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International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences
This paper investigated the effect on income distribution in Indonesia with related variables fro... more This paper investigated the effect on income distribution in Indonesia with related variables from the period 1984 to 2017 using annual data. Gross domestic product, inflation, corruption, foreign direct investment, and trade openness are the selected variables that have been chosen in this study. The study implements Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation to investigate the short-run and long-run elasticities of the proposed model. The results from the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests of stationarity indicated that all the variables were nonstationary at the level I (o) but stationary at the first difference I (1). The finding based on longrun elasticities reveals that the result of the ARDL model exposes that all variables except for inflation have significantly influence inequality of income distribution in Indonesia. The government needs to initiate policies that will facilitate the improvement of the income distribution of their country.
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the influencing effect of physical fitness compone... more The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the influencing effect of physical fitness components on football playing ability among male players under 14 years. This study uses a cross-sectional method of survey design. A total of 208 football male players under 14 years were randomly selected from a school-based football programme in Malaysia. The data of this study were analyzed using multiple linear regression test. The findings indicate that there are nine out of 14 predictor tests of physical fitness components which are body mass index, body fat percentage, sit and reach, standing long jump, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (VO2max), 5 meter sprint, 30 meter sprint, T-test (left) and T-test (right) have significant influencing effect on football playing ability among male players under 14 years. The combination of these nine physical fitness component tests contributed 79.6 percent (R Square value = .796) the variance of the physical fitness component can be explained by the linear combination of scores in the football playing ability [F (14, 193) = 53.649, p <.000]. In conclusion, nine physical fitness component predictor tests can be used as a physical fitness standard test battery for male football players under 14 years. The implication of study showed that the use of nine physical fitness component predictor tests can ensure the selected football male player talent under 14 years are those who really have a high level of physical fitness to compete at international level.
Developing countries rely on imitation and innovation to boost their economic growth. The debate ... more Developing countries rely on imitation and innovation to boost their economic growth. The debate on innovation and imitation has been the focus of empirical research with the implementation of strengthening Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). This is because IPRs may affect developing countries in terms of employment and economic growth. Theoretical studies have proven the relationship, but empirical studies on this topic are scarce. Thus, this study aims to examine the effect IPRs on unemployment in selected developing economies. System-GMM estimator is adopted by utilizing panel data for a sample of 47 developing countries from 2008-2014. This study considers the direct effect of IPRs protection on unemployment. The empirical analysis shows that stronger IPRs protection escalates unemployment in these countries as evidenced by a positive and significant relationship between these variables. As most of the technology by developing countries rely on imitation activities thus, stronger IPRs protection increases unemployment and the effect of IPRs protection on unemployment are positive.
This paper investigated the effect on income distribution in Indonesia with related variables fro... more This paper investigated the effect on income distribution in Indonesia with related variables from the period 1984 to 2017 using annual data. Gross domestic product, inflation, corruption, foreign direct investment, and trade openness are the selected variables that have been chosen in this study. The study implements Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation to investigate the short-run and long-run elasticities of the proposed model. The results from the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests of stationarity indicated that all the variables were non-stationary at the level I (o) but stationary at the first difference I (1). The finding based on long-run elasticities reveals that the result of the ARDL model exposes that all variables except for inflation have significantly influence inequality of income distribution in Indonesia. The government needs to initiate policies that will facilitate the improvement of the income distribution of their country.
International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences
This paper investigated the effect on income distribution in Indonesia with related variables fro... more This paper investigated the effect on income distribution in Indonesia with related variables from the period 1984 to 2017 using annual data. Gross domestic product, inflation, corruption, foreign direct investment, and trade openness are the selected variables that have been chosen in this study. The study implements Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation to investigate the short-run and long-run elasticities of the proposed model. The results from the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests of stationarity indicated that all the variables were nonstationary at the level I (o) but stationary at the first difference I (1). The finding based on longrun elasticities reveals that the result of the ARDL model exposes that all variables except for inflation have significantly influence inequality of income distribution in Indonesia. The government needs to initiate policies that will facilitate the improvement of the income distribution of their country.
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the influencing effect of physical fitness compone... more The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the influencing effect of physical fitness components on football playing ability among male players under 14 years. This study uses a cross-sectional method of survey design. A total of 208 football male players under 14 years were randomly selected from a school-based football programme in Malaysia. The data of this study were analyzed using multiple linear regression test. The findings indicate that there are nine out of 14 predictor tests of physical fitness components which are body mass index, body fat percentage, sit and reach, standing long jump, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (VO2max), 5 meter sprint, 30 meter sprint, T-test (left) and T-test (right) have significant influencing effect on football playing ability among male players under 14 years. The combination of these nine physical fitness component tests contributed 79.6 percent (R Square value = .796) the variance of the physical fitness component can be explained by the linear combination of scores in the football playing ability [F (14, 193) = 53.649, p <.000]. In conclusion, nine physical fitness component predictor tests can be used as a physical fitness standard test battery for male football players under 14 years. The implication of study showed that the use of nine physical fitness component predictor tests can ensure the selected football male player talent under 14 years are those who really have a high level of physical fitness to compete at international level.
Developing countries rely on imitation and innovation to boost their economic growth. The debate ... more Developing countries rely on imitation and innovation to boost their economic growth. The debate on innovation and imitation has been the focus of empirical research with the implementation of strengthening Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). This is because IPRs may affect developing countries in terms of employment and economic growth. Theoretical studies have proven the relationship, but empirical studies on this topic are scarce. Thus, this study aims to examine the effect IPRs on unemployment in selected developing economies. System-GMM estimator is adopted by utilizing panel data for a sample of 47 developing countries from 2008-2014. This study considers the direct effect of IPRs protection on unemployment. The empirical analysis shows that stronger IPRs protection escalates unemployment in these countries as evidenced by a positive and significant relationship between these variables. As most of the technology by developing countries rely on imitation activities thus, stronger IPRs protection increases unemployment and the effect of IPRs protection on unemployment are positive.
This paper investigated the effect on income distribution in Indonesia with related variables fro... more This paper investigated the effect on income distribution in Indonesia with related variables from the period 1984 to 2017 using annual data. Gross domestic product, inflation, corruption, foreign direct investment, and trade openness are the selected variables that have been chosen in this study. The study implements Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation to investigate the short-run and long-run elasticities of the proposed model. The results from the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests of stationarity indicated that all the variables were non-stationary at the level I (o) but stationary at the first difference I (1). The finding based on long-run elasticities reveals that the result of the ARDL model exposes that all variables except for inflation have significantly influence inequality of income distribution in Indonesia. The government needs to initiate policies that will facilitate the improvement of the income distribution of their country.