MONA RIZA BINTI MOHD ESA FKE | Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - UTM (original) (raw)

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Papers by MONA RIZA BINTI MOHD ESA FKE

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

This paper presents the correlation analysis between lightning flashes and the rainfall rate of a... more This paper presents the correlation analysis between lightning flashes and the rainfall rate of a thunderstorm when a flash flood event happened in Melaka on 11 August 2020. Four types of data have been collected from the electric field mill (EFM), fast antenna (FA) system, constant altitude plan position indicator (CAPPI) radar and world wide lightning location network (WWLLN). Two storms have been detected by the EFM occurred between 04:00:00 and 14:00:00. The FA system recorded a total of 33 lightning flashes had detected with the highest number occurrence of flashes which positive narrow bipolar event (+NBE) around 21 flashes, the maximum rainfall rate and reflectivity have been detected by radar during the first storm were 8 mm h-1 and 37 dBZ, respectively (light rain). During the second storm, there was a total of 980 lightning flashes detected by the FA system with the highest number occurrence of flashes around 429 flashes (IC), the highest value of rainfall rate and reflect...

In this thesis, the features of electric field signatures of narrow bipolar pulses (NBPs) generat... more In this thesis, the features of electric field signatures of narrow bipolar pulses (NBPs) generated by cloud flashes are investigated and their effects on wireless communication systems are studied. A handful amount of NBPs (14.5%) have been observed to occur as part of cloud-to-ground flashes in South Malaysia. Occurrence of NBPs in Sweden has been reported for the first time in this thesis. The electric field waveform characteristics of NBPs as part of cloud-to-ground flashes were similar to isolated NBPs found in Sweden and South Malaysia and also to those isolated NBPs reported by previous studies from various geographical areas. This is a strong indication that their breakdown mechanisms are similar at any latitudes regardless of geographical areas.A comparative study on the occurrence of NBPs and other forms of lightning flashes across various geographical areas ranging from northern regions to the tropics is presented. As the latitude decreased from Uppsala, Sweden (59.8°N) to South Malaysia (1.5°N), the percentage of NBP emissions relative to the total number of lightning flashes increased significantly from 0.13% to 12%. Occurrences of positive NBPs were more common than negative NBPs at all observed latitudes. However, as latitudes decreased, the negative NBP emissions increased significantly from 20% (Sweden) to 45% (South Malaysia). Factors involving mixed-phase region elevations and vertical extents of thundercloud tops are invoked to explain the observed results. These factors are fundamentally latitude dependent.In this thesis, the interaction between microwave radiations emitted by cloud-to-ground and cloud flashes events and bits transmission in wireless communication networks are also presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such effects are investigated in the literature. Narrow bipolar pulses were found to be the strongest source of interference that interfered with the bits transmission.

Electric Power Systems Research, 2014

This paper reports a recent observation of Narrow Bipolar Event (NBE) occurrence as part of cloud... more This paper reports a recent observation of Narrow Bipolar Event (NBE) occurrence as part of cloud-to-ground flash activity in tropical thunderstorms. Electric field change measurement has been conducted in Southern Malaysia (latitude 1°34ʹ′12.00ʺ″N, longitude 103°38ʹ′42.00ʺ″E) during Northeastern monsoon season between November and December 2012. From the total 173 recorded NBEs, more than half, (60.7%), appeared to occur in isolation; that is, no other lightning flashes occurring prior to or following the NBEs within the record length of 500 ms with a 150 ms pre-trigger delay. The remaining 36.4% of NBEs have been observed to occur as part of cloud-to-ground flash activity. We found that more than one third of NBEs with cloud-to-ground flash, about 38.1% have occurred between return strokes. Both polarities of NBEs (+NBE and-NBE) were recorded between the return strokes. The other one third of NBEs, about 36.5% have been observed to follow the last return stroke with both polarities of NBEs were recorded. On the other hand, only about 25.4% of NBEs (both polarities) have been observed to occur prior the first return stroke. The range of time intervals between the NBEs and the first return strokes is from 19 to 158 ms. The range of ratios of-NBEs peak amplitudes to the first return stroke peak amplitudes is found to be much larger than +NBEs, between 0.3 and 3.8 for-NBEs when compared to 0.3 and 2.6 for +NBEs. Furthermore, we observed 5 events (4 +NBEs and 1-NBE) where NBEs have preceded preliminary breakdown process (PBP) before the first return stroke. Interestingly, +NBEs have occurred at much shorter time intervals before the first pulse of PBP compared to-NBEs. The range of time intervals between the +NBEs and the first pulse of PBP is between 5.8 and 52 ms while for-NBE it is 115 ms.

