Ashok Kumar | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTM (original) (raw)
Papers by Ashok Kumar
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 2020
Biopolymers are emerging as an advanced business sector progressively and gained the attention of... more Biopolymers are emerging as an advanced business sector progressively and gained the attention of researchers and industrialists. Polymeric materials are useful due to their flexibility, reusability and toughness nature. These biopolymers can be the amalgamated with various kinds of natural and synthetic materials to synthesize polymeric composites. Such composite materials have comparable properties to oil-based polymers. Biopolymers also play an essential role in the drug and pharmaceutical industry. These can be utilized for industrial purposes, for instance, to regenerate damage, medication administration in addition to regenerative medicine to achieve, low immunogenicity, high pharmacological activity. Several biopolymers are described in this article. There are various mechanisms to produce biopolymers. There are diverse forms of biopolymers that originated from microbes, animals and plants. Biopolymers play a significant role in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. These are extensively used in medical equipment, cosmetics, confectionery, wastewater treatments, food additives, textiles and in bio-sensing applications. Numerous possible applications, along with the production form of biopolymers, are reviewed in this article.
In recent years, high value lipid extraction in order to convert into a biodiesel product was pot... more In recent years, high value lipid extraction in order to convert into a biodiesel product was potentially investigated among various microalgae strains. As a proof, in this research study, a significant amount of triacyl glyceride from Chlorella sorokiniana was obtained. Moreover, effective parameters such as pH, temperature and light intensity were assessed thoroughly. The petroleum fuels are limited and depleting due to increase in consumption and cause environmental problems. Microalgae are recognized as a source for the production of biofuels. Therefore, biodiesel (types of biofuel) is the only substitute fuel attainable as it is technically feasible, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and easily available to fulfill the increasing demands for energy. This research was conducted to extract of lipid from Chlorella sorokiniana and characterization of fatty acid composition by Gas chromatography requirements. Transesterification process was carried out to produce methyl esters. After 15 to 17 days, at the end of the exponential phase of growth, the total contents of the lipids was extracted and determined. The extracted fatty acids was first esterified and then identified using GC analysis. The presence of several types of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and saturated fatty acids were identified by using microalgae, Chlorella sorokoniana. The result shows that the extracted lipid shows in main composition of suitable fatty acid present in the microalgae was identified as palmitic acid profile for biodiesel, ranging from 16-18 of carbon lengths. This strain can be an ideal candidate for biodiesel production because of its saturated fatty acid content.
The indigenous strain Botryococcus braunii TN101 was isolated and acclimatized under laboratory c... more The indigenous strain Botryococcus braunii TN101 was isolated and acclimatized under laboratory condition.
Upstream and downstream process was thoroughly explored for biofuel production. During semicontinuous
cultivation, the alga was grown under batch mode for 6 days; thereafter 40% of algal culture
was harvested at every three days interval. At semi-continuous system, the indigenous strain grows well
and produces high biomass productivity of 33.8 g m3 day1. A two step combined harvesting process
was designed using ferric iron and organic polymer Poly-(D)glucosamine and harvested 99.5% of biomass.
Lipid extraction was optimized using different solvents, cyclohexane and methanol at 3:1 ratio supported
for maximum extraction of lipids in Botryococcus up to 26.3%. Physicochemical properties of lipid was
analyzed and found, saponification values 184, ester values 164, iodine values 92 and the average molecular
weight of the lipids are 920 g mol1. The lipid contains 9.7% of FFA level, therefore, a simultaneous
esterification and transesterification of free fatty acids and triacylglycerides were optimized for biodiesel
production and the methyl ester yield was recorded up to 84%. In addition, an optimization study was
carried out for the removal of pigments present in the biodiesel; the result revealed that 99% of pigments
were removed from the biodiesel using activated charcoal. The biodiesel profile was analyzed by 1H and
13C NMR and GC–MS analyzer, methyl palmitate and methyl oleate was the major fatty acid found. Based
on the areal and volumetric biomass productivity, it is estimated that the indigenous strain can produce
101 tons ha1 year1 of biomass.
Three different strains of colonial green alga Botryococcus bruanii Kutz. AP103, AP104 and AP105 ... more Three different strains of colonial green alga Botryococcus bruanii Kutz. AP103, AP104 and AP105 were isolated from the freshwater lake Kolleru, Andhra Pradesh, India. The morphological features of these three isolates were studied under laboratory conditions. Molecular identification of the strains was carried out using 18S rRNA analysis and their systematic position was confirmed to species level as B. braunii. Among these isolates, B. braunii AP103 recorded highest biomass concentration of 1.7 ± 0.12 g L À1 , 17% lipids, 17% proteins, 32% carbohydrates and 13% hydrocarbons under laboratory condition. Under open raceway pond AP103 produced a biomass concentration of 1.8 ± 0.13 g L À1 , 19% lipids, 33% carbohydrates, 18% proteins and 11% hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons profile showed the presence of heptadecane (34%) and hexadecane (12.5%). Oleic (25.7%), linolenic (34.26%) and palmitic (9.42%) acids were the major fatty acids present in the lipids extracted from AP103.
Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 2020
Biopolymers are emerging as an advanced business sector progressively and gained the attention of... more Biopolymers are emerging as an advanced business sector progressively and gained the attention of researchers and industrialists. Polymeric materials are useful due to their flexibility, reusability and toughness nature. These biopolymers can be the amalgamated with various kinds of natural and synthetic materials to synthesize polymeric composites. Such composite materials have comparable properties to oil-based polymers. Biopolymers also play an essential role in the drug and pharmaceutical industry. These can be utilized for industrial purposes, for instance, to regenerate damage, medication administration in addition to regenerative medicine to achieve, low immunogenicity, high pharmacological activity. Several biopolymers are described in this article. There are various mechanisms to produce biopolymers. There are diverse forms of biopolymers that originated from microbes, animals and plants. Biopolymers play a significant role in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. These are extensively used in medical equipment, cosmetics, confectionery, wastewater treatments, food additives, textiles and in bio-sensing applications. Numerous possible applications, along with the production form of biopolymers, are reviewed in this article.
In recent years, high value lipid extraction in order to convert into a biodiesel product was pot... more In recent years, high value lipid extraction in order to convert into a biodiesel product was potentially investigated among various microalgae strains. As a proof, in this research study, a significant amount of triacyl glyceride from Chlorella sorokiniana was obtained. Moreover, effective parameters such as pH, temperature and light intensity were assessed thoroughly. The petroleum fuels are limited and depleting due to increase in consumption and cause environmental problems. Microalgae are recognized as a source for the production of biofuels. Therefore, biodiesel (types of biofuel) is the only substitute fuel attainable as it is technically feasible, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and easily available to fulfill the increasing demands for energy. This research was conducted to extract of lipid from Chlorella sorokiniana and characterization of fatty acid composition by Gas chromatography requirements. Transesterification process was carried out to produce methyl esters. After 15 to 17 days, at the end of the exponential phase of growth, the total contents of the lipids was extracted and determined. The extracted fatty acids was first esterified and then identified using GC analysis. The presence of several types of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and saturated fatty acids were identified by using microalgae, Chlorella sorokoniana. The result shows that the extracted lipid shows in main composition of suitable fatty acid present in the microalgae was identified as palmitic acid profile for biodiesel, ranging from 16-18 of carbon lengths. This strain can be an ideal candidate for biodiesel production because of its saturated fatty acid content.
The indigenous strain Botryococcus braunii TN101 was isolated and acclimatized under laboratory c... more The indigenous strain Botryococcus braunii TN101 was isolated and acclimatized under laboratory condition.
Upstream and downstream process was thoroughly explored for biofuel production. During semicontinuous
cultivation, the alga was grown under batch mode for 6 days; thereafter 40% of algal culture
was harvested at every three days interval. At semi-continuous system, the indigenous strain grows well
and produces high biomass productivity of 33.8 g m3 day1. A two step combined harvesting process
was designed using ferric iron and organic polymer Poly-(D)glucosamine and harvested 99.5% of biomass.
Lipid extraction was optimized using different solvents, cyclohexane and methanol at 3:1 ratio supported
for maximum extraction of lipids in Botryococcus up to 26.3%. Physicochemical properties of lipid was
analyzed and found, saponification values 184, ester values 164, iodine values 92 and the average molecular
weight of the lipids are 920 g mol1. The lipid contains 9.7% of FFA level, therefore, a simultaneous
esterification and transesterification of free fatty acids and triacylglycerides were optimized for biodiesel
production and the methyl ester yield was recorded up to 84%. In addition, an optimization study was
carried out for the removal of pigments present in the biodiesel; the result revealed that 99% of pigments
were removed from the biodiesel using activated charcoal. The biodiesel profile was analyzed by 1H and
13C NMR and GC–MS analyzer, methyl palmitate and methyl oleate was the major fatty acid found. Based
on the areal and volumetric biomass productivity, it is estimated that the indigenous strain can produce
101 tons ha1 year1 of biomass.
Three different strains of colonial green alga Botryococcus bruanii Kutz. AP103, AP104 and AP105 ... more Three different strains of colonial green alga Botryococcus bruanii Kutz. AP103, AP104 and AP105 were isolated from the freshwater lake Kolleru, Andhra Pradesh, India. The morphological features of these three isolates were studied under laboratory conditions. Molecular identification of the strains was carried out using 18S rRNA analysis and their systematic position was confirmed to species level as B. braunii. Among these isolates, B. braunii AP103 recorded highest biomass concentration of 1.7 ± 0.12 g L À1 , 17% lipids, 17% proteins, 32% carbohydrates and 13% hydrocarbons under laboratory condition. Under open raceway pond AP103 produced a biomass concentration of 1.8 ± 0.13 g L À1 , 19% lipids, 33% carbohydrates, 18% proteins and 11% hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons profile showed the presence of heptadecane (34%) and hexadecane (12.5%). Oleic (25.7%), linolenic (34.26%) and palmitic (9.42%) acids were the major fatty acids present in the lipids extracted from AP103.