Pinaki Dey Mullick | Haldia Government College (original) (raw)

Papers by Pinaki Dey Mullick

Anthropology has a long tradition of folklore studies. Anthropologist studied both the aspect of ... more Anthropology has a long tradition of folklore studies. Anthropologist studied both the aspect of folklore i.e. life and lore. Folklore became a popular medium in anthropological studies and using emic approach researchers try to find out the inner meaning of different aspects of culture. This paper focused on the major approaches of the study of Anthropology and Folklore. It is an attempt to classify different phases of Anthropology of Folklore studies in India and understand the historical development of Anthropology of Folklore studies in India. It is observed that, both theoretical and methodological approaches were changed with the time and new branches are emerged with different dimensions.

A NOTE ON VISUAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 2019

The present effort is a very brief outline on Visual Anthropology. The authors are inclined to pr... more The present effort is a very brief outline on Visual Anthropology. The authors are inclined to provide a basic idea about visual anthropology and its theoretical complexities and opportunities for the interested beginners about the applied sub-disciplines of anthropology. The contemporary reflexive approaches towards the use of visual means in anthropological contexts are also outlined here as opposed to the traditional and/or conventional practices of visual anthropology.

IJRAR, 2019

The present ethnographic account tries to explore the dimensions of vulnerability, the crises and... more The present ethnographic account tries to explore the dimensions of vulnerability, the crises and response of human actors, the role of different institutions, the issues of resilience and the perception of loss, and above all the politicization to the issues of relief and wellbeing for better policy and actions centering 'flood' and its disastrous impacts in the local living. Perceiving 'disasters' as socially constructed phenomena, the stand of the current research is to explain the multiple facets of vulnerability, livelihood, and resilience issues in two rural settlements of the state of West Bengal, India.

International Journal of Social Science and Interdisciplinary Research, 2015

The article (re)views the issues of vulnerability in the face of disaster to reflect the dimensio... more The article (re)views the issues of vulnerability in the face of disaster to reflect the dimensions of vulnerability in disciplinary and interdisciplinary disaster researches in the purview of social sciences. We have portrayed a discussion on why and how people became weaker when exposed to the unexpected threats of hazards that disrupts their lives. Positing our view that the concept of vulnerability and disaster are socially constructed reality, we have addressed the significant works on vulnerability and disability to locate the major approaches that has shown an indication about vulnerable groups at emergency situations. Keeping in mind the complexities and potential of environmental, social, economic and political degradation of the cotemporary changing world we have included the hints of contemporary vulnerability research trends in social sciences and endeavoured to appreciate the open ended, collaborative and multidisciplinary research attempts that might possibly helpful f...

This note provides a scope to understand the dimensions and relationship between disaster and tou... more This note provides a scope to understand the dimensions and relationship between disaster and tourism in context of contemporary social researches. Going through a number of existing multimodal researches on disaster and tourism tends its pole towards with a massive area of research interest and at the same time exploring different dimensions on this issue is now been a possibility to further humanitarian aids and assistance in its applied sense. Through the present attempt, the author tries to frame an outline on the issues of disaster and tourism not just to summing up the literature in a common thread; rather to expose the dynamics and dimensions of disaster tourism in contemporary academic discourses.

Anthropology has had a long tradition to address disaster. Though, not in the label of disaster a... more Anthropology has had a long tradition to address disaster. Though, not in the label of disaster anthropology, initiated its passage of studying the adaptive strategies of the people in stressful and hazardous environment in 1950s, the discipline has come across multiple shifts in theoretical frames within. Contemporary research trends in anthropology claim an interdisciplinary attention to understand disaster as a process in the matrix of rapid and varied global change. At this juncture, the present authors have tried to focus on the shifts of anthropological approaches to disaster since its gestation in one hand, and, to indicate the contemporary trends of disaster research within the discipline of anthropology to support its claim of collaborative disaster researches on the other.

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2020

This ethnographic note is an outcome of just fourteen days fieldwork, in maximum from staying at ... more This ethnographic note is an outcome of just fourteen days fieldwork, in maximum from staying at home at the emergency situation and act is effective during this period. The findings of the study majorly highlighted the issues like-the perception of awareness about lock down, social distancing, the negative emotional experiences, the black marketing, the role of media and popular culture, and the alteration of meaning of livelihood in the period of emergency of COVID-19. The note further suggests to microscopic ethnographic study of such kind of epidemic and endemic disaster, so the strategies of resilience under the vulnerabilities can be managed through long term policy and action.

