Meluhha scraper karaṇī, कर्णिक karṇika ‘trowel to smooth’ ligatured to ‘unicorn’ on m294 seal (original) (raw)

Five Failaka and Ancient Near East seals with Indus Script inscriptions are metalwork catalogues of Meluhha artisans, iron smelters

This monograph presents the following sections demonstrating that Indus Script inscriptions on five Failaka an Ancient Near East seals are metalwork catalogues of Meluhha artisans, iron smelters: Section 1. Decipherment of Gadd seal 12 Section 2. Decipherment of Failaka seal impression with Indus Script inscription Section 3. Decipherment of Failaka stamp seal with Indus Script inscription Section 4. Decipherment of two Persian Gulf stamp seals M3456, M7121 Ashmolean Museum This is an addendum to Mohenjo-daro triangular prism is a bezel pendant worn by an artisan to proclaim metalwork competence of the guild https://tinyurl.com/y3shzub6 Section 1. Decipherment of Gadd seal 12: Dotted circles on the raised back of Persian gulf seal: dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter' धावडी dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) ‘water’ Wg. káṇṭä ʻ water -- channel ʼ, Woṭ. kaṇṭḗl f., Gaw. khāṇṭ*l, Bshk. kāṇḍə (CDIAL 2680). காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16)Hieroglyph: kāṇḍə khaṇḍa ‘implements (metal)’ Why was the water-carrier shown in parenthesis together with star hieroglyphs on a circular Gadd seal? Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); dia. 2.