Ali Asghar Salahshour | University of Tehran (original) (raw)
Papers by Ali Asghar Salahshour
Iranian studies, 2023
مکان هاي مقدس در یک کارکرد نقطه مشترکی دارند و آن در برگرفتن امر قدسی است و معماري از دیربا... more مکان هاي مقدس در یک کارکرد نقطه مشترکی دارند و آن در برگرفتن امر قدسی است و معماري از دیرباز بستر تبلور اندیشههاي متعالی انسان، تجلیگاه احساسات ناب بشري و خاستگاه تحقق کمالات آدمیان بوده است. داده هاي پژوهش که از طریق بازدید و مشاهدة اثر و مراسم مذهبی و نیز مصاحبه و بررسی اسناد گردآوري شده است، متعلق به گروهی است که در استان کرمانشاه با عنوان یارسان یا اهل حق شناخته میشوند. گوردخمة دکان داود به عنوان یک مکان مقدس که روزانه در آنجا به عبادت پرداخته میشود نمودي از فضایی مقدس و معنوي است که توسط پیروان اهل حق از دیرباز مورد ستایش و عبادت قرارگرفته است. حس قداست در این بنا با انجام نیایش و برگزاري مراسم مذهبی در جوار آن، به معناي واقعی به عبادت کننده و پیروان این آیین و حتی به کسانی که به عنوان بازدید کنندة یک اثر تاریخی به آنجا میروند القا میشود و پیروان آن پیوسته در تلاش اند با انجام مراسم مذهبی، به این مکان روح و تقدس بدهند. قدسی به منزلة امري انتزاعی و رابطة آن با جهان واقعیت، محوري¬ترین بحث این پژوهش است که سعی بر آن است تا با نگاهی اجمالی به ماهیت آیین اهل حق، به بیان مفهوم امر قدسی و تجلی آن در گوردخمة دکان داود به عنوان یک معماري قدسی بپردازیم که استعارة قابلرؤیت براي یک دنیاي مذهبی محسوب میشود و آنچه قداست این مکان را تبیین میکند فارغ از ظاهر معماري آن، به امر قدسی اشاره دارد. بنابراین با ارائة گزارش هاي تاریخی در پی پاسخ به این سؤال هستیم که بین گوردخمة دکان داود بهعنوان اثر معماري تاریخی و قداست آن چه نسبتی برقرار است؟ داده هاي این پژوهش به صورت کتابخانهاي- میدانی و روش پژوهش و روش شناسی متن به ترتیب، توصیفی- تحلیلی و روایتی- نقلی است.
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران, 2022
Although the terms psychological warfare and propaganda are relatively new, the concepts are very... more Although the terms psychological warfare and propaganda are relatively new, the concepts are very old indeed. Both have a lengthy history in the ancient Near East where they were practiced for thousands of years before the Persians arrived on the scene. One of the tools for the stability of ancient ideological systems was propaganda. The Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid Empires also used propaganda to advance their ideology and maintain their power and authority. How the kings of Neo-Assyria and the Achaemenids portrayed or described themselves and liked how other lands or people saw or understood them shows using propaganda in their written and visual documents and evidence. Undoubtedly, in the royal contexts of Neo-Assyria and the Achaemenids, they did not depict or write all the facts so that their ideology would not be harmed and their power, authority, and legitimacy to rule over the vast people and territories of their Empires would not be compromised. They portrayed or described a self-image that frightened the subject people and lead to their submission, or impressed them by showing and describing the glory and greatness, and the universal order and dominance of Empire. This research using written and visual sources and evidence of the royal contexts of Neo-Assyria and Achaemenid examines the tools and goals of propaganda, their intended audiences, as well as propaganda methods and strategies, especially in inscriptions and architectural reliefs, and identifies similarities and differences. The fundamental differences between Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid propaganda is the emphasis on violence in the royal ideology of the Assyrians Empire.Tools such as royal reliefs, steles, seals, coins (Achaemenid period), and inscriptions were ancient media that communicated with their specific and universal audiences and directed their thoughts and minds, and Assyrians and Achaemenids were aware of their influence and used them in their propaganda.
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2022
One of the fundamental features of the ancient states associated with power was ideology, and Neo... more One of the fundamental features of the ancient states associated with power was ideology, and Neo-Assyria and the Achaemenid empires were no exception to this rule. If we look at the written and visual documents and evidence of the royal contexts of Neo-Assyria and the Achaemenid, ideology has been at the heart of these two empires. How did they treat the subject people? How was their cooperation and participation with these empires? What was the connection between kings and their god or gods to justify their actions? How did the royal inscriptions and images describe the characteristics of a mighty and powerful king? What were the characteristics of hegemony and the view of domination over the whole world and nations in their views and in what methods was it done? These are the questions that this research seeks to answer to determine the ideological commonalities and differences between these two empires in their royal contexts and whether their ideological strategies and methods have been fundamentally different concerning the verbal and visual violence of the Assyrians? To achieve its goals, this research has examined the inscriptions and images (reliefs, steles, seals) of the royal contexts of these two periods. Concerning the strategies, methods, and concepts studied in this research, such as the mighty and powerful king, universal hegemony, connection between king and god (gods), participation of subject people in advancing the goals of the two empires, large construction projects and building of magnificent monuments, etc. There is not much difference in the royal ideology of the two Neo-Assyria and Achaemenid. Of course, the explicit and barely verbal and visual violence of the Assyrian should not be ignored in their royal reliefs and inscriptions, however, in the written and visual evidence of the Achaemenids, especially in the Persepolis, this violence is not explicitly seen, that is an important feature of the worldview and ideology of the Achaemenid monarchy.
Ancient Iranian Studies, 2022
The ethical policy of Ancient Iranian Studies is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (CO... more The ethical policy of Ancient Iranian Studies is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and complies with International Committee of Ancient Iranian Studies Editorial Board codes of conduct. Readers, authors, reviewers and editors should follow these ethical policies once working with Ancient Iranian Studies. The ethical policy of Ancient Iranian Studies is liable to determine which of the typical research papers or articles submitted to the journal should be published in the concerned issue. For information on this matter in publishing and ethical guidelines please visit www.publicationethics.org.
Persica Antiqua, 2022
The ethical policy of Persica Antiqua is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guid... more The ethical policy of Persica Antiqua is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and complies with International Committee of Persica Antiqua Editorial Board codes of conduct. Readers, authors, reviewers and editors should follow these ethical policies once working with Persica Antiqua. The ethical policy of Persica Antiqua is liable to determine which of the typical research papers or articles submitted to the journal should be published in the concerned issue. For information on this matter in publishing and ethical guidelines please visit www.publicationethics.org.
