Amit Chakraborty | Techno India (original) (raw)

Papers by Amit Chakraborty

BCREC Engineering & Science Transaction(BEST), Jun 21, 2023

Many factors may have involved deteriorating our roads with one of the best known, moisture damag... more Many factors may have involved deteriorating our roads with one of the best known, moisture damage. Moisture affects the bituminous concrete by deteriorating the adhesive or cohesive bond or both, ultimately changing the mix's integrity and reducing its stability. The extent of damage is also aggravated by the tension-compression cycle and pore water pressure imbibed by the traffic loads. This study aims to determine the influence of chemical additives on the bituminous mix properties under varying mixing and compaction temperatures. The research focuses on evaluating the moisture damage potential made with Warm Mix Asphalt additive, and the results are compared to conventional Hot Mix Asphalt. The results indicate that up to 30°C temperature reduction, the performance of Zycotherm is acceptable. Thus, the addition of chemical additives proved to be a better long-lasting paving solution that significantly helps reduce the working temperature with improved coating, mixing, workability and compaction of bituminous mixes.

Acta Crystallographica, Dec 1, 2017

The remarkable effect of anions on the transition from supramolecular gel to crystalline phases p... more The remarkable effect of anions on the transition from supramolecular gel to crystalline phases posesss various application in various field.[1] An amino acid-based metallohydrogel was transformed into different metal-organic frameworks using halide anions. The metallogel and the resulting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were thoroughly characterized. The results demonstrated a controlled access over binding of particular anion to selectively form a particular MOF. Within this context, gel-based materials have been used as a matrix for the controlled growth of important pharmaceutical crystals.[2] Herein, we report a highly efficient synthesis of different MOFs through the introduction of selective anion(s) into a common metastable gel phase. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (<10 nm in size) have now great potential for use as diagnostic and imaging agents in biomedicine and as semiconductors in the electronics industry, since they have strong photoluminescence and tunable optical capabilities. Thus synthesis of CdS quantum dots in various medium with tunable size is important for various catalytic processes. Our group has shown that CdS quantum dots can be synthesized in situ in gel matrix without any capping agent. Size of the CdS QDs in gel matrix is easily tunable and possesses various color change with different size. Therefore, ordering of nanoparticles in gel matrix as well various properties of such system are less studied and need to explore. Similar size stabilization of CdS quantum dots can be achieved by means of a unique room-temperature conversion of the CdS incubated gel to CdS incubated MOF crystals.

ACS omega, Aug 5, 2022

The solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of the C-terminal sequence of hGH with one extra Tyr att... more The solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of the C-terminal sequence of hGH with one extra Tyr attached to its Nterminus (total of 16 residues with a disulfide bridge) has been accomplished for the first time by optimizing several synthetic parameters. First of all, the two Ser residues (positions 9 and 13 of the molecule) have been introduced as a single amino acid, Fmoc-Ser(ψ Me,Me pro)-OH, demonstrating that the acylation of these hindered moieties is possible. This allows us to avoid the use of the corresponding dipeptides, Fmoc-AA-Ser(ψ Me,Me pro)-OH, which are very often not commercially available or very costly. The second part of the sequence has been elongated via a double coupling approach using two of the most effective coupling methods (DIC-OxymaPure and HATU-DIEA). Finally, the disulfide bridging has been carried out very smoothly by a chemoselective thiol-disulfide interchange reaction between a SIT (sec-isoamyl mercaptan)-protected Cys residue and the free thiol of the second Cys. The synthesis of this short peptide has evidenced that SPPS is a multifactorial process which should be optimized in each case.

Materials Today Communications

Sulfide and Selenide Based Materials for Emerging Applications

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry

Materials Today Communications, 2022

2017 4th International Conference on Networking, Systems and Security (NSysS), 2017

Management of information of different types of household service provider is often difficult for... more Management of information of different types of household service provider is often difficult for a service receiver due to communication gap between provider and receiver. As a result, not only service receivers face an unexpected trouble but also service providers fail to get their jobs according to their skills. A generic platform providing two way communication between service provider and service receiver can eliminate the exhausting efforts of searching the suitable service provider and also ensures the intended job for the service provider. A feedback based rating system can improve the skills of any service provider and service receiver can eventually get better service.

