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Papers by jean-pierre cariou
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Nov 1, 2021
Note: This paper is part of the special issue on Remote Sensing and Novel Observation Systems for... more Note: This paper is part of the special issue on Remote Sensing and Novel Observation Systems for Wind Energy.
Laser Congress 2019 (ASSL, LAC, LS&C), 2019
2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), 2017
Peak power in single frequency fiber amplifiers is limited by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SB... more Peak power in single frequency fiber amplifiers is limited by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) particularly for optical pulses with several hundreds of nanoseconds duration. The SBS threshold can be increased by scaling the fundamental mode effective area while taking care to maintain the beam quality. To increase the peak power of amplifiers beyond the fiber SBS threshold, we chose a strain-based SBS mitigation technique [1].
L’instrumentation lidar basee sur l’exploitation des echos en retour par le milieu analyse d’emis... more L’instrumentation lidar basee sur l’exploitation des echos en retour par le milieu analyse d’emissions laser en continu ou plus souvent impulsionnelles donne lieu a des applications nombreuses dans des domaines varies (climat, environnement, automotive, avionique, etc.). C’est devenu une technique incontournable dans l’analyse fine de l’atmosphere avec des retombees sur les previsions meteorologiques, les etudes relatives au changement climatique, la mesure du vent et des turbulences atmospheriques.
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2021
Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an attractive technique to measure wind speed via the Dopp... more Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an attractive technique to measure wind speed via the Doppler effect, thanks to its flexibility. Although stand-alone deployment is growing, current standards for wind energy applications often require wind lidars to be verified against an in situ met mast with cup anemometers, which deliver point-like measurements. Analyzing 38 lidar-to-cup verification campaigns at eight accredited sites, we investigate the difference between these techniques during turbulence influenced atmospheric conditions. We demonstrate that strong turbulence results in the lidar 10-min scalar average wind speed overestimate the cup value, whereas the lidar vector average results in an underestimate. Although scalar and vector averaging provide acceptable measurements, we show that a linear combination, with appropriate weighting, reduces the lidar turbulence sensitivity by more than one order of magnitude. The resulting overall lidar-to-cup bias is within the one-stand...
EPJ Web of Conferences, 2018
Monitoring the emission of gases is difficult to achieve in industrial sites and in environments ... more Monitoring the emission of gases is difficult to achieve in industrial sites and in environments presenting poor infrastructures. Hence, robust methodologies should be developed and coupled to Lidar technology to allow remote sensing of gas emission. OSAS is a new methodology to evaluate gas concentration emission from spectrally integrated differential absorption measurements. Proof of concept of OSAS-Lidar for CH4 emission monitoring is here presented.
Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 2018
Optical sensors based on absorption spectroscopy play a central role in the detection and monitor... more Optical sensors based on absorption spectroscopy play a central role in the detection and monitoring of atmospheric trace gases. We here present for the first time the experimental demonstration of OSAS-Lidar on the remote sensing of CH 4 in the atmosphere. This new methodology, the OSAS-Lidar, couples the Optical Similitude Absorption Spectroscopy (OSAS) methodology with a light detection and ranging device. It is based on the differential absorption of spectrally integrated signals following Beer Lambert-Bouguer law, which are range-resolved. Its novelty originates from the use of broadband laser spectroscopy and from the mathematical approach used to retrieve the trace gas concentration. We previously applied the OSAS methodology in laboratory on the 2ν 3 methane absorption band, centered at the 1665 nm wavelength and demonstrated that the OSAS-methodology is almost independent from atmospheric temperature and pressure. In this paper, we achieve an OSAS-Lidar device capable of observing large concentrations of CH 4 released from a methane source directly into the atmosphere. Comparison with a standard in-situ measurement device shows that the pathintegrated concentrations retrieved from OSAS-Lidar methodology exhibit sufficient sensitivity (2 000 ppm.m) and observational time resolution (1 s) to remotely sense methane leaks in the atmosphere. The coupling of OSAS-lidar with a wind measurement device opens the way to monitor time-resolved methane flux emissions, which is important in regards to future climate mitigation involving regional reduction of CH 4 flux emissions.
