Ida Laudańska-Krzemińska | Eugeniusz Piasecki University of Physical Education in Poznan, Poland (original) (raw)
Papers by Ida Laudańska-Krzemińska
International journal of educational research open, Dec 1, 2024
Frontiers in public health, Feb 29, 2024
Objective: The clear benefits of planned and supervised physical activity (PA) during pregnancy m... more Objective: The clear benefits of planned and supervised physical activity (PA) during pregnancy make it imperative that women are encouraged and educated about this activity. This study aimed to investigate how effectively physician promote physical activity and exercise among pregnant women. It also examines pro-health changes in selected health behaviours during pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 353 pregnant women in Wielkopolskie Voivodship in Poland. An anonymous survey (on-line or inpaper) was used to assess physical activity before and during pregnancy (with Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire), physical activity self-efficacy, wellbeing (WHO-5 Well-Being Index), and guidance received from physicians on physical activity during pregnancy. Results: Only 41% of women surveyed followed WHO recommendations for PA before pregnancy, and they were much more likely to discuss safety and the need to change the intensity or type of PA with their doctor or gynaecologist. Only 23% of women were asked about their PA before pregnancy and less than 40% were encouraged to be active during pregnancy. We observed a higher probability of poor well-being among pregnant women who were inactive before pregnancy (OR = 1.873, 95%CI 1.026 to 3.421, p = 0.041). Conclusion: Health professionals infrequently educate and motivate women to be physically active during pregnancy. Physician advice, as it is currently perceived by women, seems to be insufficient to help pregnant women meet the recommendations for PA during pregnancy.
Health behaviours are an important topic of study for modern public health. They are the main fac... more Health behaviours are an important topic of study for modern public health. They are the main factors contributing to lifestyle diseases which, as diseases of a chronic character, effectively reduce the quality of life and are the leading causes of death among residents of developed countries. Health professionals are perceived as individuals who are competent to give advice and support patients (customers) in overcoming health compromising behaviours and adopting health-promoting ones. They enjoy the considerable social trust, particularly in the field of fighting diseases. But when it comes to help in changing lifestyle, the matter is not so obvious (Hawe et al., 2010). In Poland, as in many other countries, health professionals enjoy a high level of social trust and medical studies are considered among the most prestigious academic disciplines. However, this recognition is not equal among all the professionals. Clearly, physicians are considered the most prestigious profession. In contrast, even though nurses and physiotherapists also follow higher education they are referred to as medical support personnel. This type of gradation results from professional competence determined by the rules of law and is also reflected in the size of the public trust or its determinant from patients. Apart from pedagogical and social skills or professional knowledge, medical personnel lifestyle can affect the image of a person's competence. Most probably, smoking , obese physicians or nurses will not be credible while giving advice concerning risk factors associated with lifestyle. If a specialist is not strong and determined enough to follow the guidelines, it is difficult for the patient to be convinced of them
We can identify many different determinants of health behaviour and at the same time many differe... more We can identify many different determinants of health behaviour and at the same time many different pathways to explore them. Psychologists usually focus on processes within the individual and their research is pursued from the perspective of a cognitive or behavioural theory. Sociologists investigate culture, social structure and relationships within and between societies or social groups. The main interest of medical sciences is human body functions (e.g. physiological processes). Whether engaged in the study of health behaviour at the level of a cell, an individual, or a society, researchers from each field tend to treat their domain as fluid and dynamic. When they do acknowledge the contributions of other domains, they regard these factors as static inputs. As Leventhal, Musumeci and Leventhal (2006) point out, it is possible and necessary to explore the cross-pathway relationships between individual behaviour and social, individual and biological determinants (Fig. 2.1). In this exploration context, collaboration among investigators from different disciplines and integration of different concepts is needed. The outcome would be that we could also get more broadly useful results, especially for health practitioners, lifestyle consultants, health educators, medical specialists or health service managers, social policy.
Nowadays volunteers are a permanent element of sport competitions around the world. In the articl... more Nowadays volunteers are a permanent element of sport competitions around the world. In the article authors described functions performed by the volunteers working during UEFA EURO 2012™ in Poznan which were associated with the transport of merchandises, people and organizing matches. The sociodemographic status of volunteers working in the two Official UEFA EURO 2012™ Programs of Voluntary Work were described. In a broad sense, article shows numerous possibilities of employing volunteers for sport competitions.
