Marta Birkas | Szent István University (original) (raw)

Papers by Marta Birkas

Research paper thumbnail of Soil Carbon Variability in Some Hungarian and Croatian Soils

Soil Carbon, 2014

ABSTRACT Loss of soil carbon and carbon storage were studied in different soil types in the agroe... more ABSTRACT Loss of soil carbon and carbon storage were studied in different soil types in the agroecological conditions of the Pannonian plain and in the Mediterranean region. Total carbon concentration, pH and C:N ratio under pastures, meadows, forests, vineyards, gardens and crop fields were determined. Soil samples were taken in 2010 at depths from 0–3, 3–10, 0–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm depending on the location, region, soil type and type of ecosystem. Soil pH varied between strongly acid 4.3 measured in crop field on distric Stagnosols (0–30 cm) to weakly alkaline 7.6 in a crop field on Chernozems; C:N ratio varied from 8 measured on distric Stagnosols to 39 on Cambisol calcaric; Soil carbon concentration observed in this study varied from 3.3 g C/kg at Szentgal on an agricultural crop field on Eutric Cambisol, in the deep layer (60–90 cm; L4) to 107.2 g C/kg on Regosol on karst measured in the surface layer of a Mediterranean grassland (0–3 cm; L10).

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Research paper thumbnail of Interaction between tillage-induced soil compaction and climate damages

Novenytermeles, Mar 14, 2015

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil tillage needs a radical change for sustainability

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil Compaction Alleviation as a Solution in the Climate Stress Mitigation

Tillage-induced soil compaction has often occurred in the Pannonian region. This form of compacti... more Tillage-induced soil compaction has often occurred in the Pannonian region. This form of compaction occurs on arable lands both in Hungary (1.82 million ha) and in Croatia (0.97 million ha) having negative impacts on crop production. In this study the tillage-induced compaction is discussed as an indicator of climate stress on arable fields. The research is based on soil condition

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Research paper thumbnail of THE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF SECOND CROPS IMPLEMENTATION IN ORGANIC MAIZE PRODUCTION EKONOMSKA ODRŽIVOST PRIMJENE POSTRNIH USJEVA U EKOLOŠKOM UZGOJU KUKURUZA

Although organic crop production has numerous advantages, concerns about economic sustainability,... more Although organic crop production has numerous advantages, concerns about economic sustainability, both environmental and financial, make farmers reluctant to convert their conventional production into the organic production. Certain agricultural methods, such as second crop use, can alleviate some problems regarding soil tilth, erosion prevention, nutrients availability and weed control, thus contributing toward more sustainable crop production. Also, the added value crop growth, such as maize (Zea mais L.) hybrid's parental line production, with lower yields but higher prices, can contribute to sustainability of organic production. In order to test the hypothesis that the use of second crops can contribute toward the sustainability of organically grown maize after soybean (Glycine max L.) as a previous crop in the crop rotation, the experimental site was established in Valpovo, Croatia, in the eutric brown soil type, during the years 2005 and 2006. The experimental design was s...

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Research paper thumbnail of RESULTS AND FINDINGS OF LONG TERM EXPERIMENTS AIMED TO HELP IMPROVE TILLAGE PRACTICES

The Crop Production Institute of Szent István University carried out soil quality trials in the r... more The Crop Production Institute of Szent István University carried out soil quality trials in the region of Gödöllő between 1977 and 2002, followed by similar experiments near the town of Hatvan since 2002. Soil quality factors that can be improved by tillage include the looseness of the root zone, the depth of the loosened layer, the duration of the loosened state, the thickness of the compact layer impeding water transport, the structure, the level of surface protection, the water intake/water loss balance, the organic material balance and earthworm activity. Optimising these factors can help reduce climate stress and extreme weather conditions do not undermine the reliability of farming. Most of the tillage interventions worked out with the aim of alleviating climate stress on the basis of the findings of the trials are different from conventional recommendations.

