Joachim Meyer - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Joachim Meyer
Knowledge and space, 2024
In our current "age of data", Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Data Science (... more In our current "age of data", Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Data Science (DS), and analytics are becoming part of problem-solving and decision-making in many areas, ranging from recommendations for movies and music to medical diagnostics, the detection of cybercrime, investment decisions or the evaluation of military intelligence (e.g., McAfee & Brynjolfsson, 2012). These methods can be used because an abundance of information is collected and made available. Also, the tools for analyzing such information are becoming widely accessible, and their use has become easier with platforms such as BigML. While in the past, statisticians or data scientists were in charge of the analytics process, now anybody with some basic computing skills can conduct analyses with R or Python, using open-source tools and libraries. These developments are the basis for new insights and understanding social and physical settings. They also alter the decision processes used by organizations and the information that is available to individuals. As such, they affect reality, its representation in digital records and the media, and the ways people interpret this reality and act in it. The dynamic interaction between the physical, digital, and social realms shapes current societies. Understanding and modeling it is a major challenge for both data science and the social sciences. Data analytics, and the information one can gain from them, can be used in decisionmaking processes, in which they help to choose among possible alternatives. Algorithmic decisions can be advantageous in legal contexts, such as bail decisions (Kleinberg, Lakkaraju, Leskovec, Ludwig, & Mullainathan, 2018). In medical settings, the development of personalized evidence-based medicine for diagnostic or treatment decisions (Kent, Steyerberg, & van Klaveren, 2018) depends on analyzing electronic medical
arXiv (Cornell University), Aug 2, 2023
Intelligent systems have become a major part of our lives. Human responsibility for outcomes beco... more Intelligent systems have become a major part of our lives. Human responsibility for outcomes becomes unclear in the interaction with these systems, as parts of information acquisition, decision-making, and action implementation may be carried out jointly by humans and systems. Determining human causal responsibility with intelligent systems is particularly important in events that end with adverse outcomes. We developed three measures of retrospective human causal responsibility when using intelligent systems. The first measure concerns repetitive human interactions with a system. Using information theory, it quantifies the average human's unique contribution to the outcomes of past events. The second and third measures concern human causal responsibility in a single past interaction with an intelligent system. They quantify, respectively, the unique human contribution in forming the information used for decision-making and the reasonability of the actions that the human carried out. The results show that human retrospective responsibility depends on the combined effects of system design and its reliability, the human's role and authority, and probabilistic factors related to the system and the environment. The new responsibility measures can serve to investigate and analyze past events involving intelligent systems. They may aid the judgment of human responsibility and ethical and legal discussions, providing a novel quantitative perspective. Note to Practitioners-We developed a theoretical model and quantitative measures that can aid in assessing the retrospective human causal responsibility in the interaction with intelligent systems. Practitioners can apply responsibility measures to estimate different aspects of user causal responsibility in past interactions with intelligent systems. One must assume stationarity and ergodicity to apply the measures (which are based on Information Theory) to real-world systems. Nevertheless, one can often limit the computation to periods that satisfy stationarity, which facilitates computation. When this is not possible, the computed responsibility measures should be treated with caution and be combined with sensitivity analyses of how changes in the input probabilities and assumptions affect the responsibility values, which will often supply valuable insights.
arXiv (Cornell University), May 27, 2022
We present "PATRED", a technique that uses the addition of redundant information to facilitate th... more We present "PATRED", a technique that uses the addition of redundant information to facilitate the detection of specific, generally described patterns in line-charts during the visual exploration of the charts. We compared different versions of this technique, that differed in the way redundancy was added, using nine distance metrics (such as Euclidean, Pearson, Mutual Information and Jaccard) with judgments from data scientists which served as the "ground truth". Results were analyzed with correlations (R 2), F1 scores and Mutual Information with the average ranking by the data scientists. Some distance metrics consistently benefit from the addition of redundant information, while others are only enhanced for specific types of data perturbations. The results demonstrate the value of adding redundancy to improve the identification of patterns in time-series data during visual exploration.