In Poland only 30–40% of schoolchildren meet the recommendations of the World Health Organization... more In Poland only 30–40% of schoolchildren meet the recommendations of the World Health Organization in physical activity (PA). In this paper, 239 randomly selected female students (mean age 14.7) from six lower secondary schools of the urban area of the city of Poznan were examined for associations with BMI, body acceptance, and life skills (e.g., decision making, self-assessment, self-confidence, interpersonal relationships). Respondents were asked to evaluate acceptance of their body parts and to rank their expectations and objectives concerning physical education lessons. It was done with the use of a specially prepared questionnaire. Results of the study show the highest level of self-acceptance was noted for the following body parts: back, hands, and chest. The female participants were most dissatisfied with the appearance of their legs and abdomens. The most popular expectation the students chose was improvement of body shape, which was particularly important for girls who were ...
Papers on Anthropology, 2012
The problem raised in the study relates to the eating habits of students and their relations with... more The problem raised in the study relates to the eating habits of students and their relations with the body mass index (BMI). The effect of selected sociodemographic variables (sex, place of residence, material status, field of study) on eating habits of the respondents was also analysed. The structure of the Dietary Behaviour Index (DBI) was proposed and its relations to the BMI were established. Material and methods. The study covered 508 students of state and private universities in Poznań (Poland) of whom 73% were female and 27% male. The study used an anonymous questionnaire poll on the basic dietary habits developed on the basis of the Food Pyramid guidelines as well as the Golden Charter of Correct Nutrition. The BMI was calculated on the students' self-reported weight and height. Results. 15% of the participating students are overweight or obese. The distribution of the BMI differs between men and women (p<.000). Particularly unfavourable behaviour was noted in terms of the consumption of legumes (72% of respondents), fish (53%), dairy products (36%), vegetables (29%) and fruit (27%). Beneficial trends relate to the everyday consumption of breakfast (63%), the number of meals per day (59%), limiting the consumption of red meat (59%), including vegetable fats in the daily diet (56%). The differences in the way of eating described by the DBI is related to the field of study (p<.001) as physical education students had the best indicators. Conclusions. In the studied group of students overweight and obesity are not as frequent as in other countries of Western Europe or America. We noted a number of dietary mistakes made by the respondents, which can lead to adverse health consequences in the future. During the university studies, not brought itation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Journals fr 164 | I. Laudanska-Krzeminska only in the fields related to health, information promoting pro-health lifestyle should appear more often.
Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness
Background/objective: The holistic concept of physical literacy (PL) embraces different person-ce... more Background/objective: The holistic concept of physical literacy (PL) embraces different person-centered qualities (physical, cognitive, affective/psychological) necessary to lead physically active lifestyles. PL has recently gained increasing attention globally and Europe is no exception. However, scientific endeavors summarizing the current state of PL in Europe are lacking. Therefore, the goal of this study was to comprehensively assess and compare the implementation of PL in research, policy, and practice across the continent. Methods: We assembled a panel of experts representing 25 European countries. Employing a complementary mixed-methods design, the experts first prepared reviews about the current state of PL in their countries (categories: research, practice/policy). The reviews underwent comparative document analysis, ensuring a transnational four-eyes principle. For re-validation purposes, the representatives completed a quantitative survey with questions reflecting the inductive themes from the document analysis. Results: The document analysis resulted in ten disjunct themes (related to "concept", "research", "practice/policy", "future/prospect") and yielded a heterogenous PL situation in Europe. The implementation state was strongly linked to conceptual discussions (e.g., existence of competing approaches), linguistic issues (e.g., translations), and country-specific traditions. Despite growing scholarly attention, PL hesitantly permeates practice and policy in most countries. Nevertheless, the experts largely anticipate increasing popularity of PL for the future. Conclusion: Despite the heterogeneous situation across Europe, the analysis has uncovered similarities among the countries, such as the presence of established yet not identical concepts. Research should intensify academic activities (conceptual-linguistic elaborations, empirical work) before PL may gain further access into practical and political spheres in the long term.
