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Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management: Case Study of Lampang Municipality, Thailand

Applied Environmental Research, Feb 28, 2018

The issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) is important in the ... more The issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) is important in the context of climate change. Reduction of GHGs from waste disposal systems is one of the management strategies forming part of Thailand's National Economic and Social Development Plan. This project evaluated emissions from a municipal solid waste system covering transportation and disposal in Lampang Municipality, northern Thailand. GHG emissions from transportation were estimated by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) based on the travel distance of the vehicles, using a vehicle emission model and vehicle fuel consumption. GHG emissions during the disposal process were also estimated based mainly on the model of IGES. The results indicated that GHG emissions from sanitary landfill were highly dominated by methane (CH4) emissions (20,346 tons CO2eq a-1). In addition, carbon dioxide (CO2) was emitted (226 tons a-1) from the transportation process. This evaluation found that GHG emission estimates based on travel distance were lower than those based on fuel consumption (44 %). Furthermore, changing from diesel fuel to compressed natural gas will reduce transportation emissions by approximately 7 %.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Dispersion Model Performance in Predicting SO2 Concentrations from Petroleum Refinery Complex

International Journal of Geomate, 2016

The AERMOD and CALPUFF air dispersion models are tested for their performance in predicting groun... more The AERMOD and CALPUFF air dispersion models are tested for their performance in predicting ground level concentration of sulfur dioxide in Thailand. Emission data used in this study are obtained from petroleum refinery complex. Predicted results are compared with those measured data using the year 2012 as a reference year. A set of statistical parameters are employed to evaluate model performance. Overall results indicated that both AERMOD and CALPUFF can provide good results. However, AERMOD can perform better in predicting of extreme end of the concentration distribution at the receptor sites. The maximum ground level concentrations of sulfur dioxide within the modeling domain are about 359 and 456 µg/m 3 for AERMOD and CALPUFF simulations, respectively. This result indicates that CALPUFF provides more conservative of maximum result than predicted data from AERMOD. The decision to select an appropriate dispersion model in the study is accomplish by using the Multi-Criteria Attribute (MCA) analysis. Result from MCA supports that AERMOD is more appropriate to be applied for study of air dispersion in this area than CALPUFF system.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of air pollutant emission factors under real-world truck driving cycle

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation

Research paper thumbnail of Dynamic Air Toxic Emission Factor of Motorcycles in Bangkok, Thailand

Environmental Engineering and Management Journal

Average emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from motorcycles in Bangkok, Thailand we... more Average emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from motorcycles in Bangkok, Thailand were analyzed using the IVE (International Vehicle Emission) model. The model was utilized taking into account the actual fleet and characteristics of motorcycles of the study area. Four air toxic compounds (namely benzene, 1,3 butadiene, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) and their emission rates were calculated under two main pollution abatement scenarios (the improvement of fuel quality and switching of fuel types). The results were then compared with the BAU (Business as Usual) case to illustrate the effectiveness and appropriateness of proposed measures. In the BAU scenario the average emission factors of air toxics from motorcycles were greatly reduced by the replacement of engine technology from the carburetor system with the electronically controlled fuel injection system. Improvement of fuel quality standard (from EURO II to EURO IV) resulted in a decrease in average emission factors of air toxics from motorcycles. Calculated results indicated that the average emission factors of air toxic compounds in the year 2012 when this policy began as implemented by the Thai government were approximately 93 %, 62 %, 59 % and 59 %, a decrease as compared to the BAU case in the same year for benzene, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, respectively. The introduction of gasohol as alternative fuel was found to greatly influence the emission factors of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Calculated results in the year 2012 indicated that acetaldehyde average emission factor increased from 123mg/km (BAU case) to 2,272 mg/km (gasohol scenario) in the same year. However, the average emission factors of benzene and 1,3 butadiene that were the result of gasohol usage were less when compared with the BAU case.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Speed on Emissions of Air Pollutants in Urban Environment: Case Study of Truck Emissions

International Journal of Geomate

Dynamic emission factors and emission inventories of CO, VOC, VOCevap., NOx, SOx and PM of truck ... more Dynamic emission factors and emission inventories of CO, VOC, VOCevap., NOx, SOx and PM of truck in Bangkok, Thailand were developed using IVE (International vehicle emission) model for the year 2012 to 2024. The year 2012 was chosen as base year since fuel quality had been improved from Euro II to Euro IV standard from that year. Speed of truck driven in study area was chosen as variable parameter for sensitivity analysis of its influence to the emissions of air pollutants because there are no further plans in upgrading or improvement of fuel quality during this period. Truck's Bangkok driving cycle was used as input data in the IVE model. Average speeds used in the model simulation were varied from existing condition (15 km/hr) to the maximum of 80 km/hr. It was found that an average speed of 40 km/hr was the optimal speed in reducing of air pollutants emitted from truck. At this speed, reduction of emission factors of air pollutants as compared with current average velocity of 15 km/hr were about 46%, 54%, 16%, 51%, 53% and 27% for CO, VOC, VOCevap., NOx, SOx and PM, respectively. Therefore, efforts in increasing average speed of at least to about 40 km/hr can be used as a measure to achieve the sustainable transport particularly in the green logistic businesses.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Air Toxic Emission Factor and Inventory of On-road Mobile Sources