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Research paper thumbnail of TILLAGE INDUCED SOIL COMPACTION CONSEQUENCES IN THE PANNONIAN REGION

This paper is based on soil condition monitoring and measuring that was started 35 years ago and ... more This paper is based on soil condition monitoring and measuring that was started 35 years ago and on soil tillage trials modelling and checking the extension of compaction in the soil. The survey comprised 2018 monitoring places on 17280 hectares and on 45 experimental plots. A total of seven typical versions of tillage-induced compaction were identified: 1) favourable to a depth of 60 cm; 2) favourable to a depth of 40 cm; 3) compaction at the depth of 28-32 cm; 4) compaction at the depth of 22-26 cm; 5) compaction at 18-22 cm; two compact layers below 16 cm; 7) three compact layers below 16 cm. The following points were chosen for monitoring: (i) Root zone state. (ii) Occurrence of compacted layer. (iii) Extension of the compacted layer. Accordingly, soil loosened to a depth of 35 – 40 cm qualifies as suitable, soil loosened to 28 – 32 cm is rated as adequate, while soil loosened only to a depth of 16–20 cm is conditionally adequate or inadequate. The depth of the loosened layer is...

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Research paper thumbnail of UTJECAJ POSTRNIH USJEVA NA PRINOS I KOMPONENTE PRINOSA U EKOLOŠKOM UZGOJU KUKURUZA

The second crop use in organic agriculture is a known method of maintaining the soil tilth, soil ... more The second crop use in organic agriculture is a known method of maintaining the soil tilth, soil protection against environmental deterioration, soil nutrients conservation and even the weed control. The nitrogen conservation from previous leguminose crop is even more important, especially in the organic agriculture where use of N-fertilizers is the strictly forbiden, and second crops can be used as a catch crops for nutrients in rotation prior to the crops with the high N requirement. The choice of the proper second crop has, however, been insufficiently investigated, especially for agri-environmental conditions of the Panonian agricultural area in Croatia. The second crop experiment was established in Valpovo, Croatia, in the eutric brown soil type, during the years 2005 and 2006. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of different second crops and their combinations on maize (Zea mais L.) yield and yield components in organic agriculture after soybean (Glycine m...

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Research paper thumbnail of SOIL QUALITY AND LAND USE IN HUNGARY

The analysis approach has been based on government statistical data, land use technology characte... more The analysis approach has been based on government statistical data, land use technology characteristics as well as geographic information databases. Soil quality characteristics, land use systems (conventional, modern intensive, modern low intensity, integrated, ecological) and development, ecological background of crop production and tillage recommendations on Hungarian soils are elaborately discussed. Over the past century (from 1938 to 2010) profound changes have been introduced regarding the cropping structure of the country. The results obtained support a conclusion, that land use changes have induced increment of risk factors in agricultural area.

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Research paper thumbnail of Global Climate Change Impacts on Crop Production in Hungary

Global climate change is one of the major issues today. Th ere is a continuous rise in temperatur... more Global climate change is one of the major issues today. Th ere is a continuous rise in temperature escorted by the increasing frequencies of weather anomalies. In Hungary two facts can be observed: the ascending levels of temperature rise, with a magnitude of 1 oC and the annual precipitation decrease. Human activities are signifi cantly altering the natural carbon cycle. Long-term rise in atmospheric CO2 aff ects crop production regarding both adaptation and mitigation. Th e negative eff ects of climate change can be limited by changing crops and crop varieties, improved water management and irrigation systems, adapted plant nutrition, protection and tillage practices, and better watershed management and land-use planning. Th e global potential of carbon sequestration through crop production, land use and soil management practices may off set one-fourth to one-third of the annual increase in atmospheric CO2.

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of soil compaction on root growth and crop yield in Central and Eastern Europe

International Agrophysics

Variations in root growth and functions in response to soil compaction associated with soil and c... more Variations in root growth and functions in response to soil compaction associated with soil and crop type, and soil wetness at the time of load application and weather in Central and Eastern Europe are reviewed. The effects of soil compaction on the morphological and anatomical modifications of the roots were shown. The influence of soil compaction on plasticity in root growth and functioning in relation to structural discontinuity is discussed. Possible mechanisms of root-shoot relations as affected by soil compaction are presented. Crop yields on compacted soil largely depend on weather conditions and initial soil compactness.