Psychology, society & education, Nov 30, 2022
Quality in Sport, Jun 30, 2015
Przygotowania studentów wychowania fizycznego do prowadzenia zajęć z zakresu edukacji zdrowotnej-... more Przygotowania studentów wychowania fizycznego do prowadzenia zajęć z zakresu edukacji zdrowotnej-teoria a rzeczywistość The preparation of physical education students for health education lessonstheory and reality Streszczenie Celem artykułu była konfrontacja wymagań nowej podstawy programowej w związku z wyeksponowaniem w niej roli edukacji zdrowotnej i powiązania jej z wychowaniem fizycznym z rzeczywistym przygotowaniem studentów do realizacji zadań tej edukacji. Badania przeprowadzono w roku akademickim 2014/2015 w Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu wśród 51 studentów pierwszego roku SUM kierunku Wychowanie Fizyczne. Wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego z anonimowym kwestionariuszem ankiety. Z badań własnych wynika, że szczególnie duże wyzwanie stanowią treści związane ze zdrowiem psychospołecznym oraz kształtowaniem umiejętności życiowych u dzieci i młodzieży.
Acta kinesiologica, 2021
The purpose of the study was to compare BDNF in saliva before and after a maximum physical effort... more The purpose of the study was to compare BDNF in saliva before and after a maximum physical effort in adolescents practicing sports and their non-training peers, related to the body composition and physical fitness. The study comprised 64 individuals aged 13-14 (39 practicing sports). Physical fitness was measured using the EUROFIT test. The maximum oxygen uptake was determined on a mechanical treadmill. Saliva BDNF concentration was measured (R&D, USA) at rest and after an exercise. The research results prove that body composition was different depending on the sex, the EUROFIT results were not. The percentage of body fat correlated negatively with the strength of the lower body and the strength of the trunk muscles. There was a positive relationship between the muscle mass and the cardiorespiratory fitness, regardless of the level of training. BDNF in saliva was comparable in non-training and training individuals. BDNF was significantly dependent on the body composition only in gir...
International journal of environmental research and public health, Feb 21, 2018
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the Brain Breaks® Physical Activity... more The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the Brain Breaks® Physical Activity Solutions in changing attitudes toward physical activity of school children in a community in Poland. In 2015, a sample of 326 pupils aged 9-11 years old from 19 classes at three selected primary schools were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups within the study. During the classes, children in the experimental group performed physical activities two times per day in three to five minutes using Brain Breaks® videos for four months, while the control group did not use the videos during the test period. Students' attitudes toward physical activities were assessed before and after the intervention using the "Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale". Repeated measures of ANOVA were used to examine the change from pre- to post-intervention. Overall, a repeated measures ANOVA indicated time-by-group interaction effects in 'Self-efficacy on learning with vide...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, Jan 13, 2016
The sense of empowerment that comes from good health based on an ability to manage daily challeng... more The sense of empowerment that comes from good health based on an ability to manage daily challenges is something that needs to be developed and supported from childhood into adulthood. This early empowerment may help to maintain a healthy lifestyle of young people, especially in places which have recently suffered severely from high social tension and stress. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations of sense of coherence (SOC), physical activity (PA), and the role of gender and age in young adolescents from Kosovo. A total of 1296 adolescents aged 13-16 years from randomly selected schools in the seven major municipalities of Kosovo participated in the study in 2014. SOC was determined with a short version of a SOC-13 questionnaire with its three components: manageability (SOC-Ma), meaningfulness (SOC-Me), and comprehensibility (SOC-Co). The level of PA was determined with a Physical Activity Screening Measure. The associations were examined by a three-way hi...
Sitting is one of milestones in motor development. However, reaching of the sitting position must... more Sitting is one of milestones in motor development. However, reaching of the sitting position must precede achieving the ability of independent sitting. Qualitative assessment of motor performance at 3 months of age, with the prospective quantitative assessment of the function of independent reaching of the sitting position at the age of 8 months. 125 children, 51 girls and 74 boys (born at term n = 78; born prematurely n = 47) were subject to prospective assessment of motor development with qualitative characteristics at the age of 3 months and quantitative characteristics at the age of 8 months. In parallel, the children were subjected to neurological assessment. Risk factors that could potentially affect motor development were analyzed. Children who at the age of 3 months performed at least 13 /15 qualitative elements in the prone position and at least 13/15 qualitative elements in the supine position, at the age of 8 months reached independently the sitting position. Poor qualita...