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology
Intelligent systems support human operators’ decision-making processes, many of which are dynamic... more Intelligent systems support human operators’ decision-making processes, many of which are dynamic and involve temporal changes in the decision-related parameters. As we increasingly depend on automation, it becomes imperative to understand and quantify its influence on the operator’s decisions and to evaluate its implications for the human’s causal responsibility for outcomes. Past studies proposed a model for human responsibility in static decision-making processes involving intelligent systems. We present a model for dynamic, non-stationary decision-making events based on the concept of causation strength. We apply it to a test case of a dynamic binary categorization decision. The results show that for automation to influence humans significantly, it must have high detection sensitivity. However, this condition is insufficient since it is unlikely that automation, irrespective of its sensitivity, will sway humans with high detection sensitivity away from their original position. S...
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 2003
A previous study (Gilat et al., J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 3 (1997) 83) has shown that the incentive ... more A previous study (Gilat et al., J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 3 (1997) 83) has shown that the incentive to reach consensus can raise the tendency to rely on base rates in signal detection decisions and can reduce the probability that less likely events will be accurately classified. This phenomenon was named the ''consensus effect''. The current study assesses the conditions under which this effect develops and in particular the effects of information about the game and of the incentive structure on the learning process. The results of three experiments show that the learning process slows when participants have information about the actual state of nature. This finding is captured by a reinforcement learning model with the assumption that information narrows the distribution of the initial propensities for choosing among cutoffs. The results are further evidence for the utility of the combination of learning models and analyses of cognitive processes for the prediction of decision making in situations involving multiple players.
Saving for a Rainy Day? Comparative Optimism About Disability in Old Age
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2011
This study examined young (n= 40) and middle-aged (n= 30) adults' susceptibi... more This study examined young (n= 40) and middle-aged (n= 30) adults' susceptibility to comparative optimism and comparative pessimism regarding disability in old age and their willingness to save for long-term care. Participants rated their risk of diverse levels of disability in old age, compared to another similar person, and indicated the amount of money they would be willing to save for future long-term care. While middle-aged participants showed the same level of comparative optimism for diverse disability levels, ...
Where Human Factors Meets Marketing
Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 1996
Promoting the marriage of marketing techniques and human factors research in product development.
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2015
HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re... more HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
On March 24, 2015, French air traffic control lost radio contact with Germanwings Flight 9525 sho... more On March 24, 2015, French air traffic control lost radio contact with Germanwings Flight 9525 shortly after the aircraft reached a height of about 6,000 feet. 1 Andreas Lubitz, the co-pilot of the aircraft, had locked himself in the cockpit and was leading the aircraft on a fatal descent from its cruising altitude of 38,000 feet. 2 The pilot, who left Lubitz alone in the cockpit while taking a bathroom break, attempted to hack through the locked cockpit door with an axe while futilely screaming at Lubitz to open the door. 3 Flight 9525 crashed in a remote area in the French Alps, killing all 150 people on board.
Choosing Protection: User Investments in Security Measures for Cyber Risk Management
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2019
Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and cyber-insurance are widely used to protect agai... more Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and cyber-insurance are widely used to protect against cyber-attacks and their consequences. The optimal investment in each of these security measures depends on the likelihood of threats and the severity of the damage they cause, on the user’s ability to distinguish between malicious and non-malicious content, and on the properties of the different security measures and their costs. We present a model of the optimal investment in the security measures, given that the effectiveness of each measure depends partly on the performance of the others. We also conducted an online experiment in which participants classified events as malicious or non-malicious, based on the value of an observed variable. They could protect themselves by investing in a firewall, an IDS or insurance. Four experimental conditions differed in the optimal investment in the different measures. Participants tended to invest preferably in the IDS, irrespective of the benefits from this investment. They were able to identify the firewall and insurance conditions in which investments were beneficial, but they did not invest optimally in these measures. The results imply that users’ intuitive decisions to invest resources in risk management measures are likely to be non-optimal. It is important to develop methods to help users in their decisions.
