Hesham Enshasy | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTM (original) (raw)

Papers by Hesham Enshasy

Mushrooms health benefit was recognized in the Orient from several thousand years ago as globally... more Mushrooms health benefit was recognized in the Orient from several thousand years ago as globally consumption and has third largest commercially production. The genus Pleurotus (oyster mushroom) is an organoleptic fast growing fungus which belongs to basidiomycota group. Although 70 species is discovered until now for this genus, but only few of them are available in market such as Pleurotus florida, P. sajor-caju and P. ostreatus. They have been used in human diet throughout the world due to their rich nutrients such as protein, fiber carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins and lipid. It should be noted that low amount calories, Sodium, fat and cholesterol is reported in this genus. Many pharmaceutical companies in the Far East and China are viewing the medicinal mushrooms as a rich source of innovative biomedical molecules. These molecules can be extracted from different part of oyster mushroom such as fruiting body, mycelia and culture broth. Mainly they are biopolymers including polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids as they are more variable to carry biological information. The medicinal properties of Pleurotus spp studied by several authors, as a result antitumor, immunomodulating, antiviral, antibacterial, antigenotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolamic, antihypertensive, antiinociceptive, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-platelet-aggregating, antihepatoma, anti poliferative and antiatherosclerotic. In this chapter, biodivertsity of genus Pleurotus will be discussed regarding nutritional and bioactive compounds. Furthermore the prospective of oyster mushroom for therapeutic application and concept will be highlighted.

Citrus hystrix DC. with common name makrut lime or kafir lemon, is a very popular traditional med... more Citrus hystrix DC. with common name makrut lime or kafir lemon, is a very popular traditional medicinal plant as well as an important spice in Asiatic countries. The plant is native of the Indonesian island Sumbawa, then, it is cultivated in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the tropical region of Asia. It mainly contains essential oil and phenolic compounds. The most intense odor compounds of kafir lemon are Citronellal, L-Linalool, 1,8-Cineole , á-Terpeneol and ä-Cadinene. Such as Citrusosides-A and furanocoumarines, Makrut lime content also non-volatile compounds like alkaloids and glyceroglycolipids. Citrus hystrix DC has many biological activities due to its volatile and nonvolatile compounds, and it has been used in traditional medicine for treating various illnesses, particularly cold pain and stomach disorder. It is also used as a juice for its fruit or as spice for its aromatic leaves. This review covers data on the chemistry and biological effects of Citrus hystrix DC biomolecules, and aims to lay the foundation for further study on the extraction enhancement of these biomolecules and more useful formulations.

Proteases enzymes are capable of hydrolyzing peptide bonds in proteins. They can be found in all ... more Proteases enzymes are capable of hydrolyzing peptide bonds in proteins. They can be found in all living organisms. Bacterial proteases enzymes have great pharmaceutical importance due to their key role in biological processes and in the life-cycle of many pathogens. New technologies for rationally protein engineering proteases, as well as improved delivery options, will expand greatly the potential pharmaceutical applications of enzymes. Proteases are extensively applied agents in several sectors of pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, numerous research applications predominant use of proteases has been in killing tumor cells, they are also emerging as useful agents in El Enshasy HA et al Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2017, 9(2):9-20 ______________________________________________________________________________ 10 Scholar Research Library the treatment of digestive disorders, inflammation, and other diseases. The aim of this paper is to review the biotechnological aspects of proteases enzymes and summarize their pharmaceutical applications in the life sciences.

Lactic acid is low molecular weight organic acid which produced mainly by fermentation using lact... more Lactic acid is low molecular weight organic acid which produced mainly by fermentation using lactic acid bacteria or synthetically. For many years this acid is used in many food and chemical industries with wide range of applications. Nowadays, lactic acid is also used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries based on its functional properties as. This alpha hydroxyl acid plays also several and major roles in many biochemical pathways. In addition, in recent years more attention was given to lactic acid based on its use for the production of poly lactic acid (PLA) which nowadays finds many industrial and medical applications as safe, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer. In this review is designed to give more focus on market growth of this important organic acid and to provide an overview on the recent applications of lactic acid in both medical and pharmaceutical industries.