International journal of educational research open, Dec 1, 2024
Frontiers in public health, Feb 29, 2024
Objective: The clear benefits of planned and supervised physical activity (PA) during pregnancy m... more Objective: The clear benefits of planned and supervised physical activity (PA) during pregnancy make it imperative that women are encouraged and educated about this activity. This study aimed to investigate how effectively physician promote physical activity and exercise among pregnant women. It also examines pro-health changes in selected health behaviours during pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited a total of 353 pregnant women in Wielkopolskie Voivodship in Poland. An anonymous survey (on-line or inpaper) was used to assess physical activity before and during pregnancy (with Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire), physical activity self-efficacy, wellbeing (WHO-5 Well-Being Index), and guidance received from physicians on physical activity during pregnancy. Results: Only 41% of women surveyed followed WHO recommendations for PA before pregnancy, and they were much more likely to discuss safety and the need to change the intensity or type of PA with their doctor or gynaecologist. Only 23% of women were asked about their PA before pregnancy and less than 40% were encouraged to be active during pregnancy. We observed a higher probability of poor well-being among pregnant women who were inactive before pregnancy (OR = 1.873, 95%CI 1.026 to 3.421, p = 0.041). Conclusion: Health professionals infrequently educate and motivate women to be physically active during pregnancy. Physician advice, as it is currently perceived by women, seems to be insufficient to help pregnant women meet the recommendations for PA during pregnancy.
Health behaviours are an important topic of study for modern public health. They are the main fac... more Health behaviours are an important topic of study for modern public health. They are the main factors contributing to lifestyle diseases which, as diseases of a chronic character, effectively reduce the quality of life and are the leading causes of death among residents of developed countries. Health professionals are perceived as individuals who are competent to give advice and support patients (customers) in overcoming health compromising behaviours and adopting health-promoting ones. They enjoy the considerable social trust, particularly in the field of fighting diseases. But when it comes to help in changing lifestyle, the matter is not so obvious (Hawe et al., 2010). In Poland, as in many other countries, health professionals enjoy a high level of social trust and medical studies are considered among the most prestigious academic disciplines. However, this recognition is not equal among all the professionals. Clearly, physicians are considered the most prestigious profession. In contrast, even though nurses and physiotherapists also follow higher education they are referred to as medical support personnel. This type of gradation results from professional competence determined by the rules of law and is also reflected in the size of the public trust or its determinant from patients. Apart from pedagogical and social skills or professional knowledge, medical personnel lifestyle can affect the image of a person's competence. Most probably, smoking , obese physicians or nurses will not be credible while giving advice concerning risk factors associated with lifestyle. If a specialist is not strong and determined enough to follow the guidelines, it is difficult for the patient to be convinced of them
We can identify many different determinants of health behaviour and at the same time many differe... more We can identify many different determinants of health behaviour and at the same time many different pathways to explore them. Psychologists usually focus on processes within the individual and their research is pursued from the perspective of a cognitive or behavioural theory. Sociologists investigate culture, social structure and relationships within and between societies or social groups. The main interest of medical sciences is human body functions (e.g. physiological processes). Whether engaged in the study of health behaviour at the level of a cell, an individual, or a society, researchers from each field tend to treat their domain as fluid and dynamic. When they do acknowledge the contributions of other domains, they regard these factors as static inputs. As Leventhal, Musumeci and Leventhal (2006) point out, it is possible and necessary to explore the cross-pathway relationships between individual behaviour and social, individual and biological determinants (Fig. 2.1). In this exploration context, collaboration among investigators from different disciplines and integration of different concepts is needed. The outcome would be that we could also get more broadly useful results, especially for health practitioners, lifestyle consultants, health educators, medical specialists or health service managers, social policy.
Nowadays volunteers are a permanent element of sport competitions around the world. In the articl... more Nowadays volunteers are a permanent element of sport competitions around the world. In the article authors described functions performed by the volunteers working during UEFA EURO 2012™ in Poznan which were associated with the transport of merchandises, people and organizing matches. The sociodemographic status of volunteers working in the two Official UEFA EURO 2012™ Programs of Voluntary Work were described. In a broad sense, article shows numerous possibilities of employing volunteers for sport competitions.
