rank norms were calculated. Results: The Polish version of the PES demonstrated strong factorial validity, with support for the intended 4-factor structure, and invariance across females and males. The PES scores showed good to excellent internal consistency reliability. There were gender differences in PES scores, with higher empathy in females than in males. Due to this, Polish percentile rank norms for the PES were presented for females and males separately. Conclusions: Overall, as in the first Polish study on the PES, the scale further demonstrated strong psychometric performance.

Preprint, 2024

The Importance of Increasing Visibility on Gender Identity in Research Dear Editor, We are writin... more The Importance of Increasing Visibility on Gender Identity in Research Dear Editor, We are writing to highlight the importance of increasing the visibility of gender identity in research. Recent studies indicate a rise in people identifying as non-binary (i.e., not exclusively identifying as woman or man) [1], underlining that traditional binary gender categories may no longer be sufficient. This demographic shift highlights the necessity to reevaluate our data collection methods on gender identity. Therefore, including questions about gender identity in research instruments is an issue of inclusivity and can be crucial for gathering comprehensive data. Gender-related topics remain understudied [2]. Currently, the data are missing because non-binary people are invisible in research. By including non-binary individuals, we can ensure they accurately represent the diversity of the examined populations. Consequently, it could lead to a better understanding of gender non

Healthcare, 2024

Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) plays a significant role in the medical care of transgend... more Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) plays a significant role in the medical care of transgender individuals, helping to align their physical characteristics with their gender identity. While numerous studies have investigated the impact of GAHT on adults, research focusing on its effects on the quality of life (QoL) of transgender youth is limited. In this opinion paper, we aim to address selected challenges associated with gender-affirming medical care, such as (1) the necessity for evidence-based youth gender-affirming medical care, (2) the urge to explore different approaches to gender-affirming medical care diversely in transgender youth research, and (3) understanding the challenges of the detransition process (which refers to stopping or reversing gender-affirming medical or surgical treatments), as well as suggest possible solutions for meaningful progress. Notably, the available evidence underlines a positive impact of GAHT on various aspects of QoL of transgender youth, such as mental health and social functioning, by alleviating gender dysphoria, improving body satisfaction, and facilitating appearance congruence (the degree to which an individual’s physical appearance represents their gender identity). However, challenges related to methodological limitations, as well as ethical considerations, and several sociocultural factors highlight the need for further research to better understand the long-term effects of GAHT on the QoL of transgender youth. Ethical considerations, such as ensuring informed consent and weighing potential benefits against risks, are pivotal in guiding healthcare decisions. Additionally, navigating these ethical responsibilities amid sociocultural contexts is crucial for providing inclusive and respectful care to transgender youth. Addressing these research gaps is, therefore, crucial to developing successful healthcare programmes, raising awareness, and promoting the holistic well-being of transgender youth through comprehensive and affirming care.

Healthcare, 2024

Developing valid and reliable measures of psychological responses to climate change is of high im... more Developing valid and reliable measures of psychological responses to climate change is of high importance, as this facilitates our understanding of people’s psychological responses, including their pro-environmental behavior. Recently, the Climate Change Worry Scale (CCWS) was introduced. This study aimed to develop the first Polish version of the CCWS and explore its psychometric properties. Our sample comprised 420 Polish adults aged 18–70, with a mean age of 26.20 (standard deviation = 10.61) years. The CCWS’s factor structure was assessed with confirmatory factor analysis. McDonald’s omega and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were computed to assess internal consistency reliability. Pearson correlations between climate change worry (CCW) and experience of climate change (i.e., an individual’s level of perception of being affected by climate change), pro-environmental behavior, ill-being (i.e., anxiety and depression symptoms), and well-being were calculated. Our results support the strong factorial validity of the CCWS, conforming to its intended one-factor solution, with excellent internal consistency reliability for the total scale score (i.e., McDonald’s omega and Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.93). We noted large positive correlations between CCW and experiences of climate change, as well as pro-environmental behavior, and medium positive correlations with psychopathology symptoms. CCW scores were not associated with well-being. As the CCWS represents a measure of a specific manifestation of worry, we also examined its discriminant validity against more general psychological distress markers, and it evidenced strong validity in this regard. Overall, the Polish version of the CCWS appears to have strong psychometric properties, and will therefore be a useful tool to use in research on psychological responses to climate change.

