Adnan Kavak | Kocaeli Universty (original) (raw)
Papers by Adnan Kavak
2019 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (UBMYK)
Emerging 5G and beyond networks have been proposed to provide communication of anywhere, anytime,... more Emerging 5G and beyond networks have been proposed to provide communication of anywhere, anytime, and any type for massive machine type objects and Internet of Things (IoT) that can be broadly called as Internet of Everything (IoE). With such next generation networks, creating, processing, storing, and sharing of large amount of data will take place at everywhere in every time. The problem is how to manage this life cycle of data, its critical timing and data traffic accurately and efficiently. This paper discusses issues and challenges with Cloud gateways with a focus on Cloud Based IoE Globe architecture for next generation networks, thorough which a large amount of data is assumed to be carried in the network. Cloud gateway that forms the middleware layer in IoE architecture is one of the most effective solutions for the issues identified in this paper. Cloud Gateway Engines are the cornerstone of its architecture. This paper also proposes an architecture for connectivity engines in IoE, which is called as Topologically Connected Gateway Engine (TCGE) architecture. Requirements and functionalities of proposed TCGE architecture are discussed.
2019 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (UBMYK)
Cooperative diversity is one of the most promising techniques for next-generation wireless networ... more Cooperative diversity is one of the most promising techniques for next-generation wireless networks for accomplishing high signal quality even in the degrading fading environment. Various cooperative techniques can be employed to achieve desired performance according to given scenarios. This study evaluates the performance of two different cooperative relay networks, i.e., a cooperative network and multi dual-hop network, in which non-regenerative relaying protocol is assumed to work at relay nodes. A moment generation function (MGF) based performance analysis is carried out for both cases of a relay network. The analytical and simulation results with regard to the varying number of relay nodes are presented. The results show that cooperative network is robust to multi dual-hop cooperative network.
Özet-Hızla gelişen teknoloji hayatımıza büyük kolaylıklar getirmektedir. Bunlardan bir tanesi de ... more Özet-Hızla gelişen teknoloji hayatımıza büyük kolaylıklar getirmektedir. Bunlardan bir tanesi de akıllı telefonlardır. Akıllı telefonlar her geçen gün hayatımıza daha fazla dahil olmaktadır ve akıllı telefonlara olan ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada akıllı telefonlar ve Beacon teknolojisi kullanılarak belirli mesafeler içerisindeki eşyaların yerinin tespit edilmesini sağlayacak bir uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen uygulama ile insanların hayatlarını kolaylaştıracak ve aynı zamanda zaman kaybını azaltacak teknolojik bir çözüm sunulmuştur. Uygulamanın etkinliği hem kapalı hem de açık ortamlarda test edilmiştir ve her iki ortamda da doğru sonuçlar ürettiği gözlemlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler-Bluetooth 4.0, Beacon, Android, Konum Tespiti Abstract-Rapid developments in technology bring significant benefits to our life. One of them is smartphones. Smartphones are involved to our life more than before and need of them increases day by day. In this paper, an application that wil...
IEEE Access
For Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) network, although there exist many studies that focus on... more For Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) network, although there exist many studies that focus on improving the performance with relays, security issues are often neglected. Due to the broadcast nature of wireless channels, relay nodes in LTE-A network may act maliciously, affect communication, reduce quality, and cause delays. Recently, physical (PHY) layer security has attracted researchers to provide secure communication and data privacy. In this study, we propose using unsupervised learning approach at the destination node to detect malicious relay attacks in cooperative LTE-A network based on received source signal in the PHY layer. Outlier detection algorithms such as one class support vector machine (OCSVM), local outlier factor (LOF) and isolation forest (i Forest) are applied to detect various malicious relay behaviors such as garbling, regenerative, and false data injection type attacks. As input to these algorithms, feature vectors are constructed by using amplitude, phase, and relative phase information of modulated baseband symbols. The performance of the outlier detectors are evaluated with respect to precision, accuracy, and under the area curve (AUC) measures under changing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels, different modulation types, allocated number of resource blocks (RBs), and varying data size. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed outlier detection approach for detecting malicious relays in the LTE-A network. Accuracy and precision of the algorithms are observed to be above 90% for 10 dB and larger SNR levels for the relay attack scenarios considered here. AUC values for all algorithms for all SNR levels is also above 0.9 for the attack detection cases, and the performance of the LOF algorithm with 0.95 and above AUC values is superior to other algorithms. The results verify the contribution of this study, which is the demonstration of the effectiveness of one class outlier detection approaches for detecting malicious relays in the LTE-A network.