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2021
Specimens of beardless persons are seen in ancient Near East works such as the Achaemenid and Ass... more Specimens of beardless persons are seen in ancient Near East works such as the Achaemenid and Assyrian periods (Figure 1, 2, 3, 4). A tradition that seems to have lasted until the Sasanid period, like Kerdīr (Figure 12). He reached such a very high position in the Sasanids' political structure that Narseh mentioned his name in the inscription of "Paikuli" among his noblemen and loyalists. Also, a person without a beard is seen in Ardashir I's reliefs in Fars. We can quickly identify these people as servants. Indeed, holding a device such as fly-whisk (?) not only did not create a disturb and disorder in their task, but also they could reach a position that everywhere are portrayed behind the king, and their Specimens are visible in the reliefs of the Assyrian, Achaemenid, and Sasanid (including Kerdīr). It seems the person who has been portrayed without a beard in all of Ardashir I's reliefs in Fars is enjoying such a position (Figure 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Regarding all of Ardashir Babakan's reliefs, this beardless person is portrayed with a diadem and royal ribbons, so he cannot be one of the Sasanid kingdom people. We should search for his identity among non-royal family members. Among the courtiers of Ardashir are only Tansar and Abarsam, that different narratives exist about these two persons, especially in the Islamic sources are mentioned about their high position among the clerics. Tansar has not been mentioned in any sources contemporary with the Sasanid. Abarsam is mentioned in the inscriptions of the Shāpūr I's Ka'ba-i Zardusht among the Ardashir's courtiers, not as the clergy or Ardashir's vizier, but as one of the courtiers in the fifteenth row of this inscription. Regarding this person in the relief of Ardashir's war with Ardawan IV and Ardashir's investiture from Ahura Mazda, he has been both the high political and the first rank of the clergy society. According to Ibn Balkhi's version about Ardashir's vizier called Nansar, some scholars consider Tansar and Abarsam one person. He is named as "Mobad-e Mobadan" in epic texts, such as Karname-ye Ardahsir, and mentioned in the Shahnameh Ferdowsi with various titles, such as "Dastūr", vizier, "Mobad" and "Kadkhodā or Kadiwar (alderman)". The likeness of this person with the great Sasanian cleric is that like Kerdīr carrying the sword in the reliefs of Sarāb-e Bahrām and Sarmashhad, this person also, in addition to fighting on the battlefield of Tangab-e Firuzabad with the Parthian rival, in other Ardashir's reliefs carries a sword indicating this person has had a strong political influence, in addition to the high ranking clergy, as well as Kerdīr. This is a crucial point in rejecting the approaches of those who regard this person as a simple servant or a eunuch holding a fly-whisk behind the king's head. Is it reasonable a servant who is only his duty to hold a fly-whisk (?) behind the king's head carrying the weapon with his own? On the other hand, the carved emblem on his kolāh shows his descent and ancestry. Emblems related to the family of essential persons were carved on their kolāh, not a servant whose duty was only holding fly-whisk (?). Regarding the courtiers of Ardashir, Abarsam is the only person who has received the honorific title, "Ardashir's Farr" or Ardashir glory has been named in many sources as the senior clergy and grand vizier, so it seems has had a very high position. If we accept the view of the scholars that Parthian's adversary of the beardless person in the third scene of the relief of the warrior's war is the king of Ahwaz, or according to Henning, Ardawan V Elymais, probably can be more trusted in Tabari's version about the encounter king of Ahvaz with Abarsam who has attacked to the Ardashir Khorra in the absence of Ardashir, and should be considered the third scene of Firuzabad I's relief related to this battle and battle scene between the king of Ahwaz and Abarsam (Figure 7, 8). Probably a person portrayed without a beard in all of Ardashir's reliefs is Abarsam, who had both a very high political position because of his numerous services to Ardashir, and senior clergy of the Sasanid period appeared with this portrait and figure in the reliefs according to the tradition of shaving face among the clerics.
مجله کندوکاو، سال دهم، شماره دهم, 2020
مجله ایران ورجاوند، سال سوم، شماره چهارم, 2020
شناسی ایران مجلۀ | ۱۳۹۹ تابستان و بهار | ۴ شماره | ۳ سال | | ۲۹۶۲۹۸ نشان: ثبت... more شناسی ایران مجلۀ | ۱۳۹۹ تابستان و بهار | ۴ شماره | ۳ سال | | ۲۹۶۲۹۸ نشان: ثبت شمارۀ | ۸۰۶۸۸ مجله: ثبت شمارۀ | | آریامنش شاهین دکتر سردبیر: و مدیر و امتیاز صاحب | | رستمی هوشنگ داخلی: مدیر | است زنده ورجاوند ایران ۱۴۵۱۵-۵۶۹ پستی: صندوق ان، تهر www.iranvarjavand.ir Iranvarjavand@hotmail.com ۰۹۳۹۵۹۶۹۴۶۶ | تیسافرن باستانکاوی پژوهشی گروه همکاری با | بهاحتمال که سلوخا، محوطۀ از سکایی زرین شانۀ جلد: تصویر روسیه ارمیتاژ موزه چهارم، سدۀ اوایل ساختهاند. یونانیان شناسی باستان قوم و انداز چشم شناسی باستان پرونده | ۱۳۹۹ تابستان و بهار | ۴ شمارۀ ،۳ سال | ورجاوند ایران |
مجله ایران ورجاوند، سال سوم، شماره چهارم, 2020
مجله پژوهش های باستان شناسی مدرس، شماره 14 و 15، سال دهم و یازدهم, 2019
با آن که آثار سگ از هزارۀ 13 پ م در محوطههای دورۀ ناتوفی لوانت به دست آمده است، اما پیشینۀ تصویر... more با آن که آثار سگ از هزارۀ 13 پ م در محوطههای دورۀ ناتوفی لوانت به دست آمده است، اما پیشینۀ تصویر سگسانان از هزارۀ 8 پ م دورتر نمیرود. کهن ترین نقوش سگ و نخستین تصاویر نژادی شبیه تازی ایرانی امروزی یا «سَلوکی» در برخی محوطه های دهلران و خوزستان ایران یافت شده است. این مقالۀ مختصر به کهن ترین نقوش سگ سانان و شواهدی از وجود نژادی تازی مانند میپردازد
Paykareh, Journal of Art Faculty Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 2019
One of the fundamental characteristics of Achaemenid art is its combinatorial nature. Depiction o... more One of the fundamental characteristics of Achaemenid art is its combinatorial nature. Depiction of the levee in this period is a clear manifestation of this important feature. Since the use of visual media in the ancient world was limited, rock relief and wall paintings have been useful and efficient tools for showing the political power of the state. One of these scenes is the levee ceremony, during which the king let his subjects or their representatives come to the court in order to listen to their problems, issues, and political-economic conditions. The levee was also held when the king was given tributes by conquered states or decided to offer gifts. The rock reliefs depicting levee belonging to the Achaemenid Empire, especially in Persepolis, reflect these features very clearly.The authors of this paper believe that the artistic influences of Neo-Assyrians and Neo-Elamites on the Achaemenids are evident, especially in the representation of levee in Achaemenid architecture. This impact is particularly obvious in the hybrid animal motifs, such as Shirdal (Griffin), winged cows with human heads (lamassu), clothes, weapons, utensils, depiction of battle scenes (e.g., the battle of the royal hero with real and hybrid animals), porters, and fortification and treasury tablets. Therefore, the present research intends to compare the Achaemenid art with those of the Neo-Assyria and Neo-Elam. Regarding the temporal and spatial correspondence of Achaemenid with these two empires, the scene of levee depicted in Persepolis was compared with those of Neo-Elamite Kidin Hutran Bronze Cup and Neo-Assyrian paintings of Til Barsip. The aim was to identify the similarities and differences of these three civilizations and determine the extent to which the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Elamite civilizations influenced the depiction of the levee in Apadana of Persepolis. The present research aims to answer questions, such as what are the similarities and differences of the Achaemenid levee depicted in Persepolis and those depicted in Neo-Elmite Kidin Hutran Bronze Cup as well as Neo-Assyrian paintings of Til Barsip, and whether the royal levee scenes of Persepolis aimed to further political purposes and express the political power of the Achaemenids. In line with this study, Stronach in “Icons of Dominion: Review Scenes at Til Barsip and Persepolis” (Stronach, 2002) compared the scenes represented in Til Barsip and Persepolis. Moreover, he determined the legitimacy and power of the Assyrian and Achaemenid kings based on these scenes.
Negareh Quarterly, 2019
The use of carving technique is one of the most commonly used architectural decorations in the Is... more The use of carving technique is one of the most commonly used architectural decorations in the Islamic buildings that the large number of samples being displayed in the mosques of Isfahan. Examining, studying and comparing each of them can be comprised the recognition of their cultural identity. The main purpose of the present study is to identify, classify and analyze the carving decorations based on the type of motifs in the building of the Atiqh Mosque in Isfahan and seek to answer the following questions: 1- Carving decorations of the Atiqh mosque in Isfahan in terms of motifs and themes, what features and samples are included? 2. What the differences and similarities are there in terms of motifs between building’s carving decorations in the Safavid and Qajar periods?
This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method based on field studies and library studies and qualitative analysis. The findings of the research show that the carving decorations of the Atiq mosque in terms of technique have three types of bossy, high reliefs (Barheshte) and negative engraving, and from the function point of view are divided into the inscriptions, trough, mihrab, flowerpot decorations, columns and semi-columns, stone windows and conical decorations. Accordingly, the different motifs of the mosque carvings in order of frequency are categorized in a variety of geometric shapes (frameworks, flowerpots decorations, moqarnas, decorative screws, knots and other geometric patterns), calligraphy (Nastaliq, Sols and Kofi), and Herbal designs (abstract). These motifs do not have a specific date in many cases, but the dated examples belong to the Safavid and Qajar periods.