Saccharomyces boulardii is non-pathogenic probiotic yeast with many health benefits. In the prese... more Saccharomyces boulardii is non-pathogenic probiotic yeast with many health benefits. In the present work, studies
were carried out to improve cell growth kinetics to produce cell mass of this biotherapeutic yeast in semi-industrial
scale. At first, five different media were screened to select the most appropriate formula for biomass production. The
medium which yielded highest cell mass of 2.57 g L-1 and lowest ethanol was selected and further optimized by
changing the concentrations of each component. The optimized medium composed of (g L-1): Glucose, 20; Corn
steep liquor, 15; NaNO3, 1.0; KH2PO4, 6.0; MgSO4.7H20, 3.0; CuSO4.5H20, 0.002; FeSO4.7H20, 0.001;
ZnSO4.7H20, 0.01 was then used for yeast biomass production in a pilot scale 16-L bioreactor in batch culture
under controlled and uncontrolled pH. The highest biomass of 8.2 g L-1 was achieved in pH controlled culture. This
was almost double of the biomass obtained in shake flask. In conclusion, production process has been developed for
high cell mass production of the biotherapeutic yeast S. boulardii in semi-industrial scale.

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis (Bti), has proven to be a safe and effective larvicide ... more Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Israelensis (Bti), has proven to be a safe and effective larvicide for controlling mosquito and black fly larvae. The effect of cultivation and bioprocess development on Bti growth and sporulation was investigated in shake flask level and batch cultivation in the semi-industrial scale 16-L stirred tank bioreactor. For industrial production of biocontrol microorganism, it is necessary to obtain high cell mass and spore production in a short time with low cost cultivation media. In this study, the new composition of production media was optimized which composed of (g L-1): glucose, 10; yeast extract, 30; KH2PO4, 5; K2HPO4, 5; MgSO4. 7H20, 0.005; MnSO4.H2O, 0.03; FeSO4, 0.01; CaCl2.7 H2O, 0.05; NaH2PO4, 1.5; NH4H2PO4, 1.5. The maximal cell dry mass and spore production, Sporemax for shake flask study were 4.26 gL-1 at 36 h and 3.29106 spore mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, studies of the cultivation conditions under controlled and uncontrolled pH in the 16L-bioreactor was performed. The growth of Bti under uncontrolled pH cultivation showing decreased of glucose and total protein concentration in the media was correlated with the vegetative cell growth and sporulation. The maximal cell dry mass and Sporemax for uncontrolled pH bioreactor were 4.14 gL-1 at 36h and 3.7106 spore mL-1, respectively. The maximal cell dry mass and spore production, Sporemax for controlled pH bioreactor were 3.36 gL-1 at 26 h and 3.23 106 spore mL-1, respectively. In conclusion, batch cultivation in 16-L bioreactor with the new optimized production medium under uncontrolled pH condition increased of the cell dry mass and number of spores up to 23 % and 47 % , respectively.

Cordyceps militaris is one of the well described mushrooms and has been extensively used in Tradi... more Cordyceps militaris is one of the well described mushrooms and has been extensively used in
Traditional Chinese Complementary Medicine (TCCM) since many centuries. It has been cultivated naturally or
in submerged culture using different types of media. Fungal mycelia contain adenosine, cordycepin, and
polysaccharides, which are responsible for its biological activities. Cordycepin is the best-known and most
potent mushroom-derived substances possessing anticancer, antitumor and immunomodulating activities. This
mushroom characterized by very low growth rate when grown in solid agar medium for inoculum preparation
during cultivation process. Thus, there was enormous need to increase the growth rate of this type of mushroom
on solid medium to reduce the time of inoculum preparation stage. In this study, optimization of agar cultivation
medium for rapid cell growth using modified potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium culture supplemented with
specific amount of malt extract (ME) together with yeast extract (YE) was investigated. The mycelial growth
diameter was monitored during 21 days of cultivation using two series of experiments of different medium
supplements: 2, 4, 6 and 8 g of ME and 6 g of ME with 0, 2, 4 and 6 g of YE to the PDA medium. The obtained
results clearly demonstrate that the highest mycelial growth diameter of about 7.5 cm was obtained in PDA
medium supplemented with 6 g/L ME and 4 g/L. YE.