Journal of Surface Science and Technology, 1987

Interaction of cationic dye pinacyanol chloride with bacterial cell surface capsular polysacchari... more Interaction of cationic dye pinacyanol chloride with bacterial cell surface capsular polysaccharide isolated from Klebsiella K40 has been spectrophotometrically Investigated. The capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella K40 is a heteroglycan which consists of pentasaccharide repeating units comprising one residue each of unsubstituted mannose, 4-substituted glucuronic acid, 3-substituted galactose, 2, 4-disubstituted rhamnose, and 2-substituted rhamnose. It Induces a metachromatic blue shift in the visible spectrum of the pinacyanol chloride from 600 nm to 500 nm. The metachromatic spectral changes have been studied during interaction of the dye cation with the polyanion at different polymer/dye molar ratios. A stochiometry of 11 for the polymer/dye has been found to exist in the polyanion-dye compound. The complete reversal of polymer-induced metachromasy has also been observed by the addition of ethanol and urea.

Keeping the mineral matter content at selected levels, the effect of petrographic composition on ... more Keeping the mineral matter content at selected levels, the effect of petrographic composition on the grindability has been studied in the case of four East Bokaro coals of similar rank. It is observed that in each 5%, 10% and 20% MM levels, Hardgrove Grindability index falls rapidly at first with increasing petrographic index and then rises but at a different rate.

Advanced Engineering Materials, 2021

Herein, the favorable influence of sandwich‐stacked Sn/SAC305/Sn multilayers on the micromechanic... more Herein, the favorable influence of sandwich‐stacked Sn/SAC305/Sn multilayers on the micromechanical and electrical properties of the Cu‐Sn/SAC305/Sn‐Cu solder joints over Cu‐SAC305‐Cu joints is reported. Solder joint interface is characterized through X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and nanoindentation studies. The use of Sn multilayers facilitates the formation of more homogeneously distributed intermetallic compounds (IMCs) with smaller crystallite sizes and higher dislocation densities at the joint interface. Nanoindentation test results manifest that the hardness, modulus, and resistance to plastic deformation of the joint interface for the samples prepared with Sn multilayer are 3.26 GPa, 123.3 GPa, and 1.5 × 109, respectively, much higher and improved than 0.32 GPa, 41.82 GPa, and 5.28 × 105 in turn, found for samples prepared without using Sn multilayers. STM results confirm a...

2018 First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Industries (AI4I), 2018

Image recognition is a major area of application of machine learning - evolving at a rapid pace w... more Image recognition is a major area of application of machine learning - evolving at a rapid pace with a number of programming platforms available to developers. While each platform has its own uniqueness, the methodology of image recognition consists of a sequence of image processing tasks, development of a classifier algorithm, training and testing followed by deployment. This tutorial will delve into the programming aspects of image processing including thresholding, contouring and template matching. In order to provide practical hands on programming this tutorial will closely look at three real life applications of image pattern recognition namely ALPR using Tesseract OCR and will touch upon using CNN for character detection. The tutorial will explain the algorithm, implementation of pseudocode through Python using two major platforms: OpenCV and Tensorflow.

Applied Surface Science, 2021

This work reports a simple hydrothermal method for the synthesis of uniform sized hexagonal nanop... more This work reports a simple hydrothermal method for the synthesis of uniform sized hexagonal nanoprisms (~38 nm) of β-nickel hydroxide/oxyhydroxide that show room

Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2021

Abstract In this article, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, several mechanical properties... more Abstract In this article, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, several mechanical properties of graphene were calculated for pristine single layer graphene sheet (SLGS), defective SLGS, multilayer graphene sheets (MLGS) without defects and for composites of SiC and graphene. Firstly, the room temperature elastic moduli (Young's, shear and bulk), constants and Poison's ratios were simulated for the above structures and then their properties such as stress vs strain under tensile and compressive loading were simulated within the temperature range of 300K–2000K. The simulations were performed in both zigzag and armchair directions of graphene surface and differences were observed in the mechanical properties. Simulations revealed that the location of defects as well as their type influence the elastic moduli and constants at room temperature and that their tensile and compressive properties vary with temperature. For both MLGS, and SiC-graphene composites, the properties improved with increase in number of continuous graphene layers.