Atmospheric Research, 2014

ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary observation of lightning signature at 2400 MHz. We bel... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary observation of lightning signature at 2400 MHz. We believe this is the first time such observation was made in such frequency band. One positive ground discharge and one cloud discharge waveforms have been selected from a collection of waveforms recorded using fast and slow broadband antenna systems. In addition, waveforms recorded directly from 2400 MHz whip antenna associated with the selected ground and cloud discharges waveforms were observed. The measurements were carried out in Uppsala, Sweden in July 2012. We discovered a possible lightning signature at 2400 MHz with the existence of bursts of pulses happened to occur simultaneously with preliminary breakdown, negative return stroke and cloud pulses. These bursts of pulses possibly interfered in some ways with the transmitted bits leading to higher recorded error bits during the thunderstorm.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary observation of lightning signature at 2400 MHz. We bel... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary observation of lightning signature at 2400 MHz. We believe this is the first time such observation was made in such frequency band. One positive ground discharge and one cloud discharge waveforms have been selected from a collection of waveforms recorded using fast and slow broadband antenna systems. In addition, waveforms recorded directly from 2400 MHz whip antenna associated with the selected ground and cloud discharges waveforms were observed. The measurements were carried out in Uppsala, Sweden in July 2012. We discovered a possible lightning signature at 2400 MHz with the existence of bursts of pulses happened to occur simultaneously with preliminary breakdown, negative return stroke and cloud pulses. These bursts of pulses possibly interfered in some ways with the transmitted bits leading to higher recorded error bits during the thunderstorm.

2 In this paper, we investigate the wavelet characteristics of the first electric field pulse of ... more 2 In this paper, we investigate the wavelet characteristics of the first electric field pulse of four different flash types namely negative cloud-to-ground flash (-CG), positive cloud-to-ground flash (+CG), cloud flash (IC) and isolated breakdown flash (IB). A total 110 fine waveforms out of 885 were selected which have been recorded during summer between May and August 2010 in Uppsala, Sweden. The measurement was done by using an electric field broadband antenna system with the time resolution of 50 Megasample per second. Evidence from our wavelet analysis suggests that the ionization process during the initial leader development (coincide with the detection of the first electric field pulse) of at least three flashes (-CG, IC, and IB) in Sweden was dictated directly by the existence and magnitude of localized free ions region and lower positive charge center (p region). In general, we found that both single peak and multiple peaks pulses of the negative CG and IC flashes radiated energy at higher frequencies and gain larger bandwidth when compared to positive CG and IB flashes. We suggest that the initial leader development of both IC and negative CG flashes underwent very rapid and much more extensive ionization process when compared to the positive CG and IB flashes. In specific comparison between negative CG and IC flashes, both temporal and wavelet analyses suggest that the first electric field pulses of IC flash radiated energy at higher frequency in both single spread categories and radiated energy at lower frequency in both multiple spread categories when compared to the negative CG flash. This finding may explain the observation of much slower and less bright type  leader (ionization process not so extensive) compared to much faster and very bright type  leader (ionization process very rapid and more extensive). As for positive CG and IB flashes, the single peak pulses of positive CG radiated energy at much higher frequency while the multiple peaks pulses radiated energy at much lower frequency than IB flash. We suggest that the initiation mechanism of positive CG was dictated directly by the background electric field between the main positive charge centre and the ground, which is distinct from the initiation mechanism of IB flash. The presence of small magnitude of localized free ions region facilitated the rapidity of the ionization process in the initial leader development of IB flash.

2 In this paper, we investigate the wavelet characteristics of the first electric field pulse of ... more 2 In this paper, we investigate the wavelet characteristics of the first electric field pulse of four different flash types namely negative cloud-to-ground flash (-CG), positive cloud-to-ground flash (+CG), cloud flash (IC) and isolated breakdown flash (IB). A total 110 fine waveforms out of 885 were selected which have been recorded during summer between May and August 2010 in Uppsala, Sweden. The measurement was done by using an electric field broadband antenna system with the time resolution of 50 Megasample per second. Evidence from our wavelet analysis suggests that the ionization process during the initial leader development (coincide with the detection of the first electric field pulse) of at least three flashes (-CG, IC, and IB) in Sweden was dictated directly by the existence and magnitude of localized free ions region and lower positive charge center (p region). In general, we found that both single peak and multiple peaks pulses of the negative CG and IC flashes radiated energy at higher frequencies and gain larger bandwidth when compared to positive CG and IB flashes. We suggest that the initial leader development of both IC and negative CG flashes underwent very rapid and much more extensive ionization process when compared to the positive CG and IB flashes. In specific comparison between negative CG and IC flashes, both temporal and wavelet analyses suggest that the first electric field pulses of IC flash radiated energy at higher frequency in both single spread categories and radiated energy at lower frequency in both multiple spread categories when compared to the negative CG flash. This finding may explain the observation of much slower and less bright type  leader (ionization process not so extensive) compared to much faster and very bright type  leader (ionization process very rapid and more extensive). As for positive CG and IB flashes, the single peak pulses of positive CG radiated energy at much higher frequency while the multiple peaks pulses radiated energy at much lower frequency than IB flash. We suggest that the initiation mechanism of positive CG was dictated directly by the background electric field between the main positive charge centre and the ground, which is distinct from the initiation mechanism of IB flash. The presence of small magnitude of localized free ions region facilitated the rapidity of the ionization process in the initial leader development of IB flash.