Discrimination between Functions in Tables and Graphs
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1997
An experiment assessed the relative efficiency of tables and graphs for the discrimination betwee... more An experiment assessed the relative efficiency of tables and graphs for the discrimination between two system states, indicated by different frequencies of sine functions, in a simulated process. Graphic displays allowed significantly better discrimination than tables. The interval between the feed back for one trial and the beginning of the next trial affected performance for both displays. In graphs rapid learning occurred for all durations of the interval, but when the interval was 0 seconds the initial performance was lower than when the interval was 2 or 6 seconds. For tables only the 6 seconds interval showed faster learning than the other conditions, but performance was still much lower than for graphs. The results lend support to the claim that graphic displays are of advantage when the displayed data has structure and when the task relies on this structure.
The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ, 2001
On 1 January 1995 a new mandatory National Health Insurance Law was enacted in Israel. The new la... more On 1 January 1995 a new mandatory National Health Insurance Law was enacted in Israel. The new law fostered competition among the four major Israeli healthcare providers (HMOs or sick funds) already operating in the market due to the possibility that an unlimited number of patients and the relative budget share would shift among the HMOs. This led them to launch advertising campaigns to attract new members. To examine newspaper advertising activities during the early stages of healthcare market reform in Israel. Advertising efforts were reviewed during a study period of 24 months (July 1994 to June 1996). Advertisements were analyzed in terms of marketing strategy, costs and quality of information. During the study period 412 newspaper advertisements were collected. The total advertising costs by all HMOs was approximately US$4 million in 1996 prices. Differences were found in marketing strategy, relative advertising costs, contents and priorities among the HMOs. The content of HMOs...
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services - MobileHCI '09, 2009
The aim of this study was to examine how users perceive help on a mobile device with respect to t... more The aim of this study was to examine how users perceive help on a mobile device with respect to the presentation format and the severity of the scenario the user encounters. We examined how 92 participants responded to four different formats of help offered for five different scenarios varying in their severity level using static images displayed in a web browser. The intrusiveness of the help format and the severity of the scenario affected participants' interest in receiving help. In certain conditions it may be helpful to suggest help, in particular when users do not know how to ask for it but show interest in receiving it when offered.
Applying human factors research on warnings to a decision support for primary care physicians
PsycEXTRA Dataset
Abstract Human Factors research on warning systems may have relevance beyond the specific domain ... more Abstract Human Factors research on warning systems may have relevance beyond the specific domain of operators receiving warnings about potential problems in technological systems. We present an analysis of physicians' responses to letters generated by an automated decision support system in terms of findings in the human factors literature on warnings. The automated system mails reminders to primary medical teams about patients requiring screening or lipid-lowering drugs. The effectiveness of the system depends, ...
PsycEXTRA Dataset
Diagnostic decisions in dynamic environments often require trade-offs between decision accuracy a... more Diagnostic decisions in dynamic environments often require trade-offs between decision accuracy and timeliness. The longer a diagnostic decision is postponed, the more the accuracy of the decision may increase, while at the same time the probability of successfully executing remedial actions decreases. Kerstholt (1994) reports that in a task where a continuous process had to be monitored, subjects' reliance on a judgment-oriented strategy (requesting additional information before making a decision) frequently led to late decisions. In this study, we were interested if similar effects appear when the motivation to postpone the decision was induced by the prospect of an alarm appearing later in the trial. A normative model based on Bayesian belief updating was constructed to determine optimal strategies under the conditions of the independent variables alarm timing (early, late) and alarm reliability (0.7, 0.9). Results are in partial agreement with earlier studies by showing evidence of a judgment-oriented strategy in the low-reliability condition. However, in the high-reliability condition, a high proportion of early decision errors, consistent with an action-oriented strategy favoring decision timeliness over accuracy, occurred.
PsycEXTRA Dataset
Alarms, alerts, and other binary cues affect user behavior in complex ways. One relevant distinct... more Alarms, alerts, and other binary cues affect user behavior in complex ways. One relevant distinction is the suggestion that there are two different responses to alerts-compliance (the tendency to perform an action cued by the alert) and reliance (the tendency to refrain from actions as long as no alert is issued). An experiment tested the dependence of the two behaviors on the Positive and Negative Predictive Values of the alerts (PPV and NPV) to determine whether these are indeed two different behaviors. Results suggest that the compliance is relatively stable and unaffected by irrelevant information (the NPV), while reliance is also affected by the PPV. The results are discussed in terms of multiple-process theories of trust in information sources.