Journal of the American College of Radiology, 2020

The aim of this study was to enhance multispecialty CT and MRI protocol assignment quality and ef... more The aim of this study was to enhance multispecialty CT and MRI protocol assignment quality and efficiency through development, testing, and proposed workflow design of a natural language processing (NLP)-based machine learning classifier. Methods: NLP-based machine learning classification models were developed using order entry input data and radiologist-assigned protocols from more than 18,000 unique CT and MRI examinations obtained during routine clinical use. k-Nearest neighbor, random forest, and deep neural network classification models were evaluated at baseline and after applying class frequency and confidence thresholding techniques. To simulate performance in real-world deployment, the model was evaluated in two operating modes in combination: automation (automated assignment of the top result) and clinical decision support (CDS; top-three protocol suggestion for clinical review). Finally, model-radiologist discordance was subjectively reviewed to guide explainability and safe use. Results: Baseline protocol assignment performance achieved weighted precision of 0.757 to 0.824. Simulating real-world deployment using combined thresholding techniques, the optimized deep neural network model assigned 69% of protocols in automation mode with 95% accuracy. In the remaining 31% of cases, the model achieved 92% accuracy in CDS mode. Analysis of discordance with subspecialty radiologist labels revealed both more and less appropriate model predictions. Conclusions: A multiclass NLP-based classification algorithm was designed to drive local operational improvement in CT and MR radiology protocol assignment at subspecialist quality. The results demonstrate a simulated workflow deployment enabling automated assignment of protocols in nearly 7 of 10 cases with very few errors combined with top-three CDS for remaining cases supporting a highquality, efficient radiology workflow.

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2020

Transient liquid phase-like soldering technique has been successfully applied to prepare lead-fre... more Transient liquid phase-like soldering technique has been successfully applied to prepare lead-free solder joints at 230°C. Multiple interlayers of tin thin films in combination with a Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder paste have been used as filler for joining. Microstructural analysis was carried out by electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. For interlayer containing samples (Cu-Sn-SAC305-Sn-Cu), interfacial intermetallics layers found to be more homogeneous compared to the samples without interlayers (Cu-SAC305-Cu). Quality of the joints has been investigated nondestructively by ultrasonic method. On measuring the electrical resistivity by four-probe method, Cu-Sn-SAC305-Sn-Cu solder joint shows lower electrical resistivity compared to that of the Cu-SAC305-Cu solder joint, wherein nonlinear ultrasonic parameters confirm the superiority of former over later.

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 2019

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2018

We have synthesized free-standing films of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and ... more We have synthesized free-standing films of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide-manganese oxide composite (GMC) for humidity and hydrogen peroxide sensing applications. Structural and morphological characterizations of these free-standing films were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of anionic sites in the form of oxygen functional groups (OFGs) at the surface of GO along with its hydrophilic nature makes GO a unique candidate as a suitable material for humidity and hydrogen peroxide sensing. In contrast, rGO has a relatively lower fraction of OFGs, higher electrical conductivity and hydrophobicity compared to GO. We estimate the response time, recovery time and stability of free-standing films over multiple sensing-degassing cycles of the as chemically prepared GO, rGO and GMC films for humidity sensing. We observed a dramatic improvement in both the response and recovery times for rGO and GMC films compared to GO film at relatively low humidity, while at higher humidity percentages, rGO film has the best response and recovery times compared to GMC and GO films. Regarding stability, GO was found to be more stable over multiple sensing cycles compared to rGO and GMC at high humidity values. In addition to this, we observed that the addition of metal oxide to GO makes GMC film more selective for hydrogen peroxide sensing in comparison to GO and rGO film at a lower concentration.