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Research paper thumbnail of SIDASS project: Part 3. The optimum and the range of water content for tillage – further developments

Soil and Tillage Research

The SIDASS project “A spatially distributed simulation model predicting the dynamics of agro-phys... more The SIDASS project “A spatially distributed simulation model predicting the dynamics of agro-physical soil state within Eastern and Western Europe countries for the selection of management practices to prevent soil erosion based on sustainable soil–water interactions” required a method for estimating the dates (or soil water conditions) under which soil tillage operations could be performed. For this purpose, methods were developed for estimating the optimum and the range of soil water contents for tillage. These methods are based on the soil water retention curve. In this paper, we further develop the method in two ways. First, we take account of the fact that the soil properties: clay content, organic matter content and bulk density are not independent. This is done through the use of simple pedo-transfer functions which are based on measurements on many soils. Second, we present a simplified and more rapid method for estimating the lower (dry) limit for tillage. This enables this...

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Research paper thumbnail of CARBON CONTENT AND C/N RATIO IN PANNONIAN AND MEDITERRANEAN SOILS

Soils are the largest carbon reservoir of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The quantity of C stored ... more Soils are the largest carbon reservoir of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The quantity of C stored in soils is highly significant; soils contain about three times more C than vegetation and twice as much as that which is present in the atmosphere. Proper management of soil carbon requires an understanding of the cycling and balance of carbon. Soils vary greatly in their organic matter content. Soil organic matter consists of two groups of compounds, nonhumic and humic substances both play important roles in the environment affecting the biochemical, physical and chemical properties of soil. Within Bilateral Project between Hungarian and Croatian scientists "Impact of tillage and fertilization on probable climate threats in Hungary and Croatia, soil vulnerability and protection" carbon storage were determined in different soil types in agroecological conditions of Pannonian plain and in Mediterranean conditions. Total carbon content, pH and C/N ratio in different natural (gra...

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil protecting effect of the surface cover in extreme summer periods

Plant Soil and Environment

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Research paper thumbnail of Vineyard soils management

This paper includes both climate and management challenges of the vineyard soil tillage. Possible... more This paper includes both climate and management challenges of the vineyard soil tillage. Possible climate phenomena and mitigation possibilities are listed and discussed. Compaction problems originating management operations and alleviation steps are also presented. Methods of the soil preserving possibilities, including surface cover are also discussed

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Research paper thumbnail of 2. The importance of the soil microbial status – A review of research and practical experience in the Pannonian region

Microorganisms are the largest group of soil-borne organisms in terms of both number and mass. As... more Microorganisms are the largest group of soil-borne organisms in terms of both number and mass. As soil is their habitat, any changes in the soil physical state and the addition of any materials – whether raw organic and inorganic materials or chemicals – to the soil; will affect their activity and real functioning. The crop-oriented tillage practices applied over centuries and the large number of – often ill-timed –, tillage operations have had negative impacts on soil condition and biological activity. In the Pannonian region studies of the impacts of tillage on soil microbiological activity were started in the 1930s. Scientists have identified the main circumstances, in which the various tillage interventions can be beneficial or deleterious to the soil-borne organisms. More recent studies have clarified the microbial background and consequences of tillage-induced compaction (qualifying as environmental damage) and of soil tillage operations of various impacts. Research about the ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil Quality Improving and Climate Stress Mitigating Tillage The Hungarian Solutions Márta Birkás, László Bottlik, Szilveszter Csorba, Milan Mesić

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Research paper thumbnail of Excess water phenomena – long-lasting remediation

DESCRIPTION The region faces recurrent floods, owing to the geological formation. In addition to ... more DESCRIPTION The region faces recurrent floods, owing to the geological formation. In addition to floods, inland waters also rise significantly. Water inundation is found to be a real hazard in lowlands and along the rivers. In this study the causes of the inland water inundation is shortly summarised as well as presenting results that may complete knowledge of the water inundation impacts on soil condition. Difference between natural and human induced water stagnation seems obvious when water level flow down. Degrees of the water stress and water inundation endangering soil quality are also demonstrated.