8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference, 2016
Optics Express, 2016
We propose a new methodology to measure gas concentration by light-absorption spectroscopy when t... more We propose a new methodology to measure gas concentration by light-absorption spectroscopy when the light source spectrum is larger than the spectral width of one or several molecular gas absorption lines. We named it optical similitude absorption spectroscopy (OSAS), as the gas concentration is derived from a similitude between the light source and the target gas spectra. The main OSAS-novelty lies in the development of a robust inversion methodology, based on the Newton-Raphson algorithm, which allows retrieving the target gas concentration from spectrallyintegrated differential light-absorption measurements. As a proof, OSAS is applied in laboratory to the 2ν 3 methane absorption band at 1.66 µm with uncertainties revealed by the Allan variance. OSAS has also been applied to non-dispersive infra-red and the optical correlation spectroscopy arrangements. This all-optics gas concentration retrieval does not require the use of a gas calibration cell and opens new tracks to atmospheric gas pollution and greenhouse gases sources monitoring.
SPIE Proceedings, 2003
ABSTRACT Laser beams can be detected when propagating in the atmosphere, even if they are not poi... more ABSTRACT Laser beams can be detected when propagating in the atmosphere, even if they are not pointed straight on the sensors. Mie scattering on aerosols allows to detect off-axis beams and to localize the source thanks to their geometric, spectral and temporal properties. In the recent years, Onera has conducted both theoretical and experimental studies to detect off-axis non cooperative pulsed laser beams in the lower atmosphere. Some simulations are presented, based on propagation and scattering physics. Experimental results are discussed.
Aerospace Science and Technology
SPIE Proceedings, 1997
ABSTRACT
In this contribution, we present a new method to remotely evaluate Methane greenhouse gas concent... more In this contribution, we present a new method to remotely evaluate Methane greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. It is based on combining the Optical Correlation Spectroscopy (OCS) method with laser remote sensing (see fig. 1). The novelty of this work is that an Acoustic Optical Programmable Dispersive Filter (AOPDF) is used and is coupled to ultra-short spectrally broadened femtosecond laser pulses. Hence, this approach avoids using a gas correlation cell, as needed in the standard OCS setup. The accuracy and sensitivity of the OCS-Lidar are evaluated from theoretical and numerical models. They mainly depend on the spectroscopic properties of the atmospheric gas traces, on the laser energy density spectra and the detector sensitivity. All these contributions are evaluated. Possible interference of other atmospheric gas traces, mainly water vapor, are also studied. Moreover, this new approach shows that the CH4-concentration is poorly affected by temperature and pressure ...
SPIE Proceedings, 2007
Originally developed for telecommunications, fiber lasers are now becoming new effective sources ... more Originally developed for telecommunications, fiber lasers are now becoming new effective sources for coherent lidars allowing new instruments to be designed. The advent of the double clad fiber, along with advances in semiconductor pump diode sources, have allowed rapid power scaling of both pulsed and CW fiber sources. The unique capabilities of fiber sources, coupled with significant commercial and academic
Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications/Coherent Optical Technologies and Applications, 2006
ABSTRACT We propose a new technique using a transmitter with two simultaneous phase correlated wa... more ABSTRACT We propose a new technique using a transmitter with two simultaneous phase correlated wavelengths. Heterodyne signals are correlated to give the Doppler information. The performances of our system are compared to the conventional lidar ones.
SPIE Proceedings, 2007
Mid-infrared (IR) lasers are of interest for a variety of applications including environmental se... more Mid-infrared (IR) lasers are of interest for a variety of applications including environmental sensing, LIDAR and military counter measures. However, this wavelength range lacks powerful, coherent, robust and compact sources. A solution can lie in chalcogenide glasses as host materials for rare earth ions. With an extended infrared transparency, low phonon energy limiting the non radiative multiphonon relaxation rates and
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Nov 1, 2021
Note: This paper is part of the special issue on Remote Sensing and Novel Observation Systems for... more Note: This paper is part of the special issue on Remote Sensing and Novel Observation Systems for Wind Energy.