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. Transmitting Waves of Progress to the Next Millennium. 2000 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37118)
In wireless communications, smart antenna systems employing an antenna array at the base station ... more In wireless communications, smart antenna systems employing an antenna array at the base station along with advanced space-time signal processing capabilities can increase capacity, extend range and mitigate interference. We study the transmit diversity configuration at the mobile, which may possibly be used to alleviate the fast fading effect on the received signal vector at the smart antenna base station.
1999 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings. ICASSP99 (Cat. No.99CH36258)
Radio and Wireless Conference, 2003. RAWCON '03. Proceedings
Cdma2000 is a third generation wireless communications technology that provides seamless evolutio... more Cdma2000 is a third generation wireless communications technology that provides seamless evolution from voice to high speed data and video through 3Glx, IxEV-DO, and IxEV-DV path. Integrating both voice and data services, IxEV-DV supports packet data rates up to 3 Mbps. However, simultaneous operation of 3Glx and IxEV-DV calls may degrade system capacity significantly as compared to operation of 3Glx calls alone. This paper presents analytical methodology in calculating interference for mixed 3Glx and IxEV-DV calls made in the forward link. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to obtain capacity of the system. Results show that 3Glx system capacity is lowered by 2/3 and 1/3 at 0.1% and at 0.5% outage levels, respectively, when 3Glx and IxEV-DV calls are simultaneously made.
IEEE 54th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Fall 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37211)
This paper presents the results from analysis of the forward link capacity for the third generati... more This paper presents the results from analysis of the forward link capacity for the third generation CDMA wireless system employing adaptive antenna arrays (AAA) at the base station. The capacity performance for mixed traffic scenarios of the forward link is studied in a multi-cell CDMA network including the array topology, multipath angle spread, and mean DOA beamforming technique. The effect of fast fading, log-normal shadowing, multiple access interference, and thermal noise is considered. The simulation results show that with the AAA, system capacity can be increased several fold compared to non-adaptive antenna base stations
gazi university journal of science, 2004
Smart antennas are considered to be promising technology for increasing the performance of wirele... more Smart antennas are considered to be promising technology for increasing the performance of wireless communication systems. A smart antenna consists of several antenna elements, whose signals are processed adaptively in order to exploit the spatial domain of the mobile radio channel (1). Usually, the signals received at the different antenna elements are multiplied with complex weights w, and then summed up; the weights are chosen adaptively. Not the antenna itself, but the whole antenna system including the signal processing is called "adaptive" (2). Only the antenna is not smart, the antenna system which contains also antenna elements is called smart.
2019 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (UBMYK)
Radio resource management (RRM) in a heterogeneous network (HetNet) has gained significant attent... more Radio resource management (RRM) in a heterogeneous network (HetNet) has gained significant attention in order to manage the radio resources efficiently. In this paper, an adaptive radio resource management (ARRM) strategy is presented to implement the fractional frequency reuse with three sectors and three layers (FFR-3SL) model more efficiently in a conventional long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) HetNet system. In the FFR-3SL model, the entire macro-cell coverage area is split into three sectors and three layers; while the total available bandwidth is fractioned into seven subbands. The radio resources (subbands) are assigned to femto-cells and macro-cells according to the user equipment (UE) demand in high-density areas. In order to examine the model, four different cases of user location distribution (ULD) such as central layer focused (CLF), middle layer focused (MLF), outer layer focused (OLF), and uniform distribution are considered. A Monte Carlo simulation is applied to assess and analyze the overall system performance in terms of throughput and efficiency. The simulation results show that the CLF achieves higher throughput and better efficiency under the given parameters when the ARRM strategy applied properly.