In Poland only 30–40% of schoolchildren meet the recommendations of the World Health Organization... more In Poland only 30–40% of schoolchildren meet the recommendations of the World Health Organization in physical activity (PA). In this paper, 239 randomly selected female students (mean age 14.7) from six lower secondary schools of the urban area of the city of Poznan were examined for associations with BMI, body acceptance, and life skills (e.g., decision making, self-assessment, self-confidence, interpersonal relationships). Respondents were asked to evaluate acceptance of their body parts and to rank their expectations and objectives concerning physical education lessons. It was done with the use of a specially prepared questionnaire. Results of the study show the highest level of self-acceptance was noted for the following body parts: back, hands, and chest. The female participants were most dissatisfied with the appearance of their legs and abdomens. The most popular expectation the students chose was improvement of body shape, which was particularly important for girls who were ...
Papers on Anthropology, 2012
The problem raised in the study relates to the eating habits of students and their relations with... more The problem raised in the study relates to the eating habits of students and their relations with the body mass index (BMI). The effect of selected sociodemographic variables (sex, place of residence, material status, field of study) on eating habits of the respondents was also analysed. The structure of the Dietary Behaviour Index (DBI) was proposed and its relations to the BMI were established. Material and methods. The study covered 508 students of state and private universities in Poznań (Poland) of whom 73% were female and 27% male. The study used an anonymous questionnaire poll on the basic dietary habits developed on the basis of the Food Pyramid guidelines as well as the Golden Charter of Correct Nutrition. The BMI was calculated on the students' self-reported weight and height. Results. 15% of the participating students are overweight or obese. The distribution of the BMI differs between men and women (p<.000). Particularly unfavourable behaviour was noted in terms of the consumption of legumes (72% of respondents), fish (53%), dairy products (36%), vegetables (29%) and fruit (27%). Beneficial trends relate to the everyday consumption of breakfast (63%), the number of meals per day (59%), limiting the consumption of red meat (59%), including vegetable fats in the daily diet (56%). The differences in the way of eating described by the DBI is related to the field of study (p<.001) as physical education students had the best indicators. Conclusions. In the studied group of students overweight and obesity are not as frequent as in other countries of Western Europe or America. We noted a number of dietary mistakes made by the respondents, which can lead to adverse health consequences in the future. During the university studies, not brought itation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Journals fr 164 | I. Laudanska-Krzeminska only in the fields related to health, information promoting pro-health lifestyle should appear more often.
Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness
Background/objective: The holistic concept of physical literacy (PL) embraces different person-ce... more Background/objective: The holistic concept of physical literacy (PL) embraces different person-centered qualities (physical, cognitive, affective/psychological) necessary to lead physically active lifestyles. PL has recently gained increasing attention globally and Europe is no exception. However, scientific endeavors summarizing the current state of PL in Europe are lacking. Therefore, the goal of this study was to comprehensively assess and compare the implementation of PL in research, policy, and practice across the continent. Methods: We assembled a panel of experts representing 25 European countries. Employing a complementary mixed-methods design, the experts first prepared reviews about the current state of PL in their countries (categories: research, practice/policy). The reviews underwent comparative document analysis, ensuring a transnational four-eyes principle. For re-validation purposes, the representatives completed a quantitative survey with questions reflecting the inductive themes from the document analysis. Results: The document analysis resulted in ten disjunct themes (related to "concept", "research", "practice/policy", "future/prospect") and yielded a heterogenous PL situation in Europe. The implementation state was strongly linked to conceptual discussions (e.g., existence of competing approaches), linguistic issues (e.g., translations), and country-specific traditions. Despite growing scholarly attention, PL hesitantly permeates practice and policy in most countries. Nevertheless, the experts largely anticipate increasing popularity of PL for the future. Conclusion: Despite the heterogeneous situation across Europe, the analysis has uncovered similarities among the countries, such as the presence of established yet not identical concepts. Research should intensify academic activities (conceptual-linguistic elaborations, empirical work) before PL may gain further access into practical and political spheres in the long term.