Air, Soil and Water Research, 2014

Dynamic emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from vehicles in Bangkok, Thailand, are ... more Dynamic emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from vehicles in Bangkok, Thailand, are developed using the IVE model. The model takes into account the actual fleet and characteristics of vehicles in the study area. It is found that the calculated emission factors are greatly influenced by vehicle emission control policy. Approximately 2000 tons of benzene emission per year is reduced by the changing of fuel quality from Euro 2 to Euro 4 standards. As for mitigation measures, introduction of gasohol and natural gas as alternative fuels, as well as encouraging the utilization of public transportation systems, are analyzed. The outcomes reveal that a combined scenario using 100% gasohol plus decreasing vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) by 20% is the most effective in reduction of benzene emission. In addition, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde emissions are greatly decreased by the combined scenario of using compressed natural gas (CNG) plus decreasing VKT by 20%.

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Seasonal Variation and Meteorological Data on PM10 Concentrations in Northern Thailand

International Journal of GEOMATE

This study examines emission sources and meteorological data affecting ambient concentrations of ... more This study examines emission sources and meteorological data affecting ambient concentrations of pollution haze in Northern Thailand on the basis of particulate matter (PM10) concentrations monitored and collected by Thailand's Pollution Control Department over a three-year period at thirteen stations in eight provinces. Increasing pollution and its major emission sources have been analyzed to reflect the seasonal variation of meteorological data over the periods of dry and rainy seasons. The results show that daily PM10 concentrations were at their highest levels during the dry season from January to April. In the course of a threeyear time span, from 2015 to 2017, almost all monitoring stations recorded average PM10 concentration levels that were approximately 1 to 3 times higher than the Thailand's daily ambient air quality standard (120 µg/m 3). It was also observed that the average PM10 concentrations in areas under study were significantly higher than the average air quality recorded during the rainy season. The meteorological data, including temperature and winds blowing from the southerly and southeasterly directions, were significantly related to the increase of average PM10 concentrations. By contrast, the relative humidity and the wind speed were significantly related with the decrease of average PM10 concentrations. Forest fires and agricultural waste burning have been identified as the major sources of PM10 concentration in each site.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management: Case Study of Lampang Municipality, Thailand

Applied Environmental Research, Feb 28, 2018

The issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) is important in the ... more The issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) is important in the context of climate change. Reduction of GHGs from waste disposal systems is one of the management strategies forming part of Thailand's National Economic and Social Development Plan. This project evaluated emissions from a municipal solid waste system covering transportation and disposal in Lampang Municipality, northern Thailand. GHG emissions from transportation were estimated by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) based on the travel distance of the vehicles, using a vehicle emission model and vehicle fuel consumption. GHG emissions during the disposal process were also estimated based mainly on the model of IGES. The results indicated that GHG emissions from sanitary landfill were highly dominated by methane (CH4) emissions (20,346 tons CO2eq a-1). In addition, carbon dioxide (CO2) was emitted (226 tons a-1) from the transportation process. This evaluation found that GHG emission estimates based on travel distance were lower than those based on fuel consumption (44 %). Furthermore, changing from diesel fuel to compressed natural gas will reduce transportation emissions by approximately 7 %.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Dispersion Model Performance in Predicting SO2 Concentrations from Petroleum Refinery Complex

International Journal of Geomate, 2016

The AERMOD and CALPUFF air dispersion models are tested for their performance in predicting groun... more The AERMOD and CALPUFF air dispersion models are tested for their performance in predicting ground level concentration of sulfur dioxide in Thailand. Emission data used in this study are obtained from petroleum refinery complex. Predicted results are compared with those measured data using the year 2012 as a reference year. A set of statistical parameters are employed to evaluate model performance. Overall results indicated that both AERMOD and CALPUFF can provide good results. However, AERMOD can perform better in predicting of extreme end of the concentration distribution at the receptor sites. The maximum ground level concentrations of sulfur dioxide within the modeling domain are about 359 and 456 µg/m 3 for AERMOD and CALPUFF simulations, respectively. This result indicates that CALPUFF provides more conservative of maximum result than predicted data from AERMOD. The decision to select an appropriate dispersion model in the study is accomplish by using the Multi-Criteria Attribute (MCA) analysis. Result from MCA supports that AERMOD is more appropriate to be applied for study of air dispersion in this area than CALPUFF system.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of air pollutant emission factors under real-world truck driving cycle

International Journal of Sustainable Transportation

Research paper thumbnail of Dynamic Air Toxic Emission Factor of Motorcycles in Bangkok, Thailand

