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Papers by Emre AKANAK

Research paper thumbnail of Ontological Roots of the Schism in Economics and the Origins of the Conflicts between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy

Economics Literature, 2022

This paper discusses the roots of the unending conflicts between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in econ... more This paper discusses the roots of the unending conflicts between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in economics, including the paradigms behind the main disagreements. Historically, it is impossible to define any school of economics and thought – in Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy – via homogeneous and monolith terms, concepts, outlines, definitions, and ideas. The most essential and obvious fact of the economy (and the especially central fact of political economy) is the "transformation of economics," including concepts, methodologies, understanding, and even perception(s). Since the early 19th Century, the "concept of economics" has changed. This process has been advancing on controversial studies based on concrete facts and phenomena in human life (especially inflation, unemployment, growth, wealth, poverty, development, etc.). But just like the methodologies and understanding of the facts, economic studies' and focuses on economics transformed the outcomes of these concepts) have also been changing. Unfortunately, most economists still choose to label themselves via one of the "poles" (Orthodox or Heterodox) and become part of/this polarization. And the economy has much more profound and solid polarization than any other social sciences (including sociology, anthropology, psychology, history, etc.) and natural sciences (math, statistics, physics, chemistry, etc.). Also, this polarization means more than just methodologic differentiation. It also includes biases and, most of the time, ideologic backgrounds. This fact makes "the schism" much deep, unique and vital, especially in critical periods (such as like financial crisis in 2007, Covid19 in 2019, and many others). Also, unlike other social sciences, economics is directly related to daily life (and political dilemmas). And the main focus of this article is briefly explaining the roots of this polarization(s) via the most explosive conflicts between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy, including a brief Ontological analysis of this schism.

Research paper thumbnail of XXI. Yüzyıl Spekülasyon ve Manipülasyon Uygulamaları

“XXI. Yuzyil Spekulasyon ve ManipulasyonUygulamalari” spekulasyon ve manipulasyon uygulamalarinin... more “XXI. Yuzyil Spekulasyon ve ManipulasyonUygulamalari” spekulasyon ve manipulasyon uygulamalarinin evrimine iliskin bircalismadir. Calisma tamamen politik ekonomi (ekonomipolitik) calismalar kapsamindagerceklestirilen bir tez olup, Kapitalizm ve Kapitalizm’in evrimi ile dogrudan iliskilidir.Tezin genel kapsami spekulasyon, manipulasyon, kriz, piyasa ve sistem iliskileri uzerinekuruludur. Calisma draft niteligi tasimakta olup gelecekte gerceklestirilecek detaylicalismalar ve doktora calismalari icin hazirlik ve altyapi niteligindedir. Tez calismasinda(sonuc) kisminda ifade edildigi uzere spekulasyonlar ve manipulasyonlar krizlerleiliskilidirler. Akademik goruslerin aksine spekulasyon ve manipulasyonlar krizlere yolacmamakta daha cok krizler ve kriz durumlari spekulasyon ve manipulasyonuygulamalarina neden olmaktadir. Piyasanin realiteden uzak olmasi ve algi uzerinekurulmasi piyasadaki kirilganliklari tetiklemektedir.---- Speculation and Manipulation Applications of XXIst Century” thesis study is based on evolution of speculation and manipulation practices. The study involvesresearches, (theory and practice studies) on political economy and it is (directly) related withCapitalism and evolution of Capitalism. General content (and concept) of the thesis – study –based on speculation, manipulation, crisis, market (market economy) and system relations. Thestudy is a basic draft study which to be continued in detail studies and it is a kind of basic studyfor Ph.D. program of political economy. As provided and realized in thesis (especially inconclusion) speculations and manipulations are (closely) related with crisis. Unlike academicviews, speculations and manipulations are not reasons of crisis, but rather crisis createsspeculations and manipulations (conditions). Fragility of the market have been triggering bymarket psychology which based on perceptions and also behaviors which based on not realisticperceptions and unrealistic forecasts.

Research paper thumbnail of XXI. Yüzyıl Spekülasyon ve Manipülasyon Uygulamaları (düzeltilmiş)

Thesis Chapters by Emre AKANAK

Research paper thumbnail of POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY (POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT ON THE AXIS OF INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY) Dissertation