PURPOSE: A device for demodulating an M-binary of a digital communication system is provided to d... more PURPOSE: A device for demodulating an M-binary of a digital communication system is provided to demodulate a set of orthogonal modulation signals received with a binary data type in serial, thereby applicable to a base station system of a wireless network. CONSTITUTION: An M-bit Walsh code is simultaneously inputted to an input 00 processor(610), an input 01 processor(620), an input 10 processor(630), and an input 11 processor(640) performing functions of a matching filter. Each input processor(610,620,630,640) carries out a matching filter operation between a portion of an incoming signal and binary pairs(00,01,10,11). Outputs of the processors(610,620,630,640) and matching filters are inputted to an input decision processor(650). The input decision processor(650) supplies information on which input processor is matched with the incoming signal to a controller(660). The controller(660) loads the first row of a preset code mask table of the matched input processor, and adds a value ...
Ucuncu nesil (Third Generation, 3G) haberlesme sistemleri tum dunyada yaygin olarak kullanilmakta... more Ucuncu nesil (Third Generation, 3G) haberlesme sistemleri tum dunyada yaygin olarak kullanilmaktadir ve hizla gelismektedir. Isin sekillendirme yetenegine sahip akilli anten algoritmasi ucuncu nesil haberlesme sistemleri icin ortaya atilmistir. Bu calismada, uzay kod korelatoru (Space Code Correlator, SCC) olarak isimlendirilen yeni bir akilli anten algoritmasi tasarimi ve gerceklestirimini oneren bir calisma sunulmaktadir. Onerilen algoritma onceden belirlenmis dogrultu vektorleri ve istenilir kullanici kodu ile kod korelasyonu ve depolanmis dogrultu vektorleri ile genisletilmis sinyalin uzaysal korelasyonu temeline dayanmaktadir. Tasarimdaki amac, yakinsama problemini ortadan kaldirarak sabit gerceklestirme zamanina sahip, yeterli sinyal girisim gurultu orani (SINR) performansini saglayan isin sekillendirme agirlik vektorlerinin bulunmasidir. Bu calismada, SCC algoritmasi coklu yol yayilim kosullarinda, farkli Texas Instruments (TI) TMS320C67x kayan nokta dijital sinyal islemciler...
mobile receivers is limited primarily by co–channel interference (CCI). Adaptive Antenna Arrays (... more mobile receivers is limited primarily by co–channel interference (CCI). Adaptive Antenna Arrays (AAAs) that employ antenna arrays along with advanced signal processing at the base station (BS) have been proposed to mitigate this limitation. We present FL capacity analysis for mixed voice and data user traffic scenarios in third generation (3G) CDMA cellular network, where each BS is equipped with either three–sector uniform linear array (ULA) or non–sectorized uniform circular array (UCA). We demonstrate that the FL capacity of the system is considerably affected by the antenna array topology. We find that the optimum element spacing resulting in the largest FL system capacity is 0,5O for both ULA and UCA topologies. Also, it is found that the UCA provides larger FL capacity when compared to the ULA under the same array parameters, i.e., element spacing and number of elements per cell.
2019 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT)
This paper presents malicious relay node detection in a cooperative network using unsupervised le... more This paper presents malicious relay node detection in a cooperative network using unsupervised learning based on the received signal samples over the source to destination (S-D) link at the destination node. We consider the situations in which possible maliciousness of the relay is the regenerative, injection or garbling type attacks over the source signal according to attack modeling in the communication. The proposed approach here for such an attack detection problem is to apply unsupervised machine learning using one-class classifier (OCC) algorithms. Among the algorithms compared, One-Class Support Vector Machines (OSVM) with kernel radial basis function (RBF) has the largest accuracy performance in detecting malicious node attacks with certain types and also detect trustable relay by using specific features of the symbol constellation of the received signal. Results show that we can achieve detection accuracy about 99% with SVM-RBF and k-NN learning algorithms for garbling type relay attacks. The results also encourage that OCC algorithms considered in this study with different feature selections could be effective in detecting other types of relay attacks.