BCREC Engineering & Science Transaction(BEST), Jun 21, 2023

Many factors may have involved deteriorating our roads with one of the best known, moisture damag... more Many factors may have involved deteriorating our roads with one of the best known, moisture damage. Moisture affects the bituminous concrete by deteriorating the adhesive or cohesive bond or both, ultimately changing the mix's integrity and reducing its stability. The extent of damage is also aggravated by the tension-compression cycle and pore water pressure imbibed by the traffic loads. This study aims to determine the influence of chemical additives on the bituminous mix properties under varying mixing and compaction temperatures. The research focuses on evaluating the moisture damage potential made with Warm Mix Asphalt additive, and the results are compared to conventional Hot Mix Asphalt. The results indicate that up to 30°C temperature reduction, the performance of Zycotherm is acceptable. Thus, the addition of chemical additives proved to be a better long-lasting paving solution that significantly helps reduce the working temperature with improved coating, mixing, workability and compaction of bituminous mixes.

Acta Crystallographica, Dec 1, 2017

The remarkable effect of anions on the transition from supramolecular gel to crystalline phases p... more The remarkable effect of anions on the transition from supramolecular gel to crystalline phases posesss various application in various field.[1] An amino acid-based metallohydrogel was transformed into different metal-organic frameworks using halide anions. The metallogel and the resulting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were thoroughly characterized. The results demonstrated a controlled access over binding of particular anion to selectively form a particular MOF. Within this context, gel-based materials have been used as a matrix for the controlled growth of important pharmaceutical crystals.[2] Herein, we report a highly efficient synthesis of different MOFs through the introduction of selective anion(s) into a common metastable gel phase. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (<10 nm in size) have now great potential for use as diagnostic and imaging agents in biomedicine and as semiconductors in the electronics industry, since they have strong photoluminescence and tunable optical capabilities. Thus synthesis of CdS quantum dots in various medium with tunable size is important for various catalytic processes. Our group has shown that CdS quantum dots can be synthesized in situ in gel matrix without any capping agent. Size of the CdS QDs in gel matrix is easily tunable and possesses various color change with different size. Therefore, ordering of nanoparticles in gel matrix as well various properties of such system are less studied and need to explore. Similar size stabilization of CdS quantum dots can be achieved by means of a unique room-temperature conversion of the CdS incubated gel to CdS incubated MOF crystals.

ACS omega, Aug 5, 2022

The solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of the C-terminal sequence of hGH with one extra Tyr att... more The solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of the C-terminal sequence of hGH with one extra Tyr attached to its Nterminus (total of 16 residues with a disulfide bridge) has been accomplished for the first time by optimizing several synthetic parameters. First of all, the two Ser residues (positions 9 and 13 of the molecule) have been introduced as a single amino acid, Fmoc-Ser(ψ Me,Me pro)-OH, demonstrating that the acylation of these hindered moieties is possible. This allows us to avoid the use of the corresponding dipeptides, Fmoc-AA-Ser(ψ Me,Me pro)-OH, which are very often not commercially available or very costly. The second part of the sequence has been elongated via a double coupling approach using two of the most effective coupling methods (DIC-OxymaPure and HATU-DIEA). Finally, the disulfide bridging has been carried out very smoothly by a chemoselective thiol-disulfide interchange reaction between a SIT (sec-isoamyl mercaptan)-protected Cys residue and the free thiol of the second Cys. The synthesis of this short peptide has evidenced that SPPS is a multifactorial process which should be optimized in each case.

Materials Today Communications

Sulfide and Selenide Based Materials for Emerging Applications

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry

Materials Today Communications, 2022

2017 4th International Conference on Networking, Systems and Security (NSysS), 2017

Management of information of different types of household service provider is often difficult for... more Management of information of different types of household service provider is often difficult for a service receiver due to communication gap between provider and receiver. As a result, not only service receivers face an unexpected trouble but also service providers fail to get their jobs according to their skills. A generic platform providing two way communication between service provider and service receiver can eliminate the exhausting efforts of searching the suitable service provider and also ensures the intended job for the service provider. A feedback based rating system can improve the skills of any service provider and service receiver can eventually get better service.