PhD Thesis, 2024

Akanak, Emre. Political Economy of Innovation and Technology, Ph.D Thesis Ankara, 2024. The the... more Akanak, Emre. Political Economy of Innovation and Technology, Ph.D Thesis Ankara, 2024.
The thesis has focused on understanding background of innovation and technology in light of G7 countries and analysis of related data, including political economy theory, economy theory and economic relations (production and consumption relations). The G7 data have been used (and utilized) from 1983 to 2019. And many other data have been utilized in Chapter 1 in order to create 3D development path. The analysis shows that patent applications in general are not very dominant and significant in growth while FDI and AKIiGDP and other related parameters are very significant. Which also shows an effective market structure and functioning market mechanism are very important for development. The results also correlate with weakening role of the universities in R&D studies. The main finding is there is serious relations between growth and capital changes and also ME is very dominant. Regarding to evaluating qualitative data and the concepts, clearly there is relations with ME and growth but for development commercialization capability is necessary. Commercialization capabilities of R&D requires developed and functioning financial system and institutions and commercialization of ME and transforming R&D studies in military industry requires very well-established financial structure, financial institutions, limited state structure via developed legal systems and strong individuals and corporations. Clearly G7 represents developed part of the World Economy, but also one of the problems is, it is not possible to find data (and especially accurate and trustable data) from non-developed countries and even for developed countries many data started to be recorded after 1980s. But it is possible to see each economy has their own conditions and there is no a clear path for development and all growths do not guarantee development. But for development functioning industry and highly productive industry structure is necessary.
Keywords: Innovation, Technology, Development, Growth, Modelling

Research paper thumbnail of I. BEŞ YILLIK KALKINMA PLANI (1963 – 1967) KAPSAMINDA KALKINMA POLİTİKALARI & TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI İLİŞKİSİ

Unpublished Master Thesis, 2011

The development process of Republic of Turkey seems as a spiral. Development has a special meanin... more The development process of Republic of Turkey seems as a spiral. Development has a special meaning for Republic of Turkey and has deep origins which come from, since the Ottoman Empire not just (only) Republic of Turkey. At the same time development is a problematic for Republic of Turkey. On the other hand development process (means) is an exit from Middle Age for Republic of Turkey. In this concept (and content) development must be considered with Economical History of Republic of Turkey and Political History of Republic of Turkey. Also chore of the problematic or/and a basic part of the problematic is (always) bureaucracy in Republic of Turkey. In the putrid and unworked bureaucracy the word of “bureaucrat” has been over identify (with) the word of “parasite”. Public (sector and the structure) had been transformed to an unprofessional, insufficient, functionless, characterless structure. And the public had been occupied by the characterless and functionless bureaucrats involve (duties of an) undersecretaries and heads of departments. Also another important thing is today the public had been became the centre of disguised unemployment. The private sector has been carrying on his shoulders the weight of disguised unemployment bureaucrats via the taxes which seems racket, like the same which happened in the Middle Age by the feudal lords. The citizens of Republic of Turkey have been living in the same tax system which had been executed in Middle Age by the feudal lords. Republic of Turkey had been passed his own Middle Age over by 1923 Revolution but the revolution had not been completed yet. In this concept analysing of the development process of Turkey involve historical background and historical process. But basic requirement of Republic of Turkey is not analysis’; it is also reshaping, changing, and transforming...

Research paper thumbnail of Ontological Roots of the Schism in Economics and the Origins of the Conflicts between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy

Economics Literature, 2022

This paper discusses the roots of the unending conflicts between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in econ... more This paper discusses the roots of the unending conflicts between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in economics, including the paradigms behind the main disagreements. Historically, it is impossible to define any school of economics and thought – in Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy – via homogeneous and monolith terms, concepts, outlines, definitions, and ideas. The most essential and obvious fact of the economy (and the especially central fact of political economy) is the "transformation of economics," including concepts, methodologies, understanding, and even perception(s). Since the early 19th Century, the "concept of economics" has changed. This process has been advancing on controversial studies based on concrete facts and phenomena in human life (especially inflation, unemployment, growth, wealth, poverty, development, etc.). But just like the methodologies and understanding of the facts, economic studies' and focuses on economics transformed the outcomes of these concepts) have also been changing. Unfortunately, most economists still choose to label themselves via one of the "poles" (Orthodox or Heterodox) and become part of/this polarization. And the economy has much more profound and solid polarization than any other social sciences (including sociology, anthropology, psychology, history, etc.) and natural sciences (math, statistics, physics, chemistry, etc.). Also, this polarization means more than just methodologic differentiation. It also includes biases and, most of the time, ideologic backgrounds. This fact makes "the schism" much deep, unique and vital, especially in critical periods (such as like financial crisis in 2007, Covid19 in 2019, and many others). Also, unlike other social sciences, economics is directly related to daily life (and political dilemmas). And the main focus of this article is briefly explaining the roots of this polarization(s) via the most explosive conflicts between Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy, including a brief Ontological analysis of this schism.