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Research paper thumbnail of Wet, water-logged soils – problems and remedying

DESCRIPTION Water inundation, water-logging problems are summarised in this resentation

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Research paper thumbnail of Klímaváltozásról mindenkinek

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil Carbon Variability in Some Hungarian and Croatian Soils

Soil Carbon, 2014

ABSTRACT Loss of soil carbon and carbon storage were studied in different soil types in the agroe... more ABSTRACT Loss of soil carbon and carbon storage were studied in different soil types in the agroecological conditions of the Pannonian plain and in the Mediterranean region. Total carbon concentration, pH and C:N ratio under pastures, meadows, forests, vineyards, gardens and crop fields were determined. Soil samples were taken in 2010 at depths from 0–3, 3–10, 0–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm depending on the location, region, soil type and type of ecosystem. Soil pH varied between strongly acid 4.3 measured in crop field on distric Stagnosols (0–30 cm) to weakly alkaline 7.6 in a crop field on Chernozems; C:N ratio varied from 8 measured on distric Stagnosols to 39 on Cambisol calcaric; Soil carbon concentration observed in this study varied from 3.3 g C/kg at Szentgal on an agricultural crop field on Eutric Cambisol, in the deep layer (60–90 cm; L4) to 107.2 g C/kg on Regosol on karst measured in the surface layer of a Mediterranean grassland (0–3 cm; L10).

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Research paper thumbnail of Interaction between tillage-induced soil compaction and climate damages

Novenytermeles, Mar 14, 2015

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil tillage needs a radical change for sustainability

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil Compaction Alleviation as a Solution in the Climate Stress Mitigation

Tillage-induced soil compaction has often occurred in the Pannonian region. This form of compacti... more Tillage-induced soil compaction has often occurred in the Pannonian region. This form of compaction occurs on arable lands both in Hungary (1.82 million ha) and in Croatia (0.97 million ha) having negative impacts on crop production. In this study the tillage-induced compaction is discussed as an indicator of climate stress on arable fields. The research is based on soil condition

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Research paper thumbnail of THE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF SECOND CROPS IMPLEMENTATION IN ORGANIC MAIZE PRODUCTION EKONOMSKA ODRŽIVOST PRIMJENE POSTRNIH USJEVA U EKOLOŠKOM UZGOJU KUKURUZA

Although organic crop production has numerous advantages, concerns about economic sustainability,... more Although organic crop production has numerous advantages, concerns about economic sustainability, both environmental and financial, make farmers reluctant to convert their conventional production into the organic production. Certain agricultural methods, such as second crop use, can alleviate some problems regarding soil tilth, erosion prevention, nutrients availability and weed control, thus contributing toward more sustainable crop production. Also, the added value crop growth, such as maize (Zea mais L.) hybrid's parental line production, with lower yields but higher prices, can contribute to sustainability of organic production. In order to test the hypothesis that the use of second crops can contribute toward the sustainability of organically grown maize after soybean (Glycine max L.) as a previous crop in the crop rotation, the experimental site was established in Valpovo, Croatia, in the eutric brown soil type, during the years 2005 and 2006. The experimental design was s...

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Research paper thumbnail of RESULTS AND FINDINGS OF LONG TERM EXPERIMENTS AIMED TO HELP IMPROVE TILLAGE PRACTICES

The Crop Production Institute of Szent István University carried out soil quality trials in the r... more The Crop Production Institute of Szent István University carried out soil quality trials in the region of Gödöllő between 1977 and 2002, followed by similar experiments near the town of Hatvan since 2002. Soil quality factors that can be improved by tillage include the looseness of the root zone, the depth of the loosened layer, the duration of the loosened state, the thickness of the compact layer impeding water transport, the structure, the level of surface protection, the water intake/water loss balance, the organic material balance and earthworm activity. Optimising these factors can help reduce climate stress and extreme weather conditions do not undermine the reliability of farming. Most of the tillage interventions worked out with the aim of alleviating climate stress on the basis of the findings of the trials are different from conventional recommendations.