International Journal of Communication Systems
AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications
2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are widely used to provide variable data rates ... more Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are widely used to provide variable data rates for supporting different bandwidth requirements in wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems. Many works in the literature have intensively investigated code placement and replacement schemes in OVSF code trees to reduce the code blocking probability and increase the code spectral efficiency. This paper describes a
2019 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (UBMYK)
Emerging 5G and beyond networks have been proposed to provide communication of anywhere, anytime,... more Emerging 5G and beyond networks have been proposed to provide communication of anywhere, anytime, and any type for massive machine type objects and Internet of Things (IoT) that can be broadly called as Internet of Everything (IoE). With such next generation networks, creating, processing, storing, and sharing of large amount of data will take place at everywhere in every time. The problem is how to manage this life cycle of data, its critical timing and data traffic accurately and efficiently. This paper discusses issues and challenges with Cloud gateways with a focus on Cloud Based IoE Globe architecture for next generation networks, thorough which a large amount of data is assumed to be carried in the network. Cloud gateway that forms the middleware layer in IoE architecture is one of the most effective solutions for the issues identified in this paper. Cloud Gateway Engines are the cornerstone of its architecture. This paper also proposes an architecture for connectivity engines in IoE, which is called as Topologically Connected Gateway Engine (TCGE) architecture. Requirements and functionalities of proposed TCGE architecture are discussed.
2019 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (UBMYK)
Cooperative diversity is one of the most promising techniques for next-generation wireless networ... more Cooperative diversity is one of the most promising techniques for next-generation wireless networks for accomplishing high signal quality even in the degrading fading environment. Various cooperative techniques can be employed to achieve desired performance according to given scenarios. This study evaluates the performance of two different cooperative relay networks, i.e., a cooperative network and multi dual-hop network, in which non-regenerative relaying protocol is assumed to work at relay nodes. A moment generation function (MGF) based performance analysis is carried out for both cases of a relay network. The analytical and simulation results with regard to the varying number of relay nodes are presented. The results show that cooperative network is robust to multi dual-hop cooperative network.
Özet-Hızla gelişen teknoloji hayatımıza büyük kolaylıklar getirmektedir. Bunlardan bir tanesi de ... more Özet-Hızla gelişen teknoloji hayatımıza büyük kolaylıklar getirmektedir. Bunlardan bir tanesi de akıllı telefonlardır. Akıllı telefonlar her geçen gün hayatımıza daha fazla dahil olmaktadır ve akıllı telefonlara olan ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada akıllı telefonlar ve Beacon teknolojisi kullanılarak belirli mesafeler içerisindeki eşyaların yerinin tespit edilmesini sağlayacak bir uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen uygulama ile insanların hayatlarını kolaylaştıracak ve aynı zamanda zaman kaybını azaltacak teknolojik bir çözüm sunulmuştur. Uygulamanın etkinliği hem kapalı hem de açık ortamlarda test edilmiştir ve her iki ortamda da doğru sonuçlar ürettiği gözlemlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler-Bluetooth 4.0, Beacon, Android, Konum Tespiti Abstract-Rapid developments in technology bring significant benefits to our life. One of them is smartphones. Smartphones are involved to our life more than before and need of them increases day by day. In this paper, an application that wil...
IEEE Access
For Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) network, although there exist many studies that focus on... more For Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) network, although there exist many studies that focus on improving the performance with relays, security issues are often neglected. Due to the broadcast nature of wireless channels, relay nodes in LTE-A network may act maliciously, affect communication, reduce quality, and cause delays. Recently, physical (PHY) layer security has attracted researchers to provide secure communication and data privacy. In this study, we propose using unsupervised learning approach at the destination node to detect malicious relay attacks in cooperative LTE-A network based on received source signal in the PHY layer. Outlier detection algorithms such as one class support vector machine (OCSVM), local outlier factor (LOF) and isolation forest (i Forest) are applied to detect various malicious relay behaviors such as garbling, regenerative, and false data injection type attacks. As input to these algorithms, feature vectors are constructed by using amplitude, phase, and relative phase information of modulated baseband symbols. The performance of the outlier detectors are evaluated with respect to precision, accuracy, and under the area curve (AUC) measures under changing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels, different modulation types, allocated number of resource blocks (RBs), and varying data size. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed outlier detection approach for detecting malicious relays in the LTE-A network. Accuracy and precision of the algorithms are observed to be above 90% for 10 dB and larger SNR levels for the relay attack scenarios considered here. AUC values for all algorithms for all SNR levels is also above 0.9 for the attack detection cases, and the performance of the LOF algorithm with 0.95 and above AUC values is superior to other algorithms. The results verify the contribution of this study, which is the demonstration of the effectiveness of one class outlier detection approaches for detecting malicious relays in the LTE-A network.