In the study of the Characteristics of the Atiq Mosque in Isfahan, the works of carving belonging to the two Safavid and Qajar periods were studied and identified. What is clear is that realism far from the deep mystical and philosophical themes of Iranian art is obseved in the carvings of the Qajar period. These examples have been formed the visual and spatial features of the art of the Qajar period, and in the carvings of the Atiq mosque, these are formed massive, compact, and unreasonable, At the same time, the carvings of the mosque reflect the fact that during the Qajar period, We can see the creativity and variety of artistic decorations in the different spaces of the mosque, but on the other hand, when we see decorations of carvings and their functions from other aspects such as decorations, sizes, proportions, and shapes, the decorations of carving in the Qajar period have a lower status compared to its past periods, and especially the Safavid period. The shapes do not have the firmness and stability. The proportions are at a lower level than the balanced and harmonic proportions in the previous periods. The motifs of Carvings are in size and extent in limited examples compared to the Safavid period. The special features of Qajar carvings art compared to the Safavid period in the Atiq mosque include: Detailed and busy of motifs and elements in a frame, simplifying the carved lines and their execution without paying attention to the features of decorative arrays and the lack of attention to the form.
مجله مطالعات باستان شناسی دانشگاه تهران, 2019
Abstract: In this paper have been studied a total coins of bronze and silver belonging to the Ely... more Abstract:
In this paper have been studied a total coins of bronze and silver belonging to the Elymaean by using of PIXE to be can achieved the beneficial results about the identification of concentration of present elements, the number of mines and the number of Mint through elemental analysis and definition of the chemical composition of metals. For achievement to the above mentioned goals, we analyzed 35 coins of Elymais. These coins involve period (85 BC -224 AD). Observations results indicated that percent proportion of main elements of coins such as siver and copper in the three periods of Elymaean were different together and coins of first period have had more purity. Furethermore, the analyzed coins are minted in five mints and their primal raw material are from three different mines. The statistical analysis was performed by using of the Spss software.
مجله تاریخ پژوهی فردوسی مشهد, 2018
منشأ و حوزه گستردگی مجموعه یا فرهنگ باستان شناختی باختر- مروی و یا تمدن جیحون به صورت مفصل مورد ب... more منشأ و حوزه گستردگی مجموعه یا فرهنگ باستان شناختی باختر- مروی و یا تمدن جیحون به صورت مفصل مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. این فرهنگ در اواخر هزاره سوم و آغاز هزاره دوم ق.م دارای جوامع کشاورز و شهری بوده و ارتباطات گسترده ای با همسایگان جنوبی خود در فلات ایران داشته است. این پژوهش در مورد کشف تدفینی مربوط به فرهنگ BMAC از تپه عشق در دشت بجنورد در دامنه های جنوبی رشته کوه های کپت داغ می باشد. شباهت های زیادی که میان سنت های تدفینی و اشیای آیینی به دست آمده از تدفین تپه عشق با مواردی که از منطقه ی BMAC گزراش شده، حاکی از نفوذ فرهنگ BMAC بر مردمان فلات ایران در اواخر عصر مفرغ است.
مجله پژوهش هنر, 2018
Pottery is as the most abundant material data in the archaeology. Archaeologists have studied pot... more Pottery is as the most abundant material data in the archaeology. Archaeologists have studied pottery from a different point of view, such as typology, stratigraphic situation and relevance, but less attention has been paid to pottery figures. Elements of aesthetical and harmonic such as repetition, symmetry, balance, proportion, concentration and etc are frequently seen on the prehistoric potteries of Iran and implicate this important point that human being, in addition to applied aspect of pottery in the routine life, created different figures such as geometric, human, vegetal, animal, thematic and symbolic, and thus has satisfied his aesthetical needs. The Neolithic period is the beginning of painting on the pottery, most of which are geometric patterns, but in the chalcolithic period, we can see the development, evolution and progress of the painting on of the pottery, and the types of motifs are beautifully observed on the potteries of various areas of this period in Iran. In this research, in addition to look after visual and aesthetical aspects of figures on the prehistoric potteries of Iran, the relation between kind of aesthetical elements, kind of figures on the potteries and application of these elements has been studied. Research findings show that application of aesthetical elements along with mathematics concurrent , development of prehistory societies and social evolution of homo in the chalcolithic period turned to be complicated and these elements have been created with more beauty and delicacy whose appearance is the use of thematic , symbolic figures and application of these elements, as best as possible.
مجله تاریخ پژوهی
Gemstones and semi-precious stones in the documents and archaeological data, are always one of th... more Gemstones and semi-precious stones in the documents and archaeological data, are always one of the most important evidences obtained from archaeological excavations. The discovery of these works can help to the archaeological studies in the field of recognition of mines, commerce, trade of goods and materials, production centers of this type of goods, intermediaries in the business, restoration of commercial roads and recognition of elite and wealthy class in a site.
Besides the archaeological excavations, historical books and jewelry-letters provide valuable information in connection with the precious and semi-precious stones to the researchers. In this category of sources is presented useful information about mines introduction, mining methods, trade routes and medicinal properties of precious and semi-precious stones. In this research is tried to understand the role of lapis lazuli in trade, economy and culture from the early centuries until the tenth century Ah to can answer to question such as to questions such as what were lapis lazuli mines in the Islamic period? And lapis lazuli what applications have been in the life of society of this period? Recognition of types of mines and decorative, productive and pharmaceutical applications of lapis lazuli can be helped to the creation of new understanding of why the continuity and its commerce during the history.
Fortunately many archaeological evidences and documents have been found from Achaemenian period, ... more Fortunately many archaeological evidences and documents have been found from Achaemenian period, although the domain of findings of this period increase day by bay.One of these evidences includes treasures and other findings in different parts of the empire, inclusive Thrace which was situated in the Balkan Peninsula. This region had a great importance for the Achaemenid Empire because of its rich underground resources and also as the regional interface to deal with the Scythians. With respect to lack of data about this area, it is essential to perform an independent research in order to the Achaemenids influence and connections with Thrace region. Also in this investigation has been concentrated on the presence of Achaemenians in Thrace and it has surveyed on the similarities between the Achaemenids treasures with the Thracian ones. Result of these surveys will show that Thrace as a Achaemenid Satrap accepted Achaemenid standardization about art and architecture. This study is based on gathering information, pictorial and written documentary data as well as library studies, that has been done by descriptive and analytic method.
Iranian studies, 2023
مکان هاي مقدس در یک کارکرد نقطه مشترکی دارند و آن در برگرفتن امر قدسی است و معماري از دیربا... more مکان هاي مقدس در یک کارکرد نقطه مشترکی دارند و آن در برگرفتن امر قدسی است و معماري از دیرباز بستر تبلور اندیشههاي متعالی انسان، تجلیگاه احساسات ناب بشري و خاستگاه تحقق کمالات آدمیان بوده است. داده هاي پژوهش که از طریق بازدید و مشاهدة اثر و مراسم مذهبی و نیز مصاحبه و بررسی اسناد گردآوري شده است، متعلق به گروهی است که در استان کرمانشاه با عنوان یارسان یا اهل حق شناخته میشوند. گوردخمة دکان داود به عنوان یک مکان مقدس که روزانه در آنجا به عبادت پرداخته میشود نمودي از فضایی مقدس و معنوي است که توسط پیروان اهل حق از دیرباز مورد ستایش و عبادت قرارگرفته است. حس قداست در این بنا با انجام نیایش و برگزاري مراسم مذهبی در جوار آن، به معناي واقعی به عبادت کننده و پیروان این آیین و حتی به کسانی که به عنوان بازدید کنندة یک اثر تاریخی به آنجا میروند القا میشود و پیروان آن پیوسته در تلاش اند با انجام مراسم مذهبی، به این مکان روح و تقدس بدهند. قدسی به منزلة امري انتزاعی و رابطة آن با جهان واقعیت، محوري¬ترین بحث این پژوهش است که سعی بر آن است تا با نگاهی اجمالی به ماهیت آیین اهل حق، به بیان مفهوم امر قدسی و تجلی آن در گوردخمة دکان داود به عنوان یک معماري قدسی بپردازیم که استعارة قابلرؤیت براي یک دنیاي مذهبی محسوب میشود و آنچه قداست این مکان را تبیین میکند فارغ از ظاهر معماري آن، به امر قدسی اشاره دارد. بنابراین با ارائة گزارش هاي تاریخی در پی پاسخ به این سؤال هستیم که بین گوردخمة دکان داود بهعنوان اثر معماري تاریخی و قداست آن چه نسبتی برقرار است؟ داده هاي این پژوهش به صورت کتابخانهاي- میدانی و روش پژوهش و روش شناسی متن به ترتیب، توصیفی- تحلیلی و روایتی- نقلی است.