Electric Power Systems Research, 2014

In this study, cloud-to-ground (CG) flash and intra-cloud (IC) flash events that interfere with t... more In this study, cloud-to-ground (CG) flash and intra-cloud (IC) flash events that interfere with the transmission of bits in wireless communication system operating at 2.4 GHz were analyzed. Bit error rate (BER) and consecutive lost datagram (CLD) measurement methods were used to evaluate BER and burst error from 3 tropical thunderstorms on November 27, 28, and 29 during 2012 northeastern monsoon in Malaysia. A total of 850 waveforms from the electric field change recording system were recorded and examined. Out of these, 94 waveforms of very fine structure were selected which matched perfectly with the timing information of the recorded BER. We found that both CG and IC flashes interfered significantly with the transmission of bits in wireless communication system. The severity of the interference depends mainly on two factors namely the number of pulses and the amplitude intensity of the flash. The interference level becomes worst when the number of pulses in a flash increases and the amplitude intensity of pulses in a flash intensifies. During thunderstorms, wireless communication system has experienced mostly intermittent interference due to burst error. Occasionally, in the presence of very intense NBP event, wireless communication system could experience total communication lost. In CG flash, it can be concluded that PBP is the major source of interference that interfered with the bits transmission and caused the largest burst error. In IC flash, we found that the typical IC pulses interfered the bits transmission in the same way as PBP and mixed events in CG flash and produced comparable and in some cases higher amount of burst error. NBP has been observed to interfere the bits transmission more severely than typical IC and CG flashes and caused the most severe burst error to wireless communication system.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

This paper presents the correlation analysis between lightning flashes and the rainfall rate of a... more This paper presents the correlation analysis between lightning flashes and the rainfall rate of a thunderstorm when a flash flood event happened in Melaka on 11 August 2020. Four types of data have been collected from the electric field mill (EFM), fast antenna (FA) system, constant altitude plan position indicator (CAPPI) radar and world wide lightning location network (WWLLN). Two storms have been detected by the EFM occurred between 04:00:00 and 14:00:00. The FA system recorded a total of 33 lightning flashes had detected with the highest number occurrence of flashes which positive narrow bipolar event (+NBE) around 21 flashes, the maximum rainfall rate and reflectivity have been detected by radar during the first storm were 8 mm h-1 and 37 dBZ, respectively (light rain). During the second storm, there was a total of 980 lightning flashes detected by the FA system with the highest number occurrence of flashes around 429 flashes (IC), the highest value of rainfall rate and reflect...

In this thesis, the features of electric field signatures of narrow bipolar pulses (NBPs) generat... more In this thesis, the features of electric field signatures of narrow bipolar pulses (NBPs) generated by cloud flashes are investigated and their effects on wireless communication systems are studied. A handful amount of NBPs (14.5%) have been observed to occur as part of cloud-to-ground flashes in South Malaysia. Occurrence of NBPs in Sweden has been reported for the first time in this thesis. The electric field waveform characteristics of NBPs as part of cloud-to-ground flashes were similar to isolated NBPs found in Sweden and South Malaysia and also to those isolated NBPs reported by previous studies from various geographical areas. This is a strong indication that their breakdown mechanisms are similar at any latitudes regardless of geographical areas.A comparative study on the occurrence of NBPs and other forms of lightning flashes across various geographical areas ranging from northern regions to the tropics is presented. As the latitude decreased from Uppsala, Sweden (59.8°N) to South Malaysia (1.5°N), the percentage of NBP emissions relative to the total number of lightning flashes increased significantly from 0.13% to 12%. Occurrences of positive NBPs were more common than negative NBPs at all observed latitudes. However, as latitudes decreased, the negative NBP emissions increased significantly from 20% (Sweden) to 45% (South Malaysia). Factors involving mixed-phase region elevations and vertical extents of thundercloud tops are invoked to explain the observed results. These factors are fundamentally latitude dependent.In this thesis, the interaction between microwave radiations emitted by cloud-to-ground and cloud flashes events and bits transmission in wireless communication networks are also presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time such effects are investigated in the literature. Narrow bipolar pulses were found to be the strongest source of interference that interfered with the bits transmission.