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Research paper thumbnail of TILLAGE INDUCED SOIL COMPACTION CONSEQUENCES IN THE PANNONIAN REGION

This paper is based on soil condition monitoring and measuring that was started 35 years ago and ... more This paper is based on soil condition monitoring and measuring that was started 35 years ago and on soil tillage trials modelling and checking the extension of compaction in the soil. The survey comprised 2018 monitoring places on 17280 hectares and on 45 experimental plots. A total of seven typical versions of tillage-induced compaction were identified: 1) favourable to a depth of 60 cm; 2) favourable to a depth of 40 cm; 3) compaction at the depth of 28-32 cm; 4) compaction at the depth of 22-26 cm; 5) compaction at 18-22 cm; two compact layers below 16 cm; 7) three compact layers below 16 cm. The following points were chosen for monitoring: (i) Root zone state. (ii) Occurrence of compacted layer. (iii) Extension of the compacted layer. Accordingly, soil loosened to a depth of 35 – 40 cm qualifies as suitable, soil loosened to 28 – 32 cm is rated as adequate, while soil loosened only to a depth of 16–20 cm is conditionally adequate or inadequate. The depth of the loosened layer is...

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Research paper thumbnail of UTJECAJ POSTRNIH USJEVA NA PRINOS I KOMPONENTE PRINOSA U EKOLOŠKOM UZGOJU KUKURUZA

The second crop use in organic agriculture is a known method of maintaining the soil tilth, soil ... more The second crop use in organic agriculture is a known method of maintaining the soil tilth, soil protection against environmental deterioration, soil nutrients conservation and even the weed control. The nitrogen conservation from previous leguminose crop is even more important, especially in the organic agriculture where use of N-fertilizers is the strictly forbiden, and second crops can be used as a catch crops for nutrients in rotation prior to the crops with the high N requirement. The choice of the proper second crop has, however, been insufficiently investigated, especially for agri-environmental conditions of the Panonian agricultural area in Croatia. The second crop experiment was established in Valpovo, Croatia, in the eutric brown soil type, during the years 2005 and 2006. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effects of different second crops and their combinations on maize (Zea mais L.) yield and yield components in organic agriculture after soybean (Glycine m...

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Research paper thumbnail of SOIL QUALITY AND LAND USE IN HUNGARY

The analysis approach has been based on government statistical data, land use technology characte... more The analysis approach has been based on government statistical data, land use technology characteristics as well as geographic information databases. Soil quality characteristics, land use systems (conventional, modern intensive, modern low intensity, integrated, ecological) and development, ecological background of crop production and tillage recommendations on Hungarian soils are elaborately discussed. Over the past century (from 1938 to 2010) profound changes have been introduced regarding the cropping structure of the country. The results obtained support a conclusion, that land use changes have induced increment of risk factors in agricultural area.

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Research paper thumbnail of Global Climate Change Impacts on Crop Production in Hungary

Global climate change is one of the major issues today. Th ere is a continuous rise in temperatur... more Global climate change is one of the major issues today. Th ere is a continuous rise in temperature escorted by the increasing frequencies of weather anomalies. In Hungary two facts can be observed: the ascending levels of temperature rise, with a magnitude of 1 oC and the annual precipitation decrease. Human activities are signifi cantly altering the natural carbon cycle. Long-term rise in atmospheric CO2 aff ects crop production regarding both adaptation and mitigation. Th e negative eff ects of climate change can be limited by changing crops and crop varieties, improved water management and irrigation systems, adapted plant nutrition, protection and tillage practices, and better watershed management and land-use planning. Th e global potential of carbon sequestration through crop production, land use and soil management practices may off set one-fourth to one-third of the annual increase in atmospheric CO2.

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Research paper thumbnail of Effect of soil compaction on root growth and crop yield in Central and Eastern Europe

International Agrophysics

Variations in root growth and functions in response to soil compaction associated with soil and c... more Variations in root growth and functions in response to soil compaction associated with soil and crop type, and soil wetness at the time of load application and weather in Central and Eastern Europe are reviewed. The effects of soil compaction on the morphological and anatomical modifications of the roots were shown. The influence of soil compaction on plasticity in root growth and functioning in relation to structural discontinuity is discussed. Possible mechanisms of root-shoot relations as affected by soil compaction are presented. Crop yields on compacted soil largely depend on weather conditions and initial soil compactness.