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. Transmitting Waves of Progress to the Next Millennium. 2000 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37118)
In wireless communications, smart antenna systems employing an antenna array at the base station ... more In wireless communications, smart antenna systems employing an antenna array at the base station along with advanced space-time signal processing capabilities can increase capacity, extend range and mitigate interference. We study the transmit diversity configuration at the mobile, which may possibly be used to alleviate the fast fading effect on the received signal vector at the smart antenna base station.
1999 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings. ICASSP99 (Cat. No.99CH36258)
Radio and Wireless Conference, 2003. RAWCON '03. Proceedings
Cdma2000 is a third generation wireless communications technology that provides seamless evolutio... more Cdma2000 is a third generation wireless communications technology that provides seamless evolution from voice to high speed data and video through 3Glx, IxEV-DO, and IxEV-DV path. Integrating both voice and data services, IxEV-DV supports packet data rates up to 3 Mbps. However, simultaneous operation of 3Glx and IxEV-DV calls may degrade system capacity significantly as compared to operation of 3Glx calls alone. This paper presents analytical methodology in calculating interference for mixed 3Glx and IxEV-DV calls made in the forward link. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to obtain capacity of the system. Results show that 3Glx system capacity is lowered by 2/3 and 1/3 at 0.1% and at 0.5% outage levels, respectively, when 3Glx and IxEV-DV calls are simultaneously made.
IEEE 54th Vehicular Technology Conference. VTC Fall 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37211)
This paper presents the results from analysis of the forward link capacity for the third generati... more This paper presents the results from analysis of the forward link capacity for the third generation CDMA wireless system employing adaptive antenna arrays (AAA) at the base station. The capacity performance for mixed traffic scenarios of the forward link is studied in a multi-cell CDMA network including the array topology, multipath angle spread, and mean DOA beamforming technique. The effect of fast fading, log-normal shadowing, multiple access interference, and thermal noise is considered. The simulation results show that with the AAA, system capacity can be increased several fold compared to non-adaptive antenna base stations
gazi university journal of science, 2004
Smart antennas are considered to be promising technology for increasing the performance of wirele... more Smart antennas are considered to be promising technology for increasing the performance of wireless communication systems. A smart antenna consists of several antenna elements, whose signals are processed adaptively in order to exploit the spatial domain of the mobile radio channel (1). Usually, the signals received at the different antenna elements are multiplied with complex weights w, and then summed up; the weights are chosen adaptively. Not the antenna itself, but the whole antenna system including the signal processing is called "adaptive" (2). Only the antenna is not smart, the antenna system which contains also antenna elements is called smart.
2019 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference (UBMYK)
Radio resource management (RRM) in a heterogeneous network (HetNet) has gained significant attent... more Radio resource management (RRM) in a heterogeneous network (HetNet) has gained significant attention in order to manage the radio resources efficiently. In this paper, an adaptive radio resource management (ARRM) strategy is presented to implement the fractional frequency reuse with three sectors and three layers (FFR-3SL) model more efficiently in a conventional long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) HetNet system. In the FFR-3SL model, the entire macro-cell coverage area is split into three sectors and three layers; while the total available bandwidth is fractioned into seven subbands. The radio resources (subbands) are assigned to femto-cells and macro-cells according to the user equipment (UE) demand in high-density areas. In order to examine the model, four different cases of user location distribution (ULD) such as central layer focused (CLF), middle layer focused (MLF), outer layer focused (OLF), and uniform distribution are considered. A Monte Carlo simulation is applied to assess and analyze the overall system performance in terms of throughput and efficiency. The simulation results show that the CLF achieves higher throughput and better efficiency under the given parameters when the ARRM strategy applied properly.