PsycEXTRA Dataset
The purpose of this panel was to provide a general overview and discussion of some of the most cu... more The purpose of this panel was to provide a general overview and discussion of some of the most current and controversial concepts and trends in human-automation interaction. The panel was composed of eight researchers and practitioners. The panelists are well-known experts in the area and offered differing views on a variety of different human-automation topics. The range of concepts and trends discussed in this panel include: general taxonomies regarding stages and levels of automation and function allocation, individualized adaptive automation, automationinduced complacency, economic rationality and the use of automation, the potential utility of false alarms, the influence of different types of false alarms on trust and reliance, and a systemwide theory of trust in multiple automated aids.
Color and graphic style of in-vehicle navigation map displays: aesthetics and usability
Proceedings of 17th World Congress on Ergonomics, 2009
[摘要]: This research examined the effect of color related aspects and graphic style on the perceiv... more [摘要]: This research examined the effect of color related aspects and graphic style on the perceived aesthetics and usability of in-vehicle navigation maps and evaluated the relations between them. Study 1 examined maps varying in three color schemas:'Bold','Mild'and 'Greyscale'. Study 2 further examined an additional 'Bolder'color schema, and Study 3 examined three maps varying in their graphic styles:'Contemporary blue','Realistic green'and 'Traditional elegant monochromatic'. In all studies the participants completed ...
Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Security and Privacy in Spontaneous Interaction and Mobile Phone Use in conjunction with Pervasive 2011, 2011
The capabilities of mobile devices are rapidly evolving, but the methods to secure the devices re... more The capabilities of mobile devices are rapidly evolving, but the methods to secure the devices remain relatively unchanged. This is a source for concern, as malicious attacks on mobile devices become more frequent [5]. We offer an experimental system where participants play an investment game (main task) in which money allocation is preconditioned by various security procedures (supportive task). Specifically, the system enables the researcher to compare and study Personal Identification Number (PIN) ...
Perceptual scaling of doorways: An investigation of perception for design principles development
26th Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Boston, MA, 1995
Knowledge and space, 2024
In our current "age of data", Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Data Science (... more In our current "age of data", Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Data Science (DS), and analytics are becoming part of problem-solving and decision-making in many areas, ranging from recommendations for movies and music to medical diagnostics, the detection of cybercrime, investment decisions or the evaluation of military intelligence (e.g., McAfee & Brynjolfsson, 2012). These methods can be used because an abundance of information is collected and made available. Also, the tools for analyzing such information are becoming widely accessible, and their use has become easier with platforms such as BigML. While in the past, statisticians or data scientists were in charge of the analytics process, now anybody with some basic computing skills can conduct analyses with R or Python, using open-source tools and libraries. These developments are the basis for new insights and understanding social and physical settings. They also alter the decision processes used by organizations and the information that is available to individuals. As such, they affect reality, its representation in digital records and the media, and the ways people interpret this reality and act in it. The dynamic interaction between the physical, digital, and social realms shapes current societies. Understanding and modeling it is a major challenge for both data science and the social sciences. Data analytics, and the information one can gain from them, can be used in decisionmaking processes, in which they help to choose among possible alternatives. Algorithmic decisions can be advantageous in legal contexts, such as bail decisions (Kleinberg, Lakkaraju, Leskovec, Ludwig, & Mullainathan, 2018). In medical settings, the development of personalized evidence-based medicine for diagnostic or treatment decisions (Kent, Steyerberg, & van Klaveren, 2018) depends on analyzing electronic medical
arXiv (Cornell University), Aug 2, 2023
Intelligent systems have become a major part of our lives. Human responsibility for outcomes beco... more Intelligent systems have become a major part of our lives. Human responsibility for outcomes becomes unclear in the interaction with these systems, as parts of information acquisition, decision-making, and action implementation may be carried out jointly by humans and systems. Determining human causal responsibility with intelligent systems is particularly important in events that end with adverse outcomes. We developed three measures of retrospective human causal responsibility when using intelligent systems. The first measure concerns repetitive human interactions with a system. Using information theory, it quantifies the average human's unique contribution to the outcomes of past events. The second and third measures concern human causal responsibility in a single past interaction with an intelligent system. They quantify, respectively, the unique human contribution in forming the information used for decision-making and the reasonability of the actions that the human carried out. The results show that human retrospective responsibility depends on the combined effects of system design and its reliability, the human's role and authority, and probabilistic factors related to the system and the environment. The new responsibility measures can serve to investigate and analyze past events involving intelligent systems. They may aid the judgment of human responsibility and ethical and legal discussions, providing a novel quantitative perspective. Note to Practitioners-We developed a theoretical model and quantitative measures that can aid in assessing the retrospective human causal responsibility in the interaction with intelligent systems. Practitioners can apply responsibility measures to estimate different aspects of user causal responsibility in past interactions with intelligent systems. One must assume stationarity and ergodicity to apply the measures (which are based on Information Theory) to real-world systems. Nevertheless, one can often limit the computation to periods that satisfy stationarity, which facilitates computation. When this is not possible, the computed responsibility measures should be treated with caution and be combined with sensitivity analyses of how changes in the input probabilities and assumptions affect the responsibility values, which will often supply valuable insights.