Laser Congress 2019 (ASSL, LAC, LS&C), 2019
2017 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC), 2017
Peak power in single frequency fiber amplifiers is limited by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SB... more Peak power in single frequency fiber amplifiers is limited by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) particularly for optical pulses with several hundreds of nanoseconds duration. The SBS threshold can be increased by scaling the fundamental mode effective area while taking care to maintain the beam quality. To increase the peak power of amplifiers beyond the fiber SBS threshold, we chose a strain-based SBS mitigation technique [1].
L’instrumentation lidar basee sur l’exploitation des echos en retour par le milieu analyse d’emis... more L’instrumentation lidar basee sur l’exploitation des echos en retour par le milieu analyse d’emissions laser en continu ou plus souvent impulsionnelles donne lieu a des applications nombreuses dans des domaines varies (climat, environnement, automotive, avionique, etc.). C’est devenu une technique incontournable dans l’analyse fine de l’atmosphere avec des retombees sur les previsions meteorologiques, les etudes relatives au changement climatique, la mesure du vent et des turbulences atmospheriques.
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2021
Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an attractive technique to measure wind speed via the Dopp... more Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an attractive technique to measure wind speed via the Doppler effect, thanks to its flexibility. Although stand-alone deployment is growing, current standards for wind energy applications often require wind lidars to be verified against an in situ met mast with cup anemometers, which deliver point-like measurements. Analyzing 38 lidar-to-cup verification campaigns at eight accredited sites, we investigate the difference between these techniques during turbulence influenced atmospheric conditions. We demonstrate that strong turbulence results in the lidar 10-min scalar average wind speed overestimate the cup value, whereas the lidar vector average results in an underestimate. Although scalar and vector averaging provide acceptable measurements, we show that a linear combination, with appropriate weighting, reduces the lidar turbulence sensitivity by more than one order of magnitude. The resulting overall lidar-to-cup bias is within the one-stand...
EPJ Web of Conferences, 2018
Monitoring the emission of gases is difficult to achieve in industrial sites and in environments ... more Monitoring the emission of gases is difficult to achieve in industrial sites and in environments presenting poor infrastructures. Hence, robust methodologies should be developed and coupled to Lidar technology to allow remote sensing of gas emission. OSAS is a new methodology to evaluate gas concentration emission from spectrally integrated differential absorption measurements. Proof of concept of OSAS-Lidar for CH4 emission monitoring is here presented.
Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, 2018
Optical sensors based on absorption spectroscopy play a central role in the detection and monitor... more Optical sensors based on absorption spectroscopy play a central role in the detection and monitoring of atmospheric trace gases. We here present for the first time the experimental demonstration of OSAS-Lidar on the remote sensing of CH 4 in the atmosphere. This new methodology, the OSAS-Lidar, couples the Optical Similitude Absorption Spectroscopy (OSAS) methodology with a light detection and ranging device. It is based on the differential absorption of spectrally integrated signals following Beer Lambert-Bouguer law, which are range-resolved. Its novelty originates from the use of broadband laser spectroscopy and from the mathematical approach used to retrieve the trace gas concentration. We previously applied the OSAS methodology in laboratory on the 2ν 3 methane absorption band, centered at the 1665 nm wavelength and demonstrated that the OSAS-methodology is almost independent from atmospheric temperature and pressure. In this paper, we achieve an OSAS-Lidar device capable of observing large concentrations of CH 4 released from a methane source directly into the atmosphere. Comparison with a standard in-situ measurement device shows that the pathintegrated concentrations retrieved from OSAS-Lidar methodology exhibit sufficient sensitivity (2 000 ppm.m) and observational time resolution (1 s) to remotely sense methane leaks in the atmosphere. The coupling of OSAS-lidar with a wind measurement device opens the way to monitor time-resolved methane flux emissions, which is important in regards to future climate mitigation involving regional reduction of CH 4 flux emissions.