As an integral part of formal education system, examination is executed to evaluate and assess th... more As an integral part of formal education system, examination is executed to evaluate and assess the academic performances of the learners. Alike other countries, in India, several academic boards and educational policies concerned with specific academic institutions and practices prevailing there, aim to improve and retain the standards of the education, and regulate the process of evaluation of learning systematically. Along with exploring and understanding the meaning and action of the participants [students, teachers and parents] associated with this process, the voices and experiences of the participants of the current research represent that generalization of evaluation process in institutional academics sometime instigates a difference between the proposal and practices, alternatively generating difficulties in academic practices. This one year long ethnographic study, grounded on qualitative reasoning, has been conducted in a higher secondary school of an Indian metropolitan s...

Humanities and social sciences, 2014

Natural disasters like cyclone now are very frequent worldwide, specially with its hard impacts i... more Natural disasters like cyclone now are very frequent worldwide, specially with its hard impacts in coastal regions of India. The state of Orissa having severely exposed to the natural hazard faces a great difficulty multiple times in past few years. The impact of natural disasters not only threatens the life and living of the local people but disrupts and increase vulnerabilities of the tourists who to satisfy their varied interests visits the places of Orissa. The situation became more pathetic who are local people in one hand having the experiences of earlier disaster situation, and have to serve the tourists of different kind at the same time on the other. They are the local hotel service providers who have to serve their guest at the time of natural disaster and to support their family at the same time. In this context, the present ethnography tries to explore the means and the ways of the hotels of Puri, Orissa have resisted the crisis of the disastrous impact of the giant cycl...

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 2019

Through the present ethnographic account, the authors try to explore the perception and suffering... more Through the present ethnographic account, the authors try to explore the perception and sufferings of the residents of a rural setting of West Bengal, India. Thirty (30) semi-structured and in-depth interviews we intended the issues of their resilience strategies and three major recommendations for better policies and action.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 2019

The term 'symbol' is extensively used in the space of academics as well as in our everydayness. S... more The term 'symbol' is extensively used in the space of academics as well as in our everydayness. Symbol is a cultural and/or mental construct that stands for 'something else'. Anthropology as a discourse exercises symbols from multiple theoretical perspectives since its inception as a separate field within anthropology in the late 19s and early 20 th century in the logo of 'Symbolic Anthropology' that aimed to explore how and what social matrix and experiences of livelihood were represented in ritual events, construct meaning to those experiences and instigates an orientation to the meaningful social interaction and communication. Through this article, the authors are interested to portray the very basics about symbolic anthropology and the associated dimensions per se.

International Journal of Advanced Research, 2017

Street vending or selling goods, commodities, and services in the public space is one of the most... more Street vending or selling goods, commodities, and services in the public space is one of the most common, accessible, and momentous occupational categories in the context of globalized informal economy, extending its

International journal of applied research, 2015

The present article is interested to reflect the ways and avenues of incorporating the voice of p... more The present article is interested to reflect the ways and avenues of incorporating the voice of personal experiences of the researcher into her/his research for understanding cultural phenomena. In this entry, we have tried to open a discussion on the issue of ‘self’ and ‘other’ dichotomy as a discourse and its changing dimensions with the theoretical developments in social sciences. As a qualitative research method Autoethnography utilizes data about self and context to develop an understanding of the connectivity between ‘self’ and ‘other’ within the same context. Writing Autoethnography and experimenting with textual fragmentation and formatting might capable us to extend our understandings of personal emotions/feelings which is primarily underlined in personal experiences. We further, intend to focus on how to incorporate researcher’s personal accounts into social research limiting our discussion to Autoethnography from the selected literatures.