Behavioral Sciences, 2014

Passion for studying can be considered a significant factor that promotes well-being and mental h... more Passion for studying can be considered a significant factor that promotes well-being and mental health in students. This study aimed to examine whether the psychological characteristics of students with a passion for studying differed from those of students without one. To compare these two groups, we used a set of different psychological variables (e.g., academic burnout and vitality), as well as integrated both person-centered (i.e., group comparison research) and variable-centered (i.e., correlational analysis) approaches. During classes, one hundred and fifty-four students from a Polish university completed a comprehensive set of short self-report questionnaires online on different psychological characteristics, including variables related to studying (i.e., passion for studying, academic burnout, and general academic self-efficacy), psychopathology symptoms, perceived stress and somatic complaints, as well as personal resources (vitality, resilience, self-esteem, and optimism). We noted multiple statistically significant differences in psychological characteristics between the two studied groups of students. Thus, harmonious passionate students tended to have more favorable psychological characteristics within variables related to studying, mental or somatic health symptoms, and personal resources compared to the non-passionate students. A harmonious passion for studying seems to have potential health-promoting and health-protecting effects, whereas a lack of passion for studying may lead to less favorable outcomes.

Этот опросник направлен на выяснение того, как вы управляете своими эмоциями и реагируете на них.

Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2025

Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2025

European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 2025

INPLASY, 2025

Healthcare, 2025

Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2025

Polish Psychological Forum, 2024

Healthcare, 2024

Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, 2024

Journal of Sexual and Mental Health, 2024

Preprint, 2024

Healthcare, 2024

Behavioral Sciences, 2014

Этот опросник направлен на выяснение того, как вы управляете своими эмоциями и реагируете на них.

W artykule omówiono aktualne problemy i trendy w stosowaniu metod diagnostycznych w psychologii k... more W artykule omówiono aktualne problemy i trendy w stosowaniu metod
diagnostycznych w psychologii klinicznej. Dodatkowo przedstawiono opis
pracy z techniką projekcyjną „Personalna bajka” i na przykładzie analizy
bajki skomponowanej przez pacjenta uzależnionego od alkoholu pokazano
możliwości zastosowania tej metody. W pracy odnotowano zalety i wady
zarówno technik projekcyjnych, jak i metod kwestionariuszowych, a także
podkreślono specyfikę ich zastosowania w psychologii klinicznej. Obecnie
w praktyce klinicznej istnieje nadmierna tendencja do wykorzystania kwestionariuszy i innych metod opartych na samoopisie, co nie pozwala na uzyskanie całościowego obrazu osobowości chorego. W następstwie utrudnia to
opracowanie osobowościowo zorientowanych programów zapobiegania i leczenia zaburzeń psychicznych.
Podstawy teoretyczne techniki „Personalna bajka” bazują na koncepcji
strategii życiowych, którą Eric Berne zdefiniował jako „scenariusz życiowy”,
Alfred Adler jako „plan życiowy” lub „styl życia”, Ludwig Binswanger jako
„projekt świata” i „wewnętrzną historię życia” oraz Roberto Assagioli jako
identyfikację ze wzorem osobowym i samorealizację według jego modelu.Przedstawiony w artykule przykład analizy bajki napisanej przez pacjenta uzależnionego od alkoholu pokazuje możliwości techniki „Personalna bajka” w badaniu scenariusza życiowego pacjenta oraz jego procesów
intrapsychicznych, które mogą być związane z dynamiką rozwoju choroby. Pozwala to dokładniej wyjaśnić jej psychopatogenezę i określić cele
psychoterapeutyczne.
Słowa kluczowe: technika „Personalna bajka”, skrypt życiowy, analiza
transakcyjna, diagnostyka projekcyjna

Зейгарниковские чтения. Диагностика и психологическая помощь в современной клинической психологии: проблема научных и этических оснований, 2020

Alexithymia is a multidimensional construct, which consists of two components-affective and cogni... more Alexithymia is a multidimensional construct, which consists of two components-affective and cognitive. The affective component of alexithymia is represented by the two alexithymic features, which are low emotional arousability and the poverty of fantasy and imagination. The cognitive component of alexithymia includes three features and is expressed in difficulty identifying emotions, difficulty verbalizing emotional states and the poor level of analyzing person's own emotions. The affective and cognitive components of alexithymia are based on various neuropsychological mechanisms [3; 5]. B. Bermond et al. tend to believe that there are several types of alexithymia. Type I alexithymia is expressed in cognitive and emotional deficits (severity of all alexithymic traits). Type II alexithymia is observed within the absence of any deficit in the emotional sphere, but in the presence of a deficit in the cognitive one (the personality has three strongly expressed alexithymic features related to the cognitive component of the alexithymia construct). Alexithymia type III is diagnosed in the presence of deficits in the emotional sphere and their absence in the cognitive one [3]. On the one hand, scholars consider alexithymia to be a personality risk factor for psychosomatic diseases [4]. On the other hand, alexithymia is more likely to be a personality trait that can be shown in both normal and pathological conditions [1]. The role of alexithymia in psychosomatic health is determined depending on the alexithymic personality's living conditions, the characteristics of their activity and the system of relationships.