Environmental Engineering and Management Journal

Average emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from motorcycles in Bangkok, Thailand we... more Average emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from motorcycles in Bangkok, Thailand were analyzed using the IVE (International Vehicle Emission) model. The model was utilized taking into account the actual fleet and characteristics of motorcycles of the study area. Four air toxic compounds (namely benzene, 1,3 butadiene, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde) and their emission rates were calculated under two main pollution abatement scenarios (the improvement of fuel quality and switching of fuel types). The results were then compared with the BAU (Business as Usual) case to illustrate the effectiveness and appropriateness of proposed measures. In the BAU scenario the average emission factors of air toxics from motorcycles were greatly reduced by the replacement of engine technology from the carburetor system with the electronically controlled fuel injection system. Improvement of fuel quality standard (from EURO II to EURO IV) resulted in a decrease in average emission factors of air toxics from motorcycles. Calculated results indicated that the average emission factors of air toxic compounds in the year 2012 when this policy began as implemented by the Thai government were approximately 93 %, 62 %, 59 % and 59 %, a decrease as compared to the BAU case in the same year for benzene, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, respectively. The introduction of gasohol as alternative fuel was found to greatly influence the emission factors of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. Calculated results in the year 2012 indicated that acetaldehyde average emission factor increased from 123mg/km (BAU case) to 2,272 mg/km (gasohol scenario) in the same year. However, the average emission factors of benzene and 1,3 butadiene that were the result of gasohol usage were less when compared with the BAU case.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Speed on Emissions of Air Pollutants in Urban Environment: Case Study of Truck Emissions

International Journal of Geomate

Dynamic emission factors and emission inventories of CO, VOC, VOCevap., NOx, SOx and PM of truck ... more Dynamic emission factors and emission inventories of CO, VOC, VOCevap., NOx, SOx and PM of truck in Bangkok, Thailand were developed using IVE (International vehicle emission) model for the year 2012 to 2024. The year 2012 was chosen as base year since fuel quality had been improved from Euro II to Euro IV standard from that year. Speed of truck driven in study area was chosen as variable parameter for sensitivity analysis of its influence to the emissions of air pollutants because there are no further plans in upgrading or improvement of fuel quality during this period. Truck's Bangkok driving cycle was used as input data in the IVE model. Average speeds used in the model simulation were varied from existing condition (15 km/hr) to the maximum of 80 km/hr. It was found that an average speed of 40 km/hr was the optimal speed in reducing of air pollutants emitted from truck. At this speed, reduction of emission factors of air pollutants as compared with current average velocity of 15 km/hr were about 46%, 54%, 16%, 51%, 53% and 27% for CO, VOC, VOCevap., NOx, SOx and PM, respectively. Therefore, efforts in increasing average speed of at least to about 40 km/hr can be used as a measure to achieve the sustainable transport particularly in the green logistic businesses.

Research paper thumbnail of Development of Air Toxic Emission Factor and Inventory of On-road Mobile Sources

Air, Soil and Water Research, 2014

Dynamic emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from vehicles in Bangkok, Thailand, are ... more Dynamic emission factors of air toxic compounds, emitted from vehicles in Bangkok, Thailand, are developed using the IVE model. The model takes into account the actual fleet and characteristics of vehicles in the study area. It is found that the calculated emission factors are greatly influenced by vehicle emission control policy. Approximately 2000 tons of benzene emission per year is reduced by the changing of fuel quality from Euro 2 to Euro 4 standards. As for mitigation measures, introduction of gasohol and natural gas as alternative fuels, as well as encouraging the utilization of public transportation systems, are analyzed. The outcomes reveal that a combined scenario using 100% gasohol plus decreasing vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) by 20% is the most effective in reduction of benzene emission. In addition, 1,3-butadiene, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde emissions are greatly decreased by the combined scenario of using compressed natural gas (CNG) plus decreasing VKT by 20%.

Research paper thumbnail of The Effect of Seasonal Variation and Meteorological Data on PM10 Concentrations in Northern Thailand

International Journal of GEOMATE

This study examines emission sources and meteorological data affecting ambient concentrations of ... more This study examines emission sources and meteorological data affecting ambient concentrations of pollution haze in Northern Thailand on the basis of particulate matter (PM10) concentrations monitored and collected by Thailand's Pollution Control Department over a three-year period at thirteen stations in eight provinces. Increasing pollution and its major emission sources have been analyzed to reflect the seasonal variation of meteorological data over the periods of dry and rainy seasons. The results show that daily PM10 concentrations were at their highest levels during the dry season from January to April. In the course of a threeyear time span, from 2015 to 2017, almost all monitoring stations recorded average PM10 concentration levels that were approximately 1 to 3 times higher than the Thailand's daily ambient air quality standard (120 µg/m 3). It was also observed that the average PM10 concentrations in areas under study were significantly higher than the average air quality recorded during the rainy season. The meteorological data, including temperature and winds blowing from the southerly and southeasterly directions, were significantly related to the increase of average PM10 concentrations. By contrast, the relative humidity and the wind speed were significantly related with the decrease of average PM10 concentrations. Forest fires and agricultural waste burning have been identified as the major sources of PM10 concentration in each site.