Through the present exertion, the authors are inclined and intended to reflect the theoretical an... more Through the present exertion, the authors are inclined and intended to reflect the theoretical and methodological multiplicity on taking notes in the field, the process of inscribing the meaning from the texts and contexts, and writing fieldnotes in the frame of „reflexivity‟ and contemporary ethnographic practices. To attain the objectives, the authors have gone through selective literature to stand their focus on. The prime concern of us was to find out – are there any standardized categories of taking and writing fieldnotes in ethnographic researches? To explore the answer and to reflect the dimensions of fieldnotes in ethnographic research to our „perceived‟ audiences, we have argued with each other that (re)framed us and our positions repetitively. Being conscious in our focus, we have tried to outline a combination of „self‟, „contexts‟, and „reflexivity‟ that may help the beginners of ethnographic studies to think and (Re)think to reflect their identity into their research an...

Doing and conducting ethnographic research, the role of the researcher’s motivations, design of t... more Doing and conducting ethnographic research, the role of the researcher’s motivations, design of the research, reflexive nature of the researcher’s self, the nature of interpretation of the findings, and above all the moral and ethical stands of the researcher is been scrutinized per se as it deals with human agencies. The moral and ethical issues with its politicization and objectified imposition on the ethnographer are key concern of the present article. The authors are inclined to reflect the major and significant dimensions of ethical issues in ethnographic and/or social research along with its limitations, prejudices, contradictions and complexities in contemporary ethnographic practices in different academic discourses.

Anthropology and Folklore Studies in India: An Overview , 2020

Anthropology has a long tradition of folklore studies. Anthropologist studied both the aspect of ... more Anthropology has a long tradition of folklore studies. Anthropologist studied both the aspect of folklore i.e. life and lore. Folklore became a popular medium in anthropological studies and using emic approach researchers try to find out the inner meaning of different aspects of culture. This paper focused on the major approaches of the study of Anthropology and Folklore. It is an attempt to classify different phases of Anthropology of Folklore studies in India and understand the historical development of Anthropology of Folklore studies in India. It is observed that, both theoretical and methodological approaches were changed with the time and new branches are emerged with different dimensions.

A JOURNEY THROUGH CRISES: AN ETHNOGRAPHER’S NOTE ON COVID19 AND ITS DYANAMICS IN A SUB-URBAN SETTING OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA , 2020

This ethnographic note is an outcome of just fourteen days fieldwork, in maximum from staying at ... more This ethnographic note is an outcome of just fourteen days fieldwork, in maximum from staying at home at the emergency situation and act is effective during this period. The findings of the study majorly highlighted the issues like-the perception of awareness about lock down, social distancing, the negative emotional experiences, the black marketing, the role of media and popular culture, and the alteration of meaning of livelihood in the period of emergency of COVID-19. The note further suggests to microscopic ethnographic study of such kind of epidemic and endemic disaster, so the strategies of resilience under the vulnerabilities can be managed through long term policy and action.

Culture Behind Camera: A Note on Ethnographic Film, 2020

The attempt is for the beginners who are very interested in conducting ethnographic work and docu... more The attempt is for the beginners who are very interested in conducting ethnographic work and documentary. This effort reflects ethnographic film not only a movie about a culture, rather it simultaneously questions the power positions of ethnographer to their filmic representations in very brief. The article further reflects ethnographic film as a classroom technological aid, text, fieldwork document and at the same time tries to portray the colonizer-colonized silent power conflict into this brief entry.

IJRAR, 2019

The present ethnographic account tries to explore the dimensions of vulnerability, the crises and... more The present ethnographic account tries to explore the dimensions of vulnerability, the crises and response of human actors, the role of different institutions, the issues of resilience and the perception of loss, and above all the politicization to the issues of relief and wellbeing for better policy and actions centering 'flood' and its disastrous impacts in the local living. Perceiving 'disasters' as socially constructed phenomena, the stand of the current research is to explain the multiple facets of vulnerability, livelihood, and resilience issues in two rural settlements of the state of West Bengal, India.

ANTHROPOLOGY AND SCHOOL EDUCATION IN INDIAN CONTEXT: AN OUTLINE , 2019

The present article reviews and relates the transformations and transitional phases of schooling ... more The present article reviews and relates the transformations and transitional phases of schooling in an institutional ways to draw an outline in Indian Context from anthropological perspectives. The study further tries to explore different approaches and national policies in school education in a constructive and critical ways. The authors' experiences with the contemporary school culture and rigorous study of earlier and recent literature may instigates the limitations of applied polices to revise and at the same time expands the scope of future microscopic ethnographic research in the related issues.