PURPOSE: A device for demodulating an M-binary of a digital communication system is provided to d... more PURPOSE: A device for demodulating an M-binary of a digital communication system is provided to demodulate a set of orthogonal modulation signals received with a binary data type in serial, thereby applicable to a base station system of a wireless network. CONSTITUTION: An M-bit Walsh code is simultaneously inputted to an input 00 processor(610), an input 01 processor(620), an input 10 processor(630), and an input 11 processor(640) performing functions of a matching filter. Each input processor(610,620,630,640) carries out a matching filter operation between a portion of an incoming signal and binary pairs(00,01,10,11). Outputs of the processors(610,620,630,640) and matching filters are inputted to an input decision processor(650). The input decision processor(650) supplies information on which input processor is matched with the incoming signal to a controller(660). The controller(660) loads the first row of a preset code mask table of the matched input processor, and adds a value ...
Ucuncu nesil (Third Generation, 3G) haberlesme sistemleri tum dunyada yaygin olarak kullanilmakta... more Ucuncu nesil (Third Generation, 3G) haberlesme sistemleri tum dunyada yaygin olarak kullanilmaktadir ve hizla gelismektedir. Isin sekillendirme yetenegine sahip akilli anten algoritmasi ucuncu nesil haberlesme sistemleri icin ortaya atilmistir. Bu calismada, uzay kod korelatoru (Space Code Correlator, SCC) olarak isimlendirilen yeni bir akilli anten algoritmasi tasarimi ve gerceklestirimini oneren bir calisma sunulmaktadir. Onerilen algoritma onceden belirlenmis dogrultu vektorleri ve istenilir kullanici kodu ile kod korelasyonu ve depolanmis dogrultu vektorleri ile genisletilmis sinyalin uzaysal korelasyonu temeline dayanmaktadir. Tasarimdaki amac, yakinsama problemini ortadan kaldirarak sabit gerceklestirme zamanina sahip, yeterli sinyal girisim gurultu orani (SINR) performansini saglayan isin sekillendirme agirlik vektorlerinin bulunmasidir. Bu calismada, SCC algoritmasi coklu yol yayilim kosullarinda, farkli Texas Instruments (TI) TMS320C67x kayan nokta dijital sinyal islemciler...
mobile receivers is limited primarily by co–channel interference (CCI). Adaptive Antenna Arrays (... more mobile receivers is limited primarily by co–channel interference (CCI). Adaptive Antenna Arrays (AAAs) that employ antenna arrays along with advanced signal processing at the base station (BS) have been proposed to mitigate this limitation. We present FL capacity analysis for mixed voice and data user traffic scenarios in third generation (3G) CDMA cellular network, where each BS is equipped with either three–sector uniform linear array (ULA) or non–sectorized uniform circular array (UCA). We demonstrate that the FL capacity of the system is considerably affected by the antenna array topology. We find that the optimum element spacing resulting in the largest FL system capacity is 0,5O for both ULA and UCA topologies. Also, it is found that the UCA provides larger FL capacity when compared to the ULA under the same array parameters, i.e., element spacing and number of elements per cell.
2019 International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT)
This paper presents malicious relay node detection in a cooperative network using unsupervised le... more This paper presents malicious relay node detection in a cooperative network using unsupervised learning based on the received signal samples over the source to destination (S-D) link at the destination node. We consider the situations in which possible maliciousness of the relay is the regenerative, injection or garbling type attacks over the source signal according to attack modeling in the communication. The proposed approach here for such an attack detection problem is to apply unsupervised machine learning using one-class classifier (OCC) algorithms. Among the algorithms compared, One-Class Support Vector Machines (OSVM) with kernel radial basis function (RBF) has the largest accuracy performance in detecting malicious node attacks with certain types and also detect trustable relay by using specific features of the symbol constellation of the received signal. Results show that we can achieve detection accuracy about 99% with SVM-RBF and k-NN learning algorithms for garbling type relay attacks. The results also encourage that OCC algorithms considered in this study with different feature selections could be effective in detecting other types of relay attacks.
International Journal of Communication Systems
AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications
2005 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications
Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are widely used to provide variable data rates ... more Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes are widely used to provide variable data rates for supporting different bandwidth requirements in wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems. Many works in the literature have intensively investigated code placement and replacement schemes in OVSF code trees to reduce the code blocking probability and increase the code spectral efficiency. This paper describes a