arXiv (Cornell University), May 27, 2022
We present "PATRED", a technique that uses the addition of redundant information to facilitate th... more We present "PATRED", a technique that uses the addition of redundant information to facilitate the detection of specific, generally described patterns in line-charts during the visual exploration of the charts. We compared different versions of this technique, that differed in the way redundancy was added, using nine distance metrics (such as Euclidean, Pearson, Mutual Information and Jaccard) with judgments from data scientists which served as the "ground truth". Results were analyzed with correlations (R 2), F1 scores and Mutual Information with the average ranking by the data scientists. Some distance metrics consistently benefit from the addition of redundant information, while others are only enhanced for specific types of data perturbations. The results demonstrate the value of adding redundancy to improve the identification of patterns in time-series data during visual exploration.
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology
Intelligent systems support human operators’ decision-making processes, many of which are dynamic... more Intelligent systems support human operators’ decision-making processes, many of which are dynamic and involve temporal changes in the decision-related parameters. As we increasingly depend on automation, it becomes imperative to understand and quantify its influence on the operator’s decisions and to evaluate its implications for the human’s causal responsibility for outcomes. Past studies proposed a model for human responsibility in static decision-making processes involving intelligent systems. We present a model for dynamic, non-stationary decision-making events based on the concept of causation strength. We apply it to a test case of a dynamic binary categorization decision. The results show that for automation to influence humans significantly, it must have high detection sensitivity. However, this condition is insufficient since it is unlikely that automation, irrespective of its sensitivity, will sway humans with high detection sensitivity away from their original position. S...
Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 2003
A previous study (Gilat et al., J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 3 (1997) 83) has shown that the incentive ... more A previous study (Gilat et al., J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 3 (1997) 83) has shown that the incentive to reach consensus can raise the tendency to rely on base rates in signal detection decisions and can reduce the probability that less likely events will be accurately classified. This phenomenon was named the ''consensus effect''. The current study assesses the conditions under which this effect develops and in particular the effects of information about the game and of the incentive structure on the learning process. The results of three experiments show that the learning process slows when participants have information about the actual state of nature. This finding is captured by a reinforcement learning model with the assumption that information narrows the distribution of the initial propensities for choosing among cutoffs. The results are further evidence for the utility of the combination of learning models and analyses of cognitive processes for the prediction of decision making in situations involving multiple players.
Saving for a Rainy Day? Comparative Optimism About Disability in Old Age
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2011
This study examined young (n= 40) and middle-aged (n= 30) adults' susceptibi... more This study examined young (n= 40) and middle-aged (n= 30) adults' susceptibility to comparative optimism and comparative pessimism regarding disability in old age and their willingness to save for long-term care. Participants rated their risk of diverse levels of disability in old age, compared to another similar person, and indicated the amount of money they would be willing to save for future long-term care. While middle-aged participants showed the same level of comparative optimism for diverse disability levels, ...
Where Human Factors Meets Marketing
Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications, 1996
Promoting the marriage of marketing techniques and human factors research in product development.