Anthropology has a long tradition of folklore studies. Anthropologist studied both the aspect of ... more Anthropology has a long tradition of folklore studies. Anthropologist studied both the aspect of folklore i.e. life and lore. Folklore became a popular medium in anthropological studies and using emic approach researchers try to find out the inner meaning of different aspects of culture. This paper focused on the major approaches of the study of Anthropology and Folklore. It is an attempt to classify different phases of Anthropology of Folklore studies in India and understand the historical development of Anthropology of Folklore studies in India. It is observed that, both theoretical and methodological approaches were changed with the time and new branches are emerged with different dimensions.

A NOTE ON VISUAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 2019

The present effort is a very brief outline on Visual Anthropology. The authors are inclined to pr... more The present effort is a very brief outline on Visual Anthropology. The authors are inclined to provide a basic idea about visual anthropology and its theoretical complexities and opportunities for the interested beginners about the applied sub-disciplines of anthropology. The contemporary reflexive approaches towards the use of visual means in anthropological contexts are also outlined here as opposed to the traditional and/or conventional practices of visual anthropology.

IJRAR, 2019

The present ethnographic account tries to explore the dimensions of vulnerability, the crises and... more The present ethnographic account tries to explore the dimensions of vulnerability, the crises and response of human actors, the role of different institutions, the issues of resilience and the perception of loss, and above all the politicization to the issues of relief and wellbeing for better policy and actions centering 'flood' and its disastrous impacts in the local living. Perceiving 'disasters' as socially constructed phenomena, the stand of the current research is to explain the multiple facets of vulnerability, livelihood, and resilience issues in two rural settlements of the state of West Bengal, India.

International Journal of Social Science and Interdisciplinary Research, 2015

The article (re)views the issues of vulnerability in the face of disaster to reflect the dimensio... more The article (re)views the issues of vulnerability in the face of disaster to reflect the dimensions of vulnerability in disciplinary and interdisciplinary disaster researches in the purview of social sciences. We have portrayed a discussion on why and how people became weaker when exposed to the unexpected threats of hazards that disrupts their lives. Positing our view that the concept of vulnerability and disaster are socially constructed reality, we have addressed the significant works on vulnerability and disability to locate the major approaches that has shown an indication about vulnerable groups at emergency situations. Keeping in mind the complexities and potential of environmental, social, economic and political degradation of the cotemporary changing world we have included the hints of contemporary vulnerability research trends in social sciences and endeavoured to appreciate the open ended, collaborative and multidisciplinary research attempts that might possibly helpful f...

This note provides a scope to understand the dimensions and relationship between disaster and tou... more This note provides a scope to understand the dimensions and relationship between disaster and tourism in context of contemporary social researches. Going through a number of existing multimodal researches on disaster and tourism tends its pole towards with a massive area of research interest and at the same time exploring different dimensions on this issue is now been a possibility to further humanitarian aids and assistance in its applied sense. Through the present attempt, the author tries to frame an outline on the issues of disaster and tourism not just to summing up the literature in a common thread; rather to expose the dynamics and dimensions of disaster tourism in contemporary academic discourses.

Anthropology has had a long tradition to address disaster. Though, not in the label of disaster a... more Anthropology has had a long tradition to address disaster. Though, not in the label of disaster anthropology, initiated its passage of studying the adaptive strategies of the people in stressful and hazardous environment in 1950s, the discipline has come across multiple shifts in theoretical frames within. Contemporary research trends in anthropology claim an interdisciplinary attention to understand disaster as a process in the matrix of rapid and varied global change. At this juncture, the present authors have tried to focus on the shifts of anthropological approaches to disaster since its gestation in one hand, and, to indicate the contemporary trends of disaster research within the discipline of anthropology to support its claim of collaborative disaster researches on the other.

Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 2020

This ethnographic note is an outcome of just fourteen days fieldwork, in maximum from staying at ... more This ethnographic note is an outcome of just fourteen days fieldwork, in maximum from staying at home at the emergency situation and act is effective during this period. The findings of the study majorly highlighted the issues like-the perception of awareness about lock down, social distancing, the negative emotional experiences, the black marketing, the role of media and popular culture, and the alteration of meaning of livelihood in the period of emergency of COVID-19. The note further suggests to microscopic ethnographic study of such kind of epidemic and endemic disaster, so the strategies of resilience under the vulnerabilities can be managed through long term policy and action.