Psychology, society & education, Nov 30, 2022
Quality in Sport, Jun 30, 2015
Przygotowania studentów wychowania fizycznego do prowadzenia zajęć z zakresu edukacji zdrowotnej-... more Przygotowania studentów wychowania fizycznego do prowadzenia zajęć z zakresu edukacji zdrowotnej-teoria a rzeczywistość The preparation of physical education students for health education lessonstheory and reality Streszczenie Celem artykułu była konfrontacja wymagań nowej podstawy programowej w związku z wyeksponowaniem w niej roli edukacji zdrowotnej i powiązania jej z wychowaniem fizycznym z rzeczywistym przygotowaniem studentów do realizacji zadań tej edukacji. Badania przeprowadzono w roku akademickim 2014/2015 w Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu wśród 51 studentów pierwszego roku SUM kierunku Wychowanie Fizyczne. Wykorzystano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego z anonimowym kwestionariuszem ankiety. Z badań własnych wynika, że szczególnie duże wyzwanie stanowią treści związane ze zdrowiem psychospołecznym oraz kształtowaniem umiejętności życiowych u dzieci i młodzieży.
Acta kinesiologica, 2021
The purpose of the study was to compare BDNF in saliva before and after a maximum physical effort... more The purpose of the study was to compare BDNF in saliva before and after a maximum physical effort in adolescents practicing sports and their non-training peers, related to the body composition and physical fitness. The study comprised 64 individuals aged 13-14 (39 practicing sports). Physical fitness was measured using the EUROFIT test. The maximum oxygen uptake was determined on a mechanical treadmill. Saliva BDNF concentration was measured (R&D, USA) at rest and after an exercise. The research results prove that body composition was different depending on the sex, the EUROFIT results were not. The percentage of body fat correlated negatively with the strength of the lower body and the strength of the trunk muscles. There was a positive relationship between the muscle mass and the cardiorespiratory fitness, regardless of the level of training. BDNF in saliva was comparable in non-training and training individuals. BDNF was significantly dependent on the body composition only in gir...
International journal of environmental research and public health, Feb 21, 2018
The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the Brain Breaks® Physical Activity... more The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the Brain Breaks® Physical Activity Solutions in changing attitudes toward physical activity of school children in a community in Poland. In 2015, a sample of 326 pupils aged 9-11 years old from 19 classes at three selected primary schools were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups within the study. During the classes, children in the experimental group performed physical activities two times per day in three to five minutes using Brain Breaks® videos for four months, while the control group did not use the videos during the test period. Students' attitudes toward physical activities were assessed before and after the intervention using the "Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale". Repeated measures of ANOVA were used to examine the change from pre- to post-intervention. Overall, a repeated measures ANOVA indicated time-by-group interaction effects in 'Self-efficacy on learning with vide...
The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, Jan 13, 2016
The sense of empowerment that comes from good health based on an ability to manage daily challeng... more The sense of empowerment that comes from good health based on an ability to manage daily challenges is something that needs to be developed and supported from childhood into adulthood. This early empowerment may help to maintain a healthy lifestyle of young people, especially in places which have recently suffered severely from high social tension and stress. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations of sense of coherence (SOC), physical activity (PA), and the role of gender and age in young adolescents from Kosovo. A total of 1296 adolescents aged 13-16 years from randomly selected schools in the seven major municipalities of Kosovo participated in the study in 2014. SOC was determined with a short version of a SOC-13 questionnaire with its three components: manageability (SOC-Ma), meaningfulness (SOC-Me), and comprehensibility (SOC-Co). The level of PA was determined with a Physical Activity Screening Measure. The associations were examined by a three-way hi...
Sitting is one of milestones in motor development. However, reaching of the sitting position must... more Sitting is one of milestones in motor development. However, reaching of the sitting position must precede achieving the ability of independent sitting. Qualitative assessment of motor performance at 3 months of age, with the prospective quantitative assessment of the function of independent reaching of the sitting position at the age of 8 months. 125 children, 51 girls and 74 boys (born at term n = 78; born prematurely n = 47) were subject to prospective assessment of motor development with qualitative characteristics at the age of 3 months and quantitative characteristics at the age of 8 months. In parallel, the children were subjected to neurological assessment. Risk factors that could potentially affect motor development were analyzed. Children who at the age of 3 months performed at least 13 /15 qualitative elements in the prone position and at least 13/15 qualitative elements in the supine position, at the age of 8 months reached independently the sitting position. Poor qualita...