Less than two decades ago, immunotherapy joined chemotherapy and radiotherapy as an effective app... more Less than two decades ago, immunotherapy joined chemotherapy and radiotherapy as an effective approach for the treatment of cancer. The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab, is now used to treat almost all types of non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphomas,
and it could be useful in the treatment of other diseases with B-cell involvement. Upon binding, rituximab induces death of the target cells. It seems to act not only by activating immune system defense mechanisms such as complement-dependent and antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity, but also by inducing direct cell death. In this paper, we review current knowledge on rituximab mechanisms of action, with particular attention to its direct effects, and also highlight potential future avenues of research.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus WICC-B-02 is new probiotic strain which was initially is... more Lactobacillus delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus WICC-B-02 is new probiotic strain which was initially isolated from the
mother’s milk. As lactic acid bacterium, it’s known as a highly efficient probiotic microorganism with a wide
range of benefits on the human health. This study was conducted to design and establish industrial platform for
high cell mass production of L. delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus for pharmaceutical and food industries application.
However, due to low cell mass production caused by the accumulation of lactic acid during the cultivation of
lactic acid bacteria, therefore, the optimization of cell mass production with low lactic acid production was
developed in this study. The new formulation of the production medium was developed by optimizing the main
components such as glucose (30 g.L-1), yeast extract (6.0 g.L-1) and peptone (6.0 g.L-1) in shake flask cultivation.
The cell mass production was 3.14 g.L-1, and it increased to 6.08g.L-1 with the lactic acid production being
reduced by about 33%, compared to the un-optimized medium.

The process for high cell mass and spore production by Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bt... more The process for high cell mass and spore production by Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis (Bti) on semi-industrial scale was developed. Cultivations were conducted in shake flask and bioreactor levels to develop a semi-industrial scale process for the production of Bti cells and spores. The composition of the most suitable cultivation medium was further optimized to enhance biomass and spore production and also to reduce the production time. Furthermore, cultivations were performed in 16-L stirred tank bioreactor to investigate the scalability of this process and to study the effect of different aeration rates. The optimization of the main three components of the cultivation medium, i.e. glucose, ammonium sulphate and phosphate, resulted in a significant increase in both cell growth and spore formation by about 32% and 119%, respectively. Scaling up the cultivation process from shake flask to 16-L bioreactor further improved the process. Maximal cell mass of 16.06 g.L-1 concomitant with a spore production of 152×107 spores.mL-1 was achieved in 1v.v-1.min-1 aerated culture. In terms of cell growth and spore production, these results were 5- and 8.5-fold higher, respectively, compared with the initial un-optimized medium in shake flask culture. The results obtained in this study improved the process of Bti production in semi-industrial scale through the optimization of both the cultivation medium composition and the aeration rate in pilot scale stirred tank bioreactor.

Phytase production using Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), a recombinant strain harboring a plasmid en... more Phytase production using Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), a recombinant strain harboring a plasmid encoding thermostable Bacillus phytase, in semi-industrial scale was studied in this work. Among the factors needed to be considered in order to achieve high enzyme yield, aeration rate plays an important role. Suitable aeration is required to
supply cells with sufficient amount of air for cell and phytase production. The effect of different aeration rates, (1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 vv-1min-1), on the kinetics of cell growth and phytase production by the recombinant E. coli BL21 (DE3) in 16-L pilot scale stirred tank bioreactor was investigated. The highest cell concentration of 3.81 gL-1 concomitant with the maximal total phytase production of 15.63 UmL-1 were obtained in a bioreactor of aeration rate 3.0vv-1min-1. At this high aeration rate, a maximal specific growth rate (μmax) and the maximal specific phytase production of 0.33 h-1 and 4102Ug-1, respectively, were achieved.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (eCAM) (accepted). , 2013

Jurnal Teknologi. 64, 35-43. , 2013

Jourmal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 7, 1601-1613. , 2013

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 5, 434-440. , 2013

Trends in Biotechnology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.09.003, 2013