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 2015
HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific re... more HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires
On March 24, 2015, French air traffic control lost radio contact with Germanwings Flight 9525 sho... more On March 24, 2015, French air traffic control lost radio contact with Germanwings Flight 9525 shortly after the aircraft reached a height of about 6,000 feet. 1 Andreas Lubitz, the co-pilot of the aircraft, had locked himself in the cockpit and was leading the aircraft on a fatal descent from its cruising altitude of 38,000 feet. 2 The pilot, who left Lubitz alone in the cockpit while taking a bathroom break, attempted to hack through the locked cockpit door with an axe while futilely screaming at Lubitz to open the door. 3 Flight 9525 crashed in a remote area in the French Alps, killing all 150 people on board.
Choosing Protection: User Investments in Security Measures for Cyber Risk Management
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2019
Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and cyber-insurance are widely used to protect agai... more Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), and cyber-insurance are widely used to protect against cyber-attacks and their consequences. The optimal investment in each of these security measures depends on the likelihood of threats and the severity of the damage they cause, on the user’s ability to distinguish between malicious and non-malicious content, and on the properties of the different security measures and their costs. We present a model of the optimal investment in the security measures, given that the effectiveness of each measure depends partly on the performance of the others. We also conducted an online experiment in which participants classified events as malicious or non-malicious, based on the value of an observed variable. They could protect themselves by investing in a firewall, an IDS or insurance. Four experimental conditions differed in the optimal investment in the different measures. Participants tended to invest preferably in the IDS, irrespective of the benefits from this investment. They were able to identify the firewall and insurance conditions in which investments were beneficial, but they did not invest optimally in these measures. The results imply that users’ intuitive decisions to invest resources in risk management measures are likely to be non-optimal. It is important to develop methods to help users in their decisions.
Discrimination between Functions in Tables and Graphs
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 1997
An experiment assessed the relative efficiency of tables and graphs for the discrimination betwee... more An experiment assessed the relative efficiency of tables and graphs for the discrimination between two system states, indicated by different frequencies of sine functions, in a simulated process. Graphic displays allowed significantly better discrimination than tables. The interval between the feed back for one trial and the beginning of the next trial affected performance for both displays. In graphs rapid learning occurred for all durations of the interval, but when the interval was 0 seconds the initial performance was lower than when the interval was 2 or 6 seconds. For tables only the 6 seconds interval showed faster learning than the other conditions, but performance was still much lower than for graphs. The results lend support to the claim that graphic displays are of advantage when the displayed data has structure and when the task relies on this structure.
The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ, 2001
On 1 January 1995 a new mandatory National Health Insurance Law was enacted in Israel. The new la... more On 1 January 1995 a new mandatory National Health Insurance Law was enacted in Israel. The new law fostered competition among the four major Israeli healthcare providers (HMOs or sick funds) already operating in the market due to the possibility that an unlimited number of patients and the relative budget share would shift among the HMOs. This led them to launch advertising campaigns to attract new members. To examine newspaper advertising activities during the early stages of healthcare market reform in Israel. Advertising efforts were reviewed during a study period of 24 months (July 1994 to June 1996). Advertisements were analyzed in terms of marketing strategy, costs and quality of information. During the study period 412 newspaper advertisements were collected. The total advertising costs by all HMOs was approximately US$4 million in 1996 prices. Differences were found in marketing strategy, relative advertising costs, contents and priorities among the HMOs. The content of HMOs...
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services - MobileHCI '09, 2009
The aim of this study was to examine how users perceive help on a mobile device with respect to t... more The aim of this study was to examine how users perceive help on a mobile device with respect to the presentation format and the severity of the scenario the user encounters. We examined how 92 participants responded to four different formats of help offered for five different scenarios varying in their severity level using static images displayed in a web browser. The intrusiveness of the help format and the severity of the scenario affected participants' interest in receiving help. In certain conditions it may be helpful to suggest help, in particular when users do not know how to ask for it but show interest in receiving it when offered.