As an integral part of formal education system, examination is executed to evaluate and assess th... more As an integral part of formal education system, examination is executed to evaluate and assess the academic performances of the learners. Alike other countries, in India, several academic boards and educational policies concerned with specific academic institutions and practices prevailing there, aim to improve and retain the standards of the education, and regulate the process of evaluation of learning systematically. Along with exploring and understanding the meaning and action of the participants [students, teachers and parents] associated with this process, the voices and experiences of the participants of the current research represent that generalization of evaluation process in institutional academics sometime instigates a difference between the proposal and practices, alternatively generating difficulties in academic practices. This one year long ethnographic study, grounded on qualitative reasoning, has been conducted in a higher secondary school of an Indian metropolitan s...

Humanities and social sciences, 2014

Natural disasters like cyclone now are very frequent worldwide, specially with its hard impacts i... more Natural disasters like cyclone now are very frequent worldwide, specially with its hard impacts in coastal regions of India. The state of Orissa having severely exposed to the natural hazard faces a great difficulty multiple times in past few years. The impact of natural disasters not only threatens the life and living of the local people but disrupts and increase vulnerabilities of the tourists who to satisfy their varied interests visits the places of Orissa. The situation became more pathetic who are local people in one hand having the experiences of earlier disaster situation, and have to serve the tourists of different kind at the same time on the other. They are the local hotel service providers who have to serve their guest at the time of natural disaster and to support their family at the same time. In this context, the present ethnography tries to explore the means and the ways of the hotels of Puri, Orissa have resisted the crisis of the disastrous impact of the giant cycl...

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 2019

Through the present ethnographic account, the authors try to explore the perception and suffering... more Through the present ethnographic account, the authors try to explore the perception and sufferings of the residents of a rural setting of West Bengal, India. Thirty (30) semi-structured and in-depth interviews we intended the issues of their resilience strategies and three major recommendations for better policies and action.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 2019

The term 'symbol' is extensively used in the space of academics as well as in our everydayness. S... more The term 'symbol' is extensively used in the space of academics as well as in our everydayness. Symbol is a cultural and/or mental construct that stands for 'something else'. Anthropology as a discourse exercises symbols from multiple theoretical perspectives since its inception as a separate field within anthropology in the late 19s and early 20 th century in the logo of 'Symbolic Anthropology' that aimed to explore how and what social matrix and experiences of livelihood were represented in ritual events, construct meaning to those experiences and instigates an orientation to the meaningful social interaction and communication. Through this article, the authors are interested to portray the very basics about symbolic anthropology and the associated dimensions per se.

International Journal of Advanced Research, 2017

Street vending or selling goods, commodities, and services in the public space is one of the most... more Street vending or selling goods, commodities, and services in the public space is one of the most common, accessible, and momentous occupational categories in the context of globalized informal economy, extending its

International journal of applied research, 2015

The present article is interested to reflect the ways and avenues of incorporating the voice of p... more The present article is interested to reflect the ways and avenues of incorporating the voice of personal experiences of the researcher into her/his research for understanding cultural phenomena. In this entry, we have tried to open a discussion on the issue of ‘self’ and ‘other’ dichotomy as a discourse and its changing dimensions with the theoretical developments in social sciences. As a qualitative research method Autoethnography utilizes data about self and context to develop an understanding of the connectivity between ‘self’ and ‘other’ within the same context. Writing Autoethnography and experimenting with textual fragmentation and formatting might capable us to extend our understandings of personal emotions/feelings which is primarily underlined in personal experiences. We further, intend to focus on how to incorporate researcher’s personal accounts into social research limiting our discussion to Autoethnography from the selected literatures.