Journal of Surface Science and Technology, 1987

Interaction of cationic dye pinacyanol chloride with bacterial cell surface capsular polysacchari... more Interaction of cationic dye pinacyanol chloride with bacterial cell surface capsular polysaccharide isolated from Klebsiella K40 has been spectrophotometrically Investigated. The capsular polysaccharide of Klebsiella K40 is a heteroglycan which consists of pentasaccharide repeating units comprising one residue each of unsubstituted mannose, 4-substituted glucuronic acid, 3-substituted galactose, 2, 4-disubstituted rhamnose, and 2-substituted rhamnose. It Induces a metachromatic blue shift in the visible spectrum of the pinacyanol chloride from 600 nm to 500 nm. The metachromatic spectral changes have been studied during interaction of the dye cation with the polyanion at different polymer/dye molar ratios. A stochiometry of 11 for the polymer/dye has been found to exist in the polyanion-dye compound. The complete reversal of polymer-induced metachromasy has also been observed by the addition of ethanol and urea.

Keeping the mineral matter content at selected levels, the effect of petrographic composition on ... more Keeping the mineral matter content at selected levels, the effect of petrographic composition on the grindability has been studied in the case of four East Bokaro coals of similar rank. It is observed that in each 5%, 10% and 20% MM levels, Hardgrove Grindability index falls rapidly at first with increasing petrographic index and then rises but at a different rate.

Advanced Engineering Materials, 2021

Herein, the favorable influence of sandwich‐stacked Sn/SAC305/Sn multilayers on the micromechanic... more Herein, the favorable influence of sandwich‐stacked Sn/SAC305/Sn multilayers on the micromechanical and electrical properties of the Cu‐Sn/SAC305/Sn‐Cu solder joints over Cu‐SAC305‐Cu joints is reported. Solder joint interface is characterized through X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and nanoindentation studies. The use of Sn multilayers facilitates the formation of more homogeneously distributed intermetallic compounds (IMCs) with smaller crystallite sizes and higher dislocation densities at the joint interface. Nanoindentation test results manifest that the hardness, modulus, and resistance to plastic deformation of the joint interface for the samples prepared with Sn multilayer are 3.26 GPa, 123.3 GPa, and 1.5 × 109, respectively, much higher and improved than 0.32 GPa, 41.82 GPa, and 5.28 × 105 in turn, found for samples prepared without using Sn multilayers. STM results confirm a...

2018 First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Industries (AI4I), 2018

Image recognition is a major area of application of machine learning - evolving at a rapid pace w... more Image recognition is a major area of application of machine learning - evolving at a rapid pace with a number of programming platforms available to developers. While each platform has its own uniqueness, the methodology of image recognition consists of a sequence of image processing tasks, development of a classifier algorithm, training and testing followed by deployment. This tutorial will delve into the programming aspects of image processing including thresholding, contouring and template matching. In order to provide practical hands on programming this tutorial will closely look at three real life applications of image pattern recognition namely ALPR using Tesseract OCR and will touch upon using CNN for character detection. The tutorial will explain the algorithm, implementation of pseudocode through Python using two major platforms: OpenCV and Tensorflow.

Applied Surface Science, 2021

This work reports a simple hydrothermal method for the synthesis of uniform sized hexagonal nanop... more This work reports a simple hydrothermal method for the synthesis of uniform sized hexagonal nanoprisms (~38 nm) of β-nickel hydroxide/oxyhydroxide that show room

Physica B: Condensed Matter, 2021

Abstract In this article, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, several mechanical properties... more Abstract In this article, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, several mechanical properties of graphene were calculated for pristine single layer graphene sheet (SLGS), defective SLGS, multilayer graphene sheets (MLGS) without defects and for composites of SiC and graphene. Firstly, the room temperature elastic moduli (Young's, shear and bulk), constants and Poison's ratios were simulated for the above structures and then their properties such as stress vs strain under tensile and compressive loading were simulated within the temperature range of 300K–2000K. The simulations were performed in both zigzag and armchair directions of graphene surface and differences were observed in the mechanical properties. Simulations revealed that the location of defects as well as their type influence the elastic moduli and constants at room temperature and that their tensile and compressive properties vary with temperature. For both MLGS, and SiC-graphene composites, the properties improved with increase in number of continuous graphene layers.