Applying human factors research on warnings to a decision support for primary care physicians
PsycEXTRA Dataset
Abstract Human Factors research on warning systems may have relevance beyond the specific domain ... more Abstract Human Factors research on warning systems may have relevance beyond the specific domain of operators receiving warnings about potential problems in technological systems. We present an analysis of physicians' responses to letters generated by an automated decision support system in terms of findings in the human factors literature on warnings. The automated system mails reminders to primary medical teams about patients requiring screening or lipid-lowering drugs. The effectiveness of the system depends, ...
PsycEXTRA Dataset
Diagnostic decisions in dynamic environments often require trade-offs between decision accuracy a... more Diagnostic decisions in dynamic environments often require trade-offs between decision accuracy and timeliness. The longer a diagnostic decision is postponed, the more the accuracy of the decision may increase, while at the same time the probability of successfully executing remedial actions decreases. Kerstholt (1994) reports that in a task where a continuous process had to be monitored, subjects' reliance on a judgment-oriented strategy (requesting additional information before making a decision) frequently led to late decisions. In this study, we were interested if similar effects appear when the motivation to postpone the decision was induced by the prospect of an alarm appearing later in the trial. A normative model based on Bayesian belief updating was constructed to determine optimal strategies under the conditions of the independent variables alarm timing (early, late) and alarm reliability (0.7, 0.9). Results are in partial agreement with earlier studies by showing evidence of a judgment-oriented strategy in the low-reliability condition. However, in the high-reliability condition, a high proportion of early decision errors, consistent with an action-oriented strategy favoring decision timeliness over accuracy, occurred.
PsycEXTRA Dataset
Alarms, alerts, and other binary cues affect user behavior in complex ways. One relevant distinct... more Alarms, alerts, and other binary cues affect user behavior in complex ways. One relevant distinction is the suggestion that there are two different responses to alerts-compliance (the tendency to perform an action cued by the alert) and reliance (the tendency to refrain from actions as long as no alert is issued). An experiment tested the dependence of the two behaviors on the Positive and Negative Predictive Values of the alerts (PPV and NPV) to determine whether these are indeed two different behaviors. Results suggest that the compliance is relatively stable and unaffected by irrelevant information (the NPV), while reliance is also affected by the PPV. The results are discussed in terms of multiple-process theories of trust in information sources.
PsycEXTRA Dataset
The purpose of this panel was to provide a general overview and discussion of some of the most cu... more The purpose of this panel was to provide a general overview and discussion of some of the most current and controversial concepts and trends in human-automation interaction. The panel was composed of eight researchers and practitioners. The panelists are well-known experts in the area and offered differing views on a variety of different human-automation topics. The range of concepts and trends discussed in this panel include: general taxonomies regarding stages and levels of automation and function allocation, individualized adaptive automation, automationinduced complacency, economic rationality and the use of automation, the potential utility of false alarms, the influence of different types of false alarms on trust and reliance, and a systemwide theory of trust in multiple automated aids.
Color and graphic style of in-vehicle navigation map displays: aesthetics and usability
Proceedings of 17th World Congress on Ergonomics, 2009
[摘要]: This research examined the effect of color related aspects and graphic style on the perceiv... more [摘要]: This research examined the effect of color related aspects and graphic style on the perceived aesthetics and usability of in-vehicle navigation maps and evaluated the relations between them. Study 1 examined maps varying in three color schemas:'Bold','Mild'and 'Greyscale'. Study 2 further examined an additional 'Bolder'color schema, and Study 3 examined three maps varying in their graphic styles:'Contemporary blue','Realistic green'and 'Traditional elegant monochromatic'. In all studies the participants completed ...
Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Security and Privacy in Spontaneous Interaction and Mobile Phone Use in conjunction with Pervasive 2011, 2011
The capabilities of mobile devices are rapidly evolving, but the methods to secure the devices re... more The capabilities of mobile devices are rapidly evolving, but the methods to secure the devices remain relatively unchanged. This is a source for concern, as malicious attacks on mobile devices become more frequent [5]. We offer an experimental system where participants play an investment game (main task) in which money allocation is preconditioned by various security procedures (supportive task). Specifically, the system enables the researcher to compare and study Personal Identification Number (PIN) ...
Perceptual scaling of doorways: An investigation of perception for design principles development
26th Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Association, Boston, MA, 1995