Electric Power Systems Research, 2014

This paper reports a recent observation of Narrow Bipolar Event (NBE) occurrence as part of cloud... more This paper reports a recent observation of Narrow Bipolar Event (NBE) occurrence as part of cloud-to-ground flash activity in tropical thunderstorms. Electric field change measurement has been conducted in Southern Malaysia (latitude 1°34ʹ′12.00ʺ″N, longitude 103°38ʹ′42.00ʺ″E) during Northeastern monsoon season between November and December 2012. From the total 173 recorded NBEs, more than half, (60.7%), appeared to occur in isolation; that is, no other lightning flashes occurring prior to or following the NBEs within the record length of 500 ms with a 150 ms pre-trigger delay. The remaining 36.4% of NBEs have been observed to occur as part of cloud-to-ground flash activity. We found that more than one third of NBEs with cloud-to-ground flash, about 38.1% have occurred between return strokes. Both polarities of NBEs (+NBE and-NBE) were recorded between the return strokes. The other one third of NBEs, about 36.5% have been observed to follow the last return stroke with both polarities of NBEs were recorded. On the other hand, only about 25.4% of NBEs (both polarities) have been observed to occur prior the first return stroke. The range of time intervals between the NBEs and the first return strokes is from 19 to 158 ms. The range of ratios of-NBEs peak amplitudes to the first return stroke peak amplitudes is found to be much larger than +NBEs, between 0.3 and 3.8 for-NBEs when compared to 0.3 and 2.6 for +NBEs. Furthermore, we observed 5 events (4 +NBEs and 1-NBE) where NBEs have preceded preliminary breakdown process (PBP) before the first return stroke. Interestingly, +NBEs have occurred at much shorter time intervals before the first pulse of PBP compared to-NBEs. The range of time intervals between the +NBEs and the first pulse of PBP is between 5.8 and 52 ms while for-NBE it is 115 ms.

Atmospheric Research, 2014

ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary observation of lightning signature at 2400 MHz. We bel... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary observation of lightning signature at 2400 MHz. We believe this is the first time such observation was made in such frequency band. One positive ground discharge and one cloud discharge waveforms have been selected from a collection of waveforms recorded using fast and slow broadband antenna systems. In addition, waveforms recorded directly from 2400 MHz whip antenna associated with the selected ground and cloud discharges waveforms were observed. The measurements were carried out in Uppsala, Sweden in July 2012. We discovered a possible lightning signature at 2400 MHz with the existence of bursts of pulses happened to occur simultaneously with preliminary breakdown, negative return stroke and cloud pulses. These bursts of pulses possibly interfered in some ways with the transmitted bits leading to higher recorded error bits during the thunderstorm.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary observation of lightning signature at 2400 MHz. We bel... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a preliminary observation of lightning signature at 2400 MHz. We believe this is the first time such observation was made in such frequency band. One positive ground discharge and one cloud discharge waveforms have been selected from a collection of waveforms recorded using fast and slow broadband antenna systems. In addition, waveforms recorded directly from 2400 MHz whip antenna associated with the selected ground and cloud discharges waveforms were observed. The measurements were carried out in Uppsala, Sweden in July 2012. We discovered a possible lightning signature at 2400 MHz with the existence of bursts of pulses happened to occur simultaneously with preliminary breakdown, negative return stroke and cloud pulses. These bursts of pulses possibly interfered in some ways with the transmitted bits leading to higher recorded error bits during the thunderstorm.