Research paper thumbnail of XXI. Yüzyıl Spekülasyon ve Manipülasyon Uygulamaları

“XXI. Yuzyil Spekulasyon ve ManipulasyonUygulamalari” spekulasyon ve manipulasyon uygulamalarinin... more “XXI. Yuzyil Spekulasyon ve ManipulasyonUygulamalari” spekulasyon ve manipulasyon uygulamalarinin evrimine iliskin bircalismadir. Calisma tamamen politik ekonomi (ekonomipolitik) calismalar kapsamindagerceklestirilen bir tez olup, Kapitalizm ve Kapitalizm’in evrimi ile dogrudan iliskilidir.Tezin genel kapsami spekulasyon, manipulasyon, kriz, piyasa ve sistem iliskileri uzerinekuruludur. Calisma draft niteligi tasimakta olup gelecekte gerceklestirilecek detaylicalismalar ve doktora calismalari icin hazirlik ve altyapi niteligindedir. Tez calismasinda(sonuc) kisminda ifade edildigi uzere spekulasyonlar ve manipulasyonlar krizlerleiliskilidirler. Akademik goruslerin aksine spekulasyon ve manipulasyonlar krizlere yolacmamakta daha cok krizler ve kriz durumlari spekulasyon ve manipulasyonuygulamalarina neden olmaktadir. Piyasanin realiteden uzak olmasi ve algi uzerinekurulmasi piyasadaki kirilganliklari tetiklemektedir.---- Speculation and Manipulation Applications of XXIst Century” thesis study is based on evolution of speculation and manipulation practices. The study involvesresearches, (theory and practice studies) on political economy and it is (directly) related withCapitalism and evolution of Capitalism. General content (and concept) of the thesis – study –based on speculation, manipulation, crisis, market (market economy) and system relations. Thestudy is a basic draft study which to be continued in detail studies and it is a kind of basic studyfor Ph.D. program of political economy. As provided and realized in thesis (especially inconclusion) speculations and manipulations are (closely) related with crisis. Unlike academicviews, speculations and manipulations are not reasons of crisis, but rather crisis createsspeculations and manipulations (conditions). Fragility of the market have been triggering bymarket psychology which based on perceptions and also behaviors which based on not realisticperceptions and unrealistic forecasts.

Research paper thumbnail of XXI. Yüzyıl Spekülasyon ve Manipülasyon Uygulamaları (düzeltilmiş)

Research paper thumbnail of POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY (POLITICAL ECONOMY OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT ON THE AXIS OF INNOVATION & TECHNOLOGY) Dissertation

PhD Thesis, 2024

Akanak, Emre. Political Economy of Innovation and Technology, Ph.D Thesis Ankara, 2024. The the... more Akanak, Emre. Political Economy of Innovation and Technology, Ph.D Thesis Ankara, 2024.
The thesis has focused on understanding background of innovation and technology in light of G7 countries and analysis of related data, including political economy theory, economy theory and economic relations (production and consumption relations). The G7 data have been used (and utilized) from 1983 to 2019. And many other data have been utilized in Chapter 1 in order to create 3D development path. The analysis shows that patent applications in general are not very dominant and significant in growth while FDI and AKIiGDP and other related parameters are very significant. Which also shows an effective market structure and functioning market mechanism are very important for development. The results also correlate with weakening role of the universities in R&D studies. The main finding is there is serious relations between growth and capital changes and also ME is very dominant. Regarding to evaluating qualitative data and the concepts, clearly there is relations with ME and growth but for development commercialization capability is necessary. Commercialization capabilities of R&D requires developed and functioning financial system and institutions and commercialization of ME and transforming R&D studies in military industry requires very well-established financial structure, financial institutions, limited state structure via developed legal systems and strong individuals and corporations. Clearly G7 represents developed part of the World Economy, but also one of the problems is, it is not possible to find data (and especially accurate and trustable data) from non-developed countries and even for developed countries many data started to be recorded after 1980s. But it is possible to see each economy has their own conditions and there is no a clear path for development and all growths do not guarantee development. But for development functioning industry and highly productive industry structure is necessary.
Keywords: Innovation, Technology, Development, Growth, Modelling

Research paper thumbnail of I. BEŞ YILLIK KALKINMA PLANI (1963 – 1967) KAPSAMINDA KALKINMA POLİTİKALARI & TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI İLİŞKİSİ

Unpublished Master Thesis, 2011

The development process of Republic of Turkey seems as a spiral. Development has a special meanin... more The development process of Republic of Turkey seems as a spiral. Development has a special meaning for Republic of Turkey and has deep origins which come from, since the Ottoman Empire not just (only) Republic of Turkey. At the same time development is a problematic for Republic of Turkey. On the other hand development process (means) is an exit from Middle Age for Republic of Turkey. In this concept (and content) development must be considered with Economical History of Republic of Turkey and Political History of Republic of Turkey. Also chore of the problematic or/and a basic part of the problematic is (always) bureaucracy in Republic of Turkey. In the putrid and unworked bureaucracy the word of “bureaucrat” has been over identify (with) the word of “parasite”. Public (sector and the structure) had been transformed to an unprofessional, insufficient, functionless, characterless structure. And the public had been occupied by the characterless and functionless bureaucrats involve (duties of an) undersecretaries and heads of departments. Also another important thing is today the public had been became the centre of disguised unemployment. The private sector has been carrying on his shoulders the weight of disguised unemployment bureaucrats via the taxes which seems racket, like the same which happened in the Middle Age by the feudal lords. The citizens of Republic of Turkey have been living in the same tax system which had been executed in Middle Age by the feudal lords. Republic of Turkey had been passed his own Middle Age over by 1923 Revolution but the revolution had not been completed yet. In this concept analysing of the development process of Turkey involve historical background and historical process. But basic requirement of Republic of Turkey is not analysis’; it is also reshaping, changing, and transforming...