Journal of the American College of Radiology, 2020

The aim of this study was to enhance multispecialty CT and MRI protocol assignment quality and ef... more The aim of this study was to enhance multispecialty CT and MRI protocol assignment quality and efficiency through development, testing, and proposed workflow design of a natural language processing (NLP)-based machine learning classifier. Methods: NLP-based machine learning classification models were developed using order entry input data and radiologist-assigned protocols from more than 18,000 unique CT and MRI examinations obtained during routine clinical use. k-Nearest neighbor, random forest, and deep neural network classification models were evaluated at baseline and after applying class frequency and confidence thresholding techniques. To simulate performance in real-world deployment, the model was evaluated in two operating modes in combination: automation (automated assignment of the top result) and clinical decision support (CDS; top-three protocol suggestion for clinical review). Finally, model-radiologist discordance was subjectively reviewed to guide explainability and safe use. Results: Baseline protocol assignment performance achieved weighted precision of 0.757 to 0.824. Simulating real-world deployment using combined thresholding techniques, the optimized deep neural network model assigned 69% of protocols in automation mode with 95% accuracy. In the remaining 31% of cases, the model achieved 92% accuracy in CDS mode. Analysis of discordance with subspecialty radiologist labels revealed both more and less appropriate model predictions. Conclusions: A multiclass NLP-based classification algorithm was designed to drive local operational improvement in CT and MR radiology protocol assignment at subspecialist quality. The results demonstrate a simulated workflow deployment enabling automated assignment of protocols in nearly 7 of 10 cases with very few errors combined with top-three CDS for remaining cases supporting a highquality, efficient radiology workflow.

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2020

Transient liquid phase-like soldering technique has been successfully applied to prepare lead-fre... more Transient liquid phase-like soldering technique has been successfully applied to prepare lead-free solder joints at 230°C. Multiple interlayers of tin thin films in combination with a Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder paste have been used as filler for joining. Microstructural analysis was carried out by electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. For interlayer containing samples (Cu-Sn-SAC305-Sn-Cu), interfacial intermetallics layers found to be more homogeneous compared to the samples without interlayers (Cu-SAC305-Cu). Quality of the joints has been investigated nondestructively by ultrasonic method. On measuring the electrical resistivity by four-probe method, Cu-Sn-SAC305-Sn-Cu solder joint shows lower electrical resistivity compared to that of the Cu-SAC305-Cu solder joint, wherein nonlinear ultrasonic parameters confirm the superiority of former over later.

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 2019

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2018

We have synthesized free-standing films of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and ... more We have synthesized free-standing films of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide-manganese oxide composite (GMC) for humidity and hydrogen peroxide sensing applications. Structural and morphological characterizations of these free-standing films were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presence of anionic sites in the form of oxygen functional groups (OFGs) at the surface of GO along with its hydrophilic nature makes GO a unique candidate as a suitable material for humidity and hydrogen peroxide sensing. In contrast, rGO has a relatively lower fraction of OFGs, higher electrical conductivity and hydrophobicity compared to GO. We estimate the response time, recovery time and stability of free-standing films over multiple sensing-degassing cycles of the as chemically prepared GO, rGO and GMC films for humidity sensing. We observed a dramatic improvement in both the response and recovery times for rGO and GMC films compared to GO film at relatively low humidity, while at higher humidity percentages, rGO film has the best response and recovery times compared to GMC and GO films. Regarding stability, GO was found to be more stable over multiple sensing cycles compared to rGO and GMC at high humidity values. In addition to this, we observed that the addition of metal oxide to GO makes GMC film more selective for hydrogen peroxide sensing in comparison to GO and rGO film at a lower concentration.

Scholars of eighteenth-century Scottish philosophy today tend to agree that Adam Smith, while dee... more Scholars of eighteenth-century Scottish philosophy today tend to agree that Adam Smith, while deeply indebted to Hume, was also engaged in a comprehensive and creative transformation and extension of certain of Hume's fundamental concepts. But what exactly did Smith take from Hume, and precisely how did he transform these concepts? This chapter traces Smith's appropriation and transformation along five fronts: sympathy and humanity, justice and utility, judgment and impartiality, virtue and commercial society, and epistemology and religion. In so doing, it aims to provide a synthetic account of previous scholarship on the Hume-Smith relationship and to supplement these accounts with an examination of several further points of contact that have yet to receive significant attention.