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Research paper thumbnail of SIDASS project: Part 3. The optimum and the range of water content for tillage – further developments

Soil and Tillage Research

The SIDASS project “A spatially distributed simulation model predicting the dynamics of agro-phys... more The SIDASS project “A spatially distributed simulation model predicting the dynamics of agro-physical soil state within Eastern and Western Europe countries for the selection of management practices to prevent soil erosion based on sustainable soil–water interactions” required a method for estimating the dates (or soil water conditions) under which soil tillage operations could be performed. For this purpose, methods were developed for estimating the optimum and the range of soil water contents for tillage. These methods are based on the soil water retention curve. In this paper, we further develop the method in two ways. First, we take account of the fact that the soil properties: clay content, organic matter content and bulk density are not independent. This is done through the use of simple pedo-transfer functions which are based on measurements on many soils. Second, we present a simplified and more rapid method for estimating the lower (dry) limit for tillage. This enables this...

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Research paper thumbnail of CARBON CONTENT AND C/N RATIO IN PANNONIAN AND MEDITERRANEAN SOILS

Soils are the largest carbon reservoir of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The quantity of C stored ... more Soils are the largest carbon reservoir of the terrestrial carbon cycle. The quantity of C stored in soils is highly significant; soils contain about three times more C than vegetation and twice as much as that which is present in the atmosphere. Proper management of soil carbon requires an understanding of the cycling and balance of carbon. Soils vary greatly in their organic matter content. Soil organic matter consists of two groups of compounds, nonhumic and humic substances both play important roles in the environment affecting the biochemical, physical and chemical properties of soil. Within Bilateral Project between Hungarian and Croatian scientists "Impact of tillage and fertilization on probable climate threats in Hungary and Croatia, soil vulnerability and protection" carbon storage were determined in different soil types in agroecological conditions of Pannonian plain and in Mediterranean conditions. Total carbon content, pH and C/N ratio in different natural (gra...

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil protecting effect of the surface cover in extreme summer periods

Plant Soil and Environment

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Research paper thumbnail of Vineyard soils management

This paper includes both climate and management challenges of the vineyard soil tillage. Possible... more This paper includes both climate and management challenges of the vineyard soil tillage. Possible climate phenomena and mitigation possibilities are listed and discussed. Compaction problems originating management operations and alleviation steps are also presented. Methods of the soil preserving possibilities, including surface cover are also discussed

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Research paper thumbnail of 2. The importance of the soil microbial status – A review of research and practical experience in the Pannonian region

Microorganisms are the largest group of soil-borne organisms in terms of both number and mass. As... more Microorganisms are the largest group of soil-borne organisms in terms of both number and mass. As soil is their habitat, any changes in the soil physical state and the addition of any materials – whether raw organic and inorganic materials or chemicals – to the soil; will affect their activity and real functioning. The crop-oriented tillage practices applied over centuries and the large number of – often ill-timed –, tillage operations have had negative impacts on soil condition and biological activity. In the Pannonian region studies of the impacts of tillage on soil microbiological activity were started in the 1930s. Scientists have identified the main circumstances, in which the various tillage interventions can be beneficial or deleterious to the soil-borne organisms. More recent studies have clarified the microbial background and consequences of tillage-induced compaction (qualifying as environmental damage) and of soil tillage operations of various impacts. Research about the ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Soil Quality Improving and Climate Stress Mitigating Tillage The Hungarian Solutions Márta Birkás, László Bottlik, Szilveszter Csorba, Milan Mesić

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Excess water phenomena – long-lasting remediation

DESCRIPTION The region faces recurrent floods, owing to the geological formation. In addition to ... more DESCRIPTION The region faces recurrent floods, owing to the geological formation. In addition to floods, inland waters also rise significantly. Water inundation is found to be a real hazard in lowlands and along the rivers. In this study the causes of the inland water inundation is shortly summarised as well as presenting results that may complete knowledge of the water inundation impacts on soil condition. Difference between natural and human induced water stagnation seems obvious when water level flow down. Degrees of the water stress and water inundation endangering soil quality are also demonstrated.

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Research paper thumbnail of Wet, water-logged soils – problems and remedying

DESCRIPTION Water inundation, water-logging problems are summarised in this resentation

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Research paper thumbnail of Klímaváltozásról mindenkinek

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