2 In this paper, we investigate the wavelet characteristics of the first electric field pulse of ... more 2 In this paper, we investigate the wavelet characteristics of the first electric field pulse of four different flash types namely negative cloud-to-ground flash (-CG), positive cloud-to-ground flash (+CG), cloud flash (IC) and isolated breakdown flash (IB). A total 110 fine waveforms out of 885 were selected which have been recorded during summer between May and August 2010 in Uppsala, Sweden. The measurement was done by using an electric field broadband antenna system with the time resolution of 50 Megasample per second. Evidence from our wavelet analysis suggests that the ionization process during the initial leader development (coincide with the detection of the first electric field pulse) of at least three flashes (-CG, IC, and IB) in Sweden was dictated directly by the existence and magnitude of localized free ions region and lower positive charge center (p region). In general, we found that both single peak and multiple peaks pulses of the negative CG and IC flashes radiated energy at higher frequencies and gain larger bandwidth when compared to positive CG and IB flashes. We suggest that the initial leader development of both IC and negative CG flashes underwent very rapid and much more extensive ionization process when compared to the positive CG and IB flashes. In specific comparison between negative CG and IC flashes, both temporal and wavelet analyses suggest that the first electric field pulses of IC flash radiated energy at higher frequency in both single spread categories and radiated energy at lower frequency in both multiple spread categories when compared to the negative CG flash. This finding may explain the observation of much slower and less bright type  leader (ionization process not so extensive) compared to much faster and very bright type  leader (ionization process very rapid and more extensive). As for positive CG and IB flashes, the single peak pulses of positive CG radiated energy at much higher frequency while the multiple peaks pulses radiated energy at much lower frequency than IB flash. We suggest that the initiation mechanism of positive CG was dictated directly by the background electric field between the main positive charge centre and the ground, which is distinct from the initiation mechanism of IB flash. The presence of small magnitude of localized free ions region facilitated the rapidity of the ionization process in the initial leader development of IB flash.

2 In this paper, we investigate the wavelet characteristics of the first electric field pulse of ... more 2 In this paper, we investigate the wavelet characteristics of the first electric field pulse of four different flash types namely negative cloud-to-ground flash (-CG), positive cloud-to-ground flash (+CG), cloud flash (IC) and isolated breakdown flash (IB). A total 110 fine waveforms out of 885 were selected which have been recorded during summer between May and August 2010 in Uppsala, Sweden. The measurement was done by using an electric field broadband antenna system with the time resolution of 50 Megasample per second. Evidence from our wavelet analysis suggests that the ionization process during the initial leader development (coincide with the detection of the first electric field pulse) of at least three flashes (-CG, IC, and IB) in Sweden was dictated directly by the existence and magnitude of localized free ions region and lower positive charge center (p region). In general, we found that both single peak and multiple peaks pulses of the negative CG and IC flashes radiated energy at higher frequencies and gain larger bandwidth when compared to positive CG and IB flashes. We suggest that the initial leader development of both IC and negative CG flashes underwent very rapid and much more extensive ionization process when compared to the positive CG and IB flashes. In specific comparison between negative CG and IC flashes, both temporal and wavelet analyses suggest that the first electric field pulses of IC flash radiated energy at higher frequency in both single spread categories and radiated energy at lower frequency in both multiple spread categories when compared to the negative CG flash. This finding may explain the observation of much slower and less bright type  leader (ionization process not so extensive) compared to much faster and very bright type  leader (ionization process very rapid and more extensive). As for positive CG and IB flashes, the single peak pulses of positive CG radiated energy at much higher frequency while the multiple peaks pulses radiated energy at much lower frequency than IB flash. We suggest that the initiation mechanism of positive CG was dictated directly by the background electric field between the main positive charge centre and the ground, which is distinct from the initiation mechanism of IB flash. The presence of small magnitude of localized free ions region facilitated the rapidity of the ionization process in the initial leader development of IB flash.

Electric Power Systems Research, 2014

In this study, cloud-to-ground (CG) flash and intra-cloud (IC) flash events that interfere with t... more In this study, cloud-to-ground (CG) flash and intra-cloud (IC) flash events that interfere with the transmission of bits in wireless communication system operating at 2.4 GHz were analyzed. Bit error rate (BER) and consecutive lost datagram (CLD) measurement methods were used to evaluate BER and burst error from 3 tropical thunderstorms on November 27, 28, and 29 during 2012 northeastern monsoon in Malaysia. A total of 850 waveforms from the electric field change recording system were recorded and examined. Out of these, 94 waveforms of very fine structure were selected which matched perfectly with the timing information of the recorded BER. We found that both CG and IC flashes interfered significantly with the transmission of bits in wireless communication system. The severity of the interference depends mainly on two factors namely the number of pulses and the amplitude intensity of the flash. The interference level becomes worst when the number of pulses in a flash increases and the amplitude intensity of pulses in a flash intensifies. During thunderstorms, wireless communication system has experienced mostly intermittent interference due to burst error. Occasionally, in the presence of very intense NBP event, wireless communication system could experience total communication lost. In CG flash, it can be concluded that PBP is the major source of interference that interfered with the bits transmission and caused the largest burst error. In IC flash, we found that the typical IC pulses interfered the bits transmission in the same way as PBP and mixed events in CG flash and produced comparable and in some cases higher amount of burst error. NBP has been observed to interfere the bits transmission more severely than typical IC and CG flashes and caused the most severe burst error to wireless communication system.