Through the present exertion, the authors are inclined and intended to reflect the theoretical an... more Through the present exertion, the authors are inclined and intended to reflect the theoretical and methodological multiplicity on taking notes in the field, the process of inscribing the meaning from the texts and contexts, and writing fieldnotes in the frame of „reflexivity‟ and contemporary ethnographic practices. To attain the objectives, the authors have gone through selective literature to stand their focus on. The prime concern of us was to find out – are there any standardized categories of taking and writing fieldnotes in ethnographic researches? To explore the answer and to reflect the dimensions of fieldnotes in ethnographic research to our „perceived‟ audiences, we have argued with each other that (re)framed us and our positions repetitively. Being conscious in our focus, we have tried to outline a combination of „self‟, „contexts‟, and „reflexivity‟ that may help the beginners of ethnographic studies to think and (Re)think to reflect their identity into their research an...

Doing and conducting ethnographic research, the role of the researcher’s motivations, design of t... more Doing and conducting ethnographic research, the role of the researcher’s motivations, design of the research, reflexive nature of the researcher’s self, the nature of interpretation of the findings, and above all the moral and ethical stands of the researcher is been scrutinized per se as it deals with human agencies. The moral and ethical issues with its politicization and objectified imposition on the ethnographer are key concern of the present article. The authors are inclined to reflect the major and significant dimensions of ethical issues in ethnographic and/or social research along with its limitations, prejudices, contradictions and complexities in contemporary ethnographic practices in different academic discourses.

Anthropology and Folklore Studies in India: An Overview , 2020

Anthropology has a long tradition of folklore studies. Anthropologist studied both the aspect of ... more Anthropology has a long tradition of folklore studies. Anthropologist studied both the aspect of folklore i.e. life and lore. Folklore became a popular medium in anthropological studies and using emic approach researchers try to find out the inner meaning of different aspects of culture. This paper focused on the major approaches of the study of Anthropology and Folklore. It is an attempt to classify different phases of Anthropology of Folklore studies in India and understand the historical development of Anthropology of Folklore studies in India. It is observed that, both theoretical and methodological approaches were changed with the time and new branches are emerged with different dimensions.

A JOURNEY THROUGH CRISES: AN ETHNOGRAPHER’S NOTE ON COVID19 AND ITS DYANAMICS IN A SUB-URBAN SETTING OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA , 2020

This ethnographic note is an outcome of just fourteen days fieldwork, in maximum from staying at ... more This ethnographic note is an outcome of just fourteen days fieldwork, in maximum from staying at home at the emergency situation and act is effective during this period. The findings of the study majorly highlighted the issues like-the perception of awareness about lock down, social distancing, the negative emotional experiences, the black marketing, the role of media and popular culture, and the alteration of meaning of livelihood in the period of emergency of COVID-19. The note further suggests to microscopic ethnographic study of such kind of epidemic and endemic disaster, so the strategies of resilience under the vulnerabilities can be managed through long term policy and action.

Culture Behind Camera: A Note on Ethnographic Film, 2020

The attempt is for the beginners who are very interested in conducting ethnographic work and docu... more The attempt is for the beginners who are very interested in conducting ethnographic work and documentary. This effort reflects ethnographic film not only a movie about a culture, rather it simultaneously questions the power positions of ethnographer to their filmic representations in very brief. The article further reflects ethnographic film as a classroom technological aid, text, fieldwork document and at the same time tries to portray the colonizer-colonized silent power conflict into this brief entry.

IJRAR, 2019

The present ethnographic account tries to explore the dimensions of vulnerability, the crises and... more The present ethnographic account tries to explore the dimensions of vulnerability, the crises and response of human actors, the role of different institutions, the issues of resilience and the perception of loss, and above all the politicization to the issues of relief and wellbeing for better policy and actions centering 'flood' and its disastrous impacts in the local living. Perceiving 'disasters' as socially constructed phenomena, the stand of the current research is to explain the multiple facets of vulnerability, livelihood, and resilience issues in two rural settlements of the state of West Bengal, India.

ANTHROPOLOGY AND SCHOOL EDUCATION IN INDIAN CONTEXT: AN OUTLINE , 2019

The present article reviews and relates the transformations and transitional phases of schooling ... more The present article reviews and relates the transformations and transitional phases of schooling in an institutional ways to draw an outline in Indian Context from anthropological perspectives. The study further tries to explore different approaches and national policies in school education in a constructive and critical ways. The authors' experiences with the contemporary school culture and rigorous study of earlier and recent literature may instigates the limitations of applied polices to revise and at the same time expands the scope of future microscopic ethnographic research in the related issues.