8th AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference, 2016
Optics Express, 2016
We propose a new methodology to measure gas concentration by light-absorption spectroscopy when t... more We propose a new methodology to measure gas concentration by light-absorption spectroscopy when the light source spectrum is larger than the spectral width of one or several molecular gas absorption lines. We named it optical similitude absorption spectroscopy (OSAS), as the gas concentration is derived from a similitude between the light source and the target gas spectra. The main OSAS-novelty lies in the development of a robust inversion methodology, based on the Newton-Raphson algorithm, which allows retrieving the target gas concentration from spectrallyintegrated differential light-absorption measurements. As a proof, OSAS is applied in laboratory to the 2ν 3 methane absorption band at 1.66 µm with uncertainties revealed by the Allan variance. OSAS has also been applied to non-dispersive infra-red and the optical correlation spectroscopy arrangements. This all-optics gas concentration retrieval does not require the use of a gas calibration cell and opens new tracks to atmospheric gas pollution and greenhouse gases sources monitoring.
SPIE Proceedings, 2003
ABSTRACT Laser beams can be detected when propagating in the atmosphere, even if they are not poi... more ABSTRACT Laser beams can be detected when propagating in the atmosphere, even if they are not pointed straight on the sensors. Mie scattering on aerosols allows to detect off-axis beams and to localize the source thanks to their geometric, spectral and temporal properties. In the recent years, Onera has conducted both theoretical and experimental studies to detect off-axis non cooperative pulsed laser beams in the lower atmosphere. Some simulations are presented, based on propagation and scattering physics. Experimental results are discussed.
Aerospace Science and Technology
SPIE Proceedings, 1997
ABSTRACT
In this contribution, we present a new method to remotely evaluate Methane greenhouse gas concent... more In this contribution, we present a new method to remotely evaluate Methane greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. It is based on combining the Optical Correlation Spectroscopy (OCS) method with laser remote sensing (see fig. 1). The novelty of this work is that an Acoustic Optical Programmable Dispersive Filter (AOPDF) is used and is coupled to ultra-short spectrally broadened femtosecond laser pulses. Hence, this approach avoids using a gas correlation cell, as needed in the standard OCS setup. The accuracy and sensitivity of the OCS-Lidar are evaluated from theoretical and numerical models. They mainly depend on the spectroscopic properties of the atmospheric gas traces, on the laser energy density spectra and the detector sensitivity. All these contributions are evaluated. Possible interference of other atmospheric gas traces, mainly water vapor, are also studied. Moreover, this new approach shows that the CH4-concentration is poorly affected by temperature and pressure ...
SPIE Proceedings, 2007
Originally developed for telecommunications, fiber lasers are now becoming new effective sources ... more Originally developed for telecommunications, fiber lasers are now becoming new effective sources for coherent lidars allowing new instruments to be designed. The advent of the double clad fiber, along with advances in semiconductor pump diode sources, have allowed rapid power scaling of both pulsed and CW fiber sources. The unique capabilities of fiber sources, coupled with significant commercial and academic
Optical Amplifiers and Their Applications/Coherent Optical Technologies and Applications, 2006
ABSTRACT We propose a new technique using a transmitter with two simultaneous phase correlated wa... more ABSTRACT We propose a new technique using a transmitter with two simultaneous phase correlated wavelengths. Heterodyne signals are correlated to give the Doppler information. The performances of our system are compared to the conventional lidar ones.
SPIE Proceedings, 2007
Mid-infrared (IR) lasers are of interest for a variety of applications including environmental se... more Mid-infrared (IR) lasers are of interest for a variety of applications including environmental sensing, LIDAR and military counter measures. However, this wavelength range lacks powerful, coherent, robust and compact sources. A solution can lie in chalcogenide glasses as host materials for rare earth ions. With an extended infrared transparency, low phonon energy limiting the non radiative multiphonon relaxation rates and