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران, 2022
Although the terms psychological warfare and propaganda are relatively new, the concepts are very... more Although the terms psychological warfare and propaganda are relatively new, the concepts are very old indeed. Both have a lengthy history in the ancient Near East where they were practiced for thousands of years before the Persians arrived on the scene. One of the tools for the stability of ancient ideological systems was propaganda. The Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid Empires also used propaganda to advance their ideology and maintain their power and authority. How the kings of Neo-Assyria and the Achaemenids portrayed or described themselves and liked how other lands or people saw or understood them shows using propaganda in their written and visual documents and evidence. Undoubtedly, in the royal contexts of Neo-Assyria and the Achaemenids, they did not depict or write all the facts so that their ideology would not be harmed and their power, authority, and legitimacy to rule over the vast people and territories of their Empires would not be compromised. They portrayed or described a self-image that frightened the subject people and lead to their submission, or impressed them by showing and describing the glory and greatness, and the universal order and dominance of Empire. This research using written and visual sources and evidence of the royal contexts of Neo-Assyria and Achaemenid examines the tools and goals of propaganda, their intended audiences, as well as propaganda methods and strategies, especially in inscriptions and architectural reliefs, and identifies similarities and differences. The fundamental differences between Neo-Assyrian and Achaemenid propaganda is the emphasis on violence in the royal ideology of the Assyrians Empire.Tools such as royal reliefs, steles, seals, coins (Achaemenid period), and inscriptions were ancient media that communicated with their specific and universal audiences and directed their thoughts and minds, and Assyrians and Achaemenids were aware of their influence and used them in their propaganda.
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2022
One of the fundamental features of the ancient states associated with power was ideology, and Neo... more One of the fundamental features of the ancient states associated with power was ideology, and Neo-Assyria and the Achaemenid empires were no exception to this rule. If we look at the written and visual documents and evidence of the royal contexts of Neo-Assyria and the Achaemenid, ideology has been at the heart of these two empires. How did they treat the subject people? How was their cooperation and participation with these empires? What was the connection between kings and their god or gods to justify their actions? How did the royal inscriptions and images describe the characteristics of a mighty and powerful king? What were the characteristics of hegemony and the view of domination over the whole world and nations in their views and in what methods was it done? These are the questions that this research seeks to answer to determine the ideological commonalities and differences between these two empires in their royal contexts and whether their ideological strategies and methods have been fundamentally different concerning the verbal and visual violence of the Assyrians? To achieve its goals, this research has examined the inscriptions and images (reliefs, steles, seals) of the royal contexts of these two periods. Concerning the strategies, methods, and concepts studied in this research, such as the mighty and powerful king, universal hegemony, connection between king and god (gods), participation of subject people in advancing the goals of the two empires, large construction projects and building of magnificent monuments, etc. There is not much difference in the royal ideology of the two Neo-Assyria and Achaemenid. Of course, the explicit and barely verbal and visual violence of the Assyrian should not be ignored in their royal reliefs and inscriptions, however, in the written and visual evidence of the Achaemenids, especially in the Persepolis, this violence is not explicitly seen, that is an important feature of the worldview and ideology of the Achaemenid monarchy.
Ancient Iranian Studies, 2022
The ethical policy of Ancient Iranian Studies is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (CO... more The ethical policy of Ancient Iranian Studies is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and complies with International Committee of Ancient Iranian Studies Editorial Board codes of conduct. Readers, authors, reviewers and editors should follow these ethical policies once working with Ancient Iranian Studies. The ethical policy of Ancient Iranian Studies is liable to determine which of the typical research papers or articles submitted to the journal should be published in the concerned issue. For information on this matter in publishing and ethical guidelines please visit www.publicationethics.org.
Persica Antiqua, 2022
The ethical policy of Persica Antiqua is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guid... more The ethical policy of Persica Antiqua is based on the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines and complies with International Committee of Persica Antiqua Editorial Board codes of conduct. Readers, authors, reviewers and editors should follow these ethical policies once working with Persica Antiqua. The ethical policy of Persica Antiqua is liable to determine which of the typical research papers or articles submitted to the journal should be published in the concerned issue. For information on this matter in publishing and ethical guidelines please visit www.publicationethics.org.
Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2021
Specimens of beardless persons are seen in ancient Near East works such as the Achaemenid and Ass... more Specimens of beardless persons are seen in ancient Near East works such as the Achaemenid and Assyrian periods (Figure 1, 2, 3, 4). A tradition that seems to have lasted until the Sasanid period, like Kerdīr (Figure 12). He reached such a very high position in the Sasanids' political structure that Narseh mentioned his name in the inscription of "Paikuli" among his noblemen and loyalists. Also, a person without a beard is seen in Ardashir I's reliefs in Fars. We can quickly identify these people as servants. Indeed, holding a device such as fly-whisk (?) not only did not create a disturb and disorder in their task, but also they could reach a position that everywhere are portrayed behind the king, and their Specimens are visible in the reliefs of the Assyrian, Achaemenid, and Sasanid (including Kerdīr). It seems the person who has been portrayed without a beard in all of Ardashir I's reliefs in Fars is enjoying such a position (Figure 7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Regarding all of Ardashir Babakan's reliefs, this beardless person is portrayed with a diadem and royal ribbons, so he cannot be one of the Sasanid kingdom people. We should search for his identity among non-royal family members. Among the courtiers of Ardashir are only Tansar and Abarsam, that different narratives exist about these two persons, especially in the Islamic sources are mentioned about their high position among the clerics. Tansar has not been mentioned in any sources contemporary with the Sasanid. Abarsam is mentioned in the inscriptions of the Shāpūr I's Ka'ba-i Zardusht among the Ardashir's courtiers, not as the clergy or Ardashir's vizier, but as one of the courtiers in the fifteenth row of this inscription. Regarding this person in the relief of Ardashir's war with Ardawan IV and Ardashir's investiture from Ahura Mazda, he has been both the high political and the first rank of the clergy society. According to Ibn Balkhi's version about Ardashir's vizier called Nansar, some scholars consider Tansar and Abarsam one person. He is named as "Mobad-e Mobadan" in epic texts, such as Karname-ye Ardahsir, and mentioned in the Shahnameh Ferdowsi with various titles, such as "Dastūr", vizier, "Mobad" and "Kadkhodā or Kadiwar (alderman)". The likeness of this person with the great Sasanian cleric is that like Kerdīr carrying the sword in the reliefs of Sarāb-e Bahrām and Sarmashhad, this person also, in addition to fighting on the battlefield of Tangab-e Firuzabad with the Parthian rival, in other Ardashir's reliefs carries a sword indicating this person has had a strong political influence, in addition to the high ranking clergy, as well as Kerdīr. This is a crucial point in rejecting the approaches of those who regard this person as a simple servant or a eunuch holding a fly-whisk behind the king's head. Is it reasonable a servant who is only his duty to hold a fly-whisk (?) behind the king's head carrying the weapon with his own? On the other hand, the carved emblem on his kolāh shows his descent and ancestry. Emblems related to the family of essential persons were carved on their kolāh, not a servant whose duty was only holding fly-whisk (?). Regarding the courtiers of Ardashir, Abarsam is the only person who has received the honorific title, "Ardashir's Farr" or Ardashir glory has been named in many sources as the senior clergy and grand vizier, so it seems has had a very high position. If we accept the view of the scholars that Parthian's adversary of the beardless person in the third scene of the relief of the warrior's war is the king of Ahwaz, or according to Henning, Ardawan V Elymais, probably can be more trusted in Tabari's version about the encounter king of Ahvaz with Abarsam who has attacked to the Ardashir Khorra in the absence of Ardashir, and should be considered the third scene of Firuzabad I's relief related to this battle and battle scene between the king of Ahwaz and Abarsam (Figure 7, 8). Probably a person portrayed without a beard in all of Ardashir's reliefs is Abarsam, who had both a very high political position because of his numerous services to Ardashir, and senior clergy of the Sasanid period appeared with this portrait and figure in the reliefs according to the tradition of shaving face among the clerics.
مجله کندوکاو، سال دهم، شماره دهم, 2020
مجله ایران ورجاوند، سال سوم، شماره چهارم, 2020
شناسی ایران مجلۀ | ۱۳۹۹ تابستان و بهار | ۴ شماره | ۳ سال | | ۲۹۶۲۹۸ نشان: ثبت... more شناسی ایران مجلۀ | ۱۳۹۹ تابستان و بهار | ۴ شماره | ۳ سال | | ۲۹۶۲۹۸ نشان: ثبت شمارۀ | ۸۰۶۸۸ مجله: ثبت شمارۀ | | آریامنش شاهین دکتر سردبیر: و مدیر و امتیاز صاحب | | رستمی هوشنگ داخلی: مدیر | است زنده ورجاوند ایران ۱۴۵۱۵-۵۶۹ پستی: صندوق ان، تهر www.iranvarjavand.ir Iranvarjavand@hotmail.com ۰۹۳۹۵۹۶۹۴۶۶ | تیسافرن باستانکاوی پژوهشی گروه همکاری با | بهاحتمال که سلوخا، محوطۀ از سکایی زرین شانۀ جلد: تصویر روسیه ارمیتاژ موزه چهارم، سدۀ اوایل ساختهاند. یونانیان شناسی باستان قوم و انداز چشم شناسی باستان پرونده | ۱۳۹۹ تابستان و بهار | ۴ شمارۀ ،۳ سال | ورجاوند ایران |
مجله ایران ورجاوند، سال سوم، شماره چهارم, 2020
مجله پژوهش های باستان شناسی مدرس، شماره 14 و 15، سال دهم و یازدهم, 2019
با آن که آثار سگ از هزارۀ 13 پ م در محوطههای دورۀ ناتوفی لوانت به دست آمده است، اما پیشینۀ تصویر... more با آن که آثار سگ از هزارۀ 13 پ م در محوطههای دورۀ ناتوفی لوانت به دست آمده است، اما پیشینۀ تصویر سگسانان از هزارۀ 8 پ م دورتر نمیرود. کهن ترین نقوش سگ و نخستین تصاویر نژادی شبیه تازی ایرانی امروزی یا «سَلوکی» در برخی محوطه های دهلران و خوزستان ایران یافت شده است. این مقالۀ مختصر به کهن ترین نقوش سگ سانان و شواهدی از وجود نژادی تازی مانند میپردازد
Paykareh, Journal of Art Faculty Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 2019
One of the fundamental characteristics of Achaemenid art is its combinatorial nature. Depiction o... more One of the fundamental characteristics of Achaemenid art is its combinatorial nature. Depiction of the levee in this period is a clear manifestation of this important feature. Since the use of visual media in the ancient world was limited, rock relief and wall paintings have been useful and efficient tools for showing the political power of the state. One of these scenes is the levee ceremony, during which the king let his subjects or their representatives come to the court in order to listen to their problems, issues, and political-economic conditions. The levee was also held when the king was given tributes by conquered states or decided to offer gifts. The rock reliefs depicting levee belonging to the Achaemenid Empire, especially in Persepolis, reflect these features very clearly.The authors of this paper believe that the artistic influences of Neo-Assyrians and Neo-Elamites on the Achaemenids are evident, especially in the representation of levee in Achaemenid architecture. This impact is particularly obvious in the hybrid animal motifs, such as Shirdal (Griffin), winged cows with human heads (lamassu), clothes, weapons, utensils, depiction of battle scenes (e.g., the battle of the royal hero with real and hybrid animals), porters, and fortification and treasury tablets. Therefore, the present research intends to compare the Achaemenid art with those of the Neo-Assyria and Neo-Elam. Regarding the temporal and spatial correspondence of Achaemenid with these two empires, the scene of levee depicted in Persepolis was compared with those of Neo-Elamite Kidin Hutran Bronze Cup and Neo-Assyrian paintings of Til Barsip. The aim was to identify the similarities and differences of these three civilizations and determine the extent to which the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Elamite civilizations influenced the depiction of the levee in Apadana of Persepolis. The present research aims to answer questions, such as what are the similarities and differences of the Achaemenid levee depicted in Persepolis and those depicted in Neo-Elmite Kidin Hutran Bronze Cup as well as Neo-Assyrian paintings of Til Barsip, and whether the royal levee scenes of Persepolis aimed to further political purposes and express the political power of the Achaemenids. In line with this study, Stronach in “Icons of Dominion: Review Scenes at Til Barsip and Persepolis” (Stronach, 2002) compared the scenes represented in Til Barsip and Persepolis. Moreover, he determined the legitimacy and power of the Assyrian and Achaemenid kings based on these scenes.
Negareh Quarterly, 2019
The use of carving technique is one of the most commonly used architectural decorations in the Is... more The use of carving technique is one of the most commonly used architectural decorations in the Islamic buildings that the large number of samples being displayed in the mosques of Isfahan. Examining, studying and comparing each of them can be comprised the recognition of their cultural identity. The main purpose of the present study is to identify, classify and analyze the carving decorations based on the type of motifs in the building of the Atiqh Mosque in Isfahan and seek to answer the following questions: 1- Carving decorations of the Atiqh mosque in Isfahan in terms of motifs and themes, what features and samples are included? 2. What the differences and similarities are there in terms of motifs between building’s carving decorations in the Safavid and Qajar periods?
This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method based on field studies and library studies and qualitative analysis. The findings of the research show that the carving decorations of the Atiq mosque in terms of technique have three types of bossy, high reliefs (Barheshte) and negative engraving, and from the function point of view are divided into the inscriptions, trough, mihrab, flowerpot decorations, columns and semi-columns, stone windows and conical decorations. Accordingly, the different motifs of the mosque carvings in order of frequency are categorized in a variety of geometric shapes (frameworks, flowerpots decorations, moqarnas, decorative screws, knots and other geometric patterns), calligraphy (Nastaliq, Sols and Kofi), and Herbal designs (abstract). These motifs do not have a specific date in many cases, but the dated examples belong to the Safavid and Qajar periods.
In the study of the Characteristics of the Atiq Mosque in Isfahan, the works of carving belonging to the two Safavid and Qajar periods were studied and identified. What is clear is that realism far from the deep mystical and philosophical themes of Iranian art is obseved in the carvings of the Qajar period. These examples have been formed the visual and spatial features of the art of the Qajar period, and in the carvings of the Atiq mosque, these are formed massive, compact, and unreasonable, At the same time, the carvings of the mosque reflect the fact that during the Qajar period, We can see the creativity and variety of artistic decorations in the different spaces of the mosque, but on the other hand, when we see decorations of carvings and their functions from other aspects such as decorations, sizes, proportions, and shapes, the decorations of carving in the Qajar period have a lower status compared to its past periods, and especially the Safavid period. The shapes do not have the firmness and stability. The proportions are at a lower level than the balanced and harmonic proportions in the previous periods. The motifs of Carvings are in size and extent in limited examples compared to the Safavid period. The special features of Qajar carvings art compared to the Safavid period in the Atiq mosque include: Detailed and busy of motifs and elements in a frame, simplifying the carved lines and their execution without paying attention to the features of decorative arrays and the lack of attention to the form.
مجله مطالعات باستان شناسی دانشگاه تهران, 2019
Abstract: In this paper have been studied a total coins of bronze and silver belonging to the Ely... more Abstract:
In this paper have been studied a total coins of bronze and silver belonging to the Elymaean by using of PIXE to be can achieved the beneficial results about the identification of concentration of present elements, the number of mines and the number of Mint through elemental analysis and definition of the chemical composition of metals. For achievement to the above mentioned goals, we analyzed 35 coins of Elymais. These coins involve period (85 BC -224 AD). Observations results indicated that percent proportion of main elements of coins such as siver and copper in the three periods of Elymaean were different together and coins of first period have had more purity. Furethermore, the analyzed coins are minted in five mints and their primal raw material are from three different mines. The statistical analysis was performed by using of the Spss software.
مجله تاریخ پژوهی فردوسی مشهد, 2018
منشأ و حوزه گستردگی مجموعه یا فرهنگ باستان شناختی باختر- مروی و یا تمدن جیحون به صورت مفصل مورد ب... more منشأ و حوزه گستردگی مجموعه یا فرهنگ باستان شناختی باختر- مروی و یا تمدن جیحون به صورت مفصل مورد بحث قرار گرفته است. این فرهنگ در اواخر هزاره سوم و آغاز هزاره دوم ق.م دارای جوامع کشاورز و شهری بوده و ارتباطات گسترده ای با همسایگان جنوبی خود در فلات ایران داشته است. این پژوهش در مورد کشف تدفینی مربوط به فرهنگ BMAC از تپه عشق در دشت بجنورد در دامنه های جنوبی رشته کوه های کپت داغ می باشد. شباهت های زیادی که میان سنت های تدفینی و اشیای آیینی به دست آمده از تدفین تپه عشق با مواردی که از منطقه ی BMAC گزراش شده، حاکی از نفوذ فرهنگ BMAC بر مردمان فلات ایران در اواخر عصر مفرغ است.
مجله پژوهش هنر, 2018
Pottery is as the most abundant material data in the archaeology. Archaeologists have studied pot... more Pottery is as the most abundant material data in the archaeology. Archaeologists have studied pottery from a different point of view, such as typology, stratigraphic situation and relevance, but less attention has been paid to pottery figures. Elements of aesthetical and harmonic such as repetition, symmetry, balance, proportion, concentration and etc are frequently seen on the prehistoric potteries of Iran and implicate this important point that human being, in addition to applied aspect of pottery in the routine life, created different figures such as geometric, human, vegetal, animal, thematic and symbolic, and thus has satisfied his aesthetical needs. The Neolithic period is the beginning of painting on the pottery, most of which are geometric patterns, but in the chalcolithic period, we can see the development, evolution and progress of the painting on of the pottery, and the types of motifs are beautifully observed on the potteries of various areas of this period in Iran. In this research, in addition to look after visual and aesthetical aspects of figures on the prehistoric potteries of Iran, the relation between kind of aesthetical elements, kind of figures on the potteries and application of these elements has been studied. Research findings show that application of aesthetical elements along with mathematics concurrent , development of prehistory societies and social evolution of homo in the chalcolithic period turned to be complicated and these elements have been created with more beauty and delicacy whose appearance is the use of thematic , symbolic figures and application of these elements, as best as possible.
مجله تاریخ پژوهی
Gemstones and semi-precious stones in the documents and archaeological data, are always one of th... more Gemstones and semi-precious stones in the documents and archaeological data, are always one of the most important evidences obtained from archaeological excavations. The discovery of these works can help to the archaeological studies in the field of recognition of mines, commerce, trade of goods and materials, production centers of this type of goods, intermediaries in the business, restoration of commercial roads and recognition of elite and wealthy class in a site.
Besides the archaeological excavations, historical books and jewelry-letters provide valuable information in connection with the precious and semi-precious stones to the researchers. In this category of sources is presented useful information about mines introduction, mining methods, trade routes and medicinal properties of precious and semi-precious stones. In this research is tried to understand the role of lapis lazuli in trade, economy and culture from the early centuries until the tenth century Ah to can answer to question such as to questions such as what were lapis lazuli mines in the Islamic period? And lapis lazuli what applications have been in the life of society of this period? Recognition of types of mines and decorative, productive and pharmaceutical applications of lapis lazuli can be helped to the creation of new understanding of why the continuity and its commerce during the history.
Fortunately many archaeological evidences and documents have been found from Achaemenian period, ... more Fortunately many archaeological evidences and documents have been found from Achaemenian period, although the domain of findings of this period increase day by bay.One of these evidences includes treasures and other findings in different parts of the empire, inclusive Thrace which was situated in the Balkan Peninsula. This region had a great importance for the Achaemenid Empire because of its rich underground resources and also as the regional interface to deal with the Scythians. With respect to lack of data about this area, it is essential to perform an independent research in order to the Achaemenids influence and connections with Thrace region. Also in this investigation has been concentrated on the presence of Achaemenians in Thrace and it has surveyed on the similarities between the Achaemenids treasures with the Thracian ones. Result of these surveys will show that Thrace as a Achaemenid Satrap accepted Achaemenid standardization about art and architecture. This study is based on gathering information, pictorial and written documentary data as well as library studies, that has been done by descriptive and analytic method.
Qoqnoos Publishing, 2024
کلیت کتاب «رویارویی فالانژ مقدونی با جنگجوی پارسی» درباره سه نبرد معروف گرانیکوس، ایسوس و گوگمل ا... more کلیت کتاب «رویارویی فالانژ مقدونی با جنگجوی پارسی» درباره سه نبرد معروف گرانیکوس، ایسوس و گوگمل است که به گفته منابع کلاسیک (به ویژه آریان، پلوتارک و دیودوروس) اسکندر مقدونی توانست نیروهای داریوش سوم، واپسین شاه هخامنشی را شکست دهد، اما این تمام چیزی نیست که کتاب به آن میپردازد؛ کتاب با جزئیات درباره واحدها و ساختار ارتشها، آرایشهای جنگی، سربازان و تجهیزات آنها، راهبردها و تدابیر جنگی، پیاده نظام و سواره نظام مقدونی و پارسی و کارایی آنها سخن میراند و منابع نوشتاری و تاریخی و نیز شواهد باستانشناختی مرتبط با آنها را بررسی و واکاوی کرده است، برای نمونه درباره واحدهای پیادۀ زبده و برگزیده سپاه جاویدان هخامنشی و فالانکس مقدونی، ساز و برگ جنگی و فداکاری و وفاداری آنها به شاه و نظامهای پادشاهی پارسی و مقدونی آگاهیهای ارزنده ای را در اختیار خواننده قرار میدهد. ایراد اساسی کتاب نیز اتکای بیش از اندازه نگارنده به منابع کلاسیک است؛ این منابع درباره آمار کشتهشدگان و زخمیهای پارسیان بزرگنمایی کردهاند که موری دام به عنوان نویسنده کتاب به آن اذعان کرده است. شوربختانه، هیچ منبع نوشتاری دست اول پارسی درباره جنگهای داریوش سوم با مقدونیان وجود ندارد و به ناچار باید به منابع تاریخی یونانی و رومی اتکا کرد.
Avasht, 2023
شاهنشاهی هخامنشی یکی از پهناورترین امپراتوریهای جهان باستان بود که افزون بر دویست سال (حدود 550 ... more شاهنشاهی هخامنشی یکی از پهناورترین امپراتوریهای جهان باستان بود که افزون بر دویست سال (حدود 550 تا 330 پ.م) بر مناطق و سرزمینهای بیشماری فرمان راند. یکی از این سرزمینها مصر بود که خود پیشینه تمدنی بسیار درخشانی داشت و از نظر هنر، دیوانسالاری، مدیریت، اقتصاد، شهرنشینی و معماری بسیار پیشرفته بود. مصر تاریخ پرفراز و نشیبی داشت و فراعنه و پادشاهیها و دودمانهای گوناگون آن مانع کنترل و دستاندازی بیگانگان بر آن شده بودند. هرچند پیش از هخامنشیان حکومتهایی مانند آشوریان نیز مصر را برای مدت کوتاهی به کنترل خود درآورده بودند، این کمبوجیه، پسر کوروش بزرگ بود که مصر را در 526 پ.م تصرف کرد و سلطه هخامنشیان تا سال 404 پ.م در آنجا ادامه یافت. بعدها اردشیر سوم در سال 340 پ.م پس از مدتی دوباره مصر را به کنترل خود درآورد، هرچند دوره دوم سلطه و چیرگی پارسیان بر مصر بسیار کوتاه بود و با فتح مصر توسط اسکندر مقدونی و شکست نیروهای داریوش سوم، تسلط پارسیان بر مصر به پایان رسید. دورهای که مصر یکی از ساتراپیهای شاهنشاهی هخامنشی شده بود به «دوره متأخر» ناموَر شده است و دودمانهای بیست و هفتم (دوره نخست تسلط پارسیان) و سی و یکم (دوره دوم تسلط پارسیان) به این دوره تعلق دارند.
کتاب پیش رو موجودیت شاهنشاهی هخامنشی را در مصر مورد بررسی قرار داده است. نویسنده کتاب آقای هنری کولبرن با دیدگاه منصفانه ای تأثیرات فرمانروایی هخامنشی را در مصر بررسی کرده است. باوجود آنکه مصر پیشینه تمدنی دور و درازی داشته است و در زمینههای گوناگون بسیار پیشرفته بود، ولی نباید تأثیر شاهنشاهی هخامنشی را بر آن نادیده گرفت، به ویژه باتوجه به اینکه بنا به گفته نویسنده این تمدن دارای محافظهکاری خاص خود نیز بود. تا پیش از نوشتن این کتاب که برگرفته از رساله دکتری نویسنده است که در سال 2014 میلادی از آن دفاع کرده بود، بیشتر پژوهشگران و مصرشناسان تأثیرات هنری و باستانشناختی شاهنشاهی هخامنشی را بر مصر نادیده گرفته بودند و یا توجه اندکی به آن نشان دادهاند و بسیاری از شواهد، مدارک و دادههایی که به احتمال فراوان به دوره هخامنشی مربوط میشوند را به دورههای پیش و پس از هخامنشیان تاریخگذاری کردهاند و یا به طور کلی آنها را مربوط به دوره متأخر دانستهاند، ولی نویسنده کتاب با تلاشهای بسیار خود نشان داده است که حضور و موجودیت هخامنشیان در مصر با استناد به مدارک و شواهد باقی مانده از این دوره بسیار فراتر از چیزی بوده که پیش از درباره آن گفته شده است؛ کولبرن تأثیر هخامنشیان را در معماری، تندیسگری، مهرها، سکهها، فناوری آبیاری و ورود قنات به صحرای غربی و واحههای خارجه و داخله، کاسهها، پیالهها و ظروف شاخص نوع هخامنشی، رواج زبان آرامی به ویژه در نظام اداری و دیوانسالاری مصری، بازنمایی بصری و شمایلنگاری و غیره با دقت و وسواس خاصی بررسی و واکاوی کرده است و حاصل کار او تأثیرات متقابل پارسی- مصری در این زمینهها بوده است. برای نمونه در استل جدهربس که از سقاره مصر یافت شده است، تأثیرات شمایلنگارانه مصری و هخامنشی با هم دیده میشود. یکی از مباحث بنیادین این کتاب تجربیات مصریان زیر نظر پارسیان و میزان تأثیرپذیری جامعه شهری و روستایی مصری از فرمانروایی هخامنشیان بوده است. بدیهی است که این تأثیرات برای همه مصریان یکسان نبوده است و تجارب مناطق گوناگون مصر نیز در این زمینه متفاوت بوده است. برخی از مردم مصر همچنان به سنتها و فرهنگ محلی خود پایبند بودند و برخی دیگر نیز هویت خود را در پیوند با پارسیان میدیدند و از آنها تأثیر پذیرفته و هویت پارسی- مصری خود را شکل دادند که از جمله این افراد میتوان به صاحبمنصبانی مانند جدهربس و اوجاهورسنت اشاره کرد.
Aryaramna Publishing, 2023
شاهنشاهی هخامنشی یکی از نیرومندترین و پهناورترین امپراتوریهای روزگار باستان بهشمار میرفت که من... more شاهنشاهی هخامنشی یکی از نیرومندترین و پهناورترین امپراتوریهای روزگار باستان بهشمار میرفت که مناطق و قلمروهای زبانی، قومی و فرهنگی متفاوتی را در قارههای آسیا، آفریقا و حتی اروپا به زیر سلطه خود درآورده بود. این شاهنشاهی بسیار پهناور بیگمان نیاز به مدیریت بسیار کارآمد برای حفظ این مناطق و پیشبرد اهداف خود داشت و در این زمینه شاهان هخامنشی و کارگزاران آنها بسیار موفق عمل کردند. هنرمندان و صنعتگران درباری و سلطنتی هخامنشی نیز به اقتباس هنر مناطقی دست زدند که برخی از مناطق و حکومتها مانند ایلام، آشور، مصر، بابل و غیره به پیشرفتهای هنری، فرهنگی، دیوانی، اداری، سیاسی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی بسیاری دست یافتند. هنر هخامنشی تنها به اقتباس و تقلید صرف از هنر مناطق فرمانبردار اکتفا نکرد و هنری را آفرید که میتوان آن را هنر ناب «پارسی یا هخامنشی» دانست که تا دههها و سدههای پسین میتوان تأثیرات مستقیم و غیرمستقیم آن را بر حکومتهای ایرانی و انیرانی پس از آن دید؛ در این میان تختجمشید را میتوان بهعنوان یکی از پایتختهای شاهنشاهی هخامنشی، ویترین و آیینه تمامنمای هنر و فرهنگ هخامنشی قلمداد کرد که شواهد باستانشناختی، معماری، مدارک و متون نوشتاری، کتیبههای شاهی و بازنماییهای بصری گواه این موضوع هستند.
این کتاب که برگرفته از رساله دکتری نگارنده است، تأثیرات هنر درباری یا رسمی هخامنشی را با محوریت و مرکزیت تختجمشید بر مناطق زیرسلطه و ساتراپیهای هخامنشی مورد بررسی قرار داده است، یعنی تأثیر «هنر درباری و رسمی شاهنشاهی» بر مفهومی به نام «هنر در شاهنشاهی هخامنشی» که هنری بود که هنرمندان، صنعتگران و کارگزاران محلی با تأثیرپذیری از هنر درباری شکل دادند. البته موضوع کتاب هنر صرف نخواهد بود و مواردی مانند راهها و جادهها، پردیسها، بایگانیها و فرهنگ غذایی و نوشیدن با تمرکز بر دادههای باستانشناختی با تأثیرپذیری از تختجمشید بررسی شده است. بهطورکلی شواهد باستانشناختی، مدارک تاریخی، منابع نوشتاری و بازنماییهای بصری در پیشبرد اهداف این کتاب مطالعه و واکاوی شدهاند و در این راستا معماری با تمرکز بر بناها و تالارهای ستوندار، پردیس و بوستان پارسی، کتیبهها، نقوش، راهها و جادهها، زبان آرامی، بایگانیها، زیورها و جواهرات، پوشاک و جامه، مهرها و فرهنگ غذایی، آداب نوشیدن و بزم پارسی بررسی و واکاوی شدهاند و در پایان به نتیجهگیری از این مباحث و مطالب پرداخته شده است. آنچه تختجمشید را از دیگر پایتختهای هخامنشی جدا میکند، شکلگیری و توسعه هنر درباری و سلطنتی هخامنشی و عناصر فرهنگی خاص آن در این منطقه بهویژه ارگ تختجمشید است که تأثیرات فرهنگی و هنری آن به روشنی در مناطق و ساتراپیهای شاهنشاهی هخامنشی (البته نه در همه سطوح و طبقات و نه در همه مناطق به یک اندازه) دیده میشود
Qoqnoos , 2023
آیا داریوش مادی همان داریوش بزرگ هخامنشی است یا شاهی از تبار مادها به شمار می رود؟ چه پیوندی میا... more آیا داریوش مادی همان داریوش بزرگ هخامنشی است یا شاهی از تبار مادها به شمار می رود؟ چه پیوندی میان کوروش بزرگ و داریوش مادی وجود دارد، آیا این دو یکی هستند یا دو شخص متمایز؟ آستیاگ که هرودت او را واپسین شاه مادها در نظر گرفته است، چه پیوندی با داریوش مادی دارد؟ آیا داریوش نام شاهی و سلطنتی شاهی از تبار مادها بود یا زادنام او محسوب می شد؟ منابع اکدی (استوانه کوروش، روایت منظوم، متن رویا، رویداد نامه نبونئید و غیره) چه گرهی از موجودیت و هویت داریوش مادی می گشایند؟ چه ارتباطی میان نبونئید با کوروش و داریوش مادی وجود دارد؟ اینها برخی از پرسش هایی هستند که نویسنده کتاب آقای استیون اندرسون با همراهی مدارک و منابع تاریخی و نوشتاری و در برخی از موارد شواهد باستان شناختی درصدد پاسخگویی به آنها است. این کتاب درباره شاه رازآلود و مرموز ایران باستان، یعنی داریوش مادی است که هویت و موجودیت او با استناد به مدارک و شواهد موجود چندان مشخص نیست.
نشر تاریخ ایران, 2023
کوروش بزرگ بنیان گذار شاهنشاهی هخامنشی بی تردید یکی از بزرگترین و نامدارترین شخصیت های تاریخ ... more کوروش بزرگ بنیان گذار شاهنشاهی هخامنشی بی تردید یکی از بزرگترین و نامدارترین شخصیت های تاریخ جهان به شمار می رود. کوروش از محبوبیت و آوازه چشمگیری در روزگار باستان برخوردار بود که البته تا به امروز نیز با شدت و ضعف ادامه داشته است. شخصیت مثبت و مردمی کوروش در منابع گوناگونی نشان داده شده است؛ از منابع عهد عتیق گرفته (اشعیا، ارمیا، دانیال) تا منابع کلاسیک یونانی و رومی شخصیت کوروش را ستوده اند و برای او به عنوان شاهی مردمدار و نیکخواه احترام ویژه ای قائل شده اند. گزنفون در کتاب کوروش نامه خود او را به عنوان شاه آرمانی و فرزانه به تصویر کشیده است که با دادگری فرمانروایی می کرد. سیسرون، خطیب و سیاستمدار نامدار رومی، نیز کوروش را فردی کامل، بیعیبونقص و پرابهت دانسته است. تقریباً تمام نویسندگان و مورخان دیدگاه مثبتی نسبت به او دارند و این امر در نوع خود جالب است، در واقع هیچ پادشاهی به اندازه کوروش با بازخوردهای مثبت روبهرو نشده است. یکی از منابع مهم دوره پادشاهی کوروش متون نوشته شده به خط میخی و زبان اکدی است که مشهورترین این اسناد استوانه کوروش است، اما این سند تنها مدرک اکدی درباره کوروش نیست، مدارکی مانند رویدادنامه نبونئید، استوانه سیپّر نبونئید، استل حرّان، روایت منظوم و متن رؤیا از جمله آنها هستند. البته متونی مانند متون قراردادی و یادداشت های روزانه نجومی نیز اطلاعات کلی درباره شاهان بابل از جمله کوروش در اختیار قرار میدهند. متن متأخرتر دیگری به نام پیشگویی
دودمانی نیز از کوروش به عنوان شاه ایلام یاد کرده است.
نشر دانشگاه تهران, 2021
کتاب باستانشناسی زمان آقای گَوین لوکاس استخراجشده از رسالۀ دکتری ایشان است و از صدر تا ذیل نقد ... more کتاب باستانشناسی زمان آقای گَوین لوکاس استخراجشده از رسالۀ دکتری ایشان است و از صدر تا ذیل نقد و تحلیل نظری و ژرفکاوانۀ مناسبتهای بنیادین دانش باستانشناسی با مفهوم زمان است. کتاب باستانشناسی زمان هرچند حجیم نیست، بسیار عمیق و پرمحتوا و نقدها و مباحث مطرحشده در آن در تمام فصلهای کتاب، بدیع و مفید و آموزنده است. مسئلهها و مباحثی را که نویسنده در تمام پنج فصل کتاب مطرح و نقد و تحلیل کرده است، هم عمیق، هم بدیع هستند، هم پاسخهایی را که ارائه داده و پیشنهاد کرده است، نوآورانه. مسئلۀ زمان در جوامع گذشته، مسئلۀ محاسبات و اندازهگیریهای متفاوت زمان، مفهوم زمان اسطورهای و آیینی، زمان کاربردی و روزمره، زمان مُستدیر و زمان خطی، مسئلۀ گذشته در گذشته، مسئلۀ مناسبت میان فرهنگ مادی و حافظه، موردپژوهی تاریخچه و شرح یک خمرۀ رومی که در فصل چهارم کتاب با دقت بحث شده است و همچنین نقد گاهنگاریهای متناقض، چگونگی تعریف دانش باستانشناسی با زمان یا اینکه اساساً باستانشناسی خود چگونه زمان را تعریف میکند؛ مناسبت میان مدارک باستانشناختی و قومنگاری، نقد دیدگاههای بینفوردی به مدارک باستانشناختی، مسئلۀ رسالت باستانشناسی در نجات و رهایی گذشته از خطر فراموشی، باستانشناسی چونان روش و شیوهای از زمان بیداری و زمانمندی دوگانه و مسئلهها و مباحث فراوان دیگر از این دست را، نویسنده در کتاب باستانشناسی زمان، بحث، نقد و تحلیل، تحقیق و تدقیق کرده است. سرانجام کتاب با یک پرسش بنیادی و پاسخ محتمل آن که آیا به همان اندازه که زمانمندی معرف باستانشناسی است، باستانشناسی نیز معرف زمانمندی است؟ پایان مییابد. احتمالأ پاسخ چنین پرسشهایی را زمان مشخص خواهد کرد.
انتشارات سمیرا با همکاری میراث کتاب , 2019
گنجینه اربونی در سال 1968 در خمره ای بزرگ، متشکل از سه تکوک نقره ای، یک ساغر نقره ای و شیء پنجم... more گنجینه اربونی در سال 1968 در خمره ای بزرگ، متشکل از سه تکوک نقره ای، یک ساغر نقره ای و شیء پنجمی که اکنون گم شده، در طول عملیات ساختمانی در دامنه قلعه اربونی کشف شد. این ظروف نقره ای در وضعیت ثابتی درون خمره قرار گرفته بودند. هر یک از ظروف گنجینه با جزئیات مورد بحث قرار میگیرد. توصیفات ظروف در بخش فهرست آورده شده است
نتایج تحقیقات بدون هیچ تناقضی نشان داد که گنجینه احتمالاً در حدود سال 330 ق.م پنهان شده است، بنابراین تاریخ این گنجینه کم و بیش همزمان با گنجینه کشف شده از پاسارگاد که در ظرفی سفالی قرارداشت، است و تقریبا ًهمانند گنجینه اربونی، همزمان با سقوط شاهنشاهی هخامنشی است
Lambert, 2017
Professional ethics establish the moral tenet of the various Profession. The mentioned role was ... more Professional ethics establish the moral tenet of the various Profession. The mentioned role was appeared in the “Chivalry-letters” (Fotovvat-Nâmeh) of crafts in the traditional society. The theme of the Nishapur pottery inscriptions is so close to the tenet of the Chivalry-letters. Therefore, it can be presumed that they are two branches from a unit source. Some researches have done about the efficacy of ethics on traditional arts and the relation between art and chivalry. But, no research focused on the ethic in Nishapur inscribed pottery has been found. Hence, this study attempts to reveal the impact of morality and its occurrence manner through the analyzing scrolls content in terms of professional ethics and chivalry-letters. By the studying this effect, it be determined that Nishapur pottery has been used as a tool to convey moral messages. The artist was bound by ethics and promotes it. This way of dealing with pottery ends to the moral community finally. The research method was descriptive - analytical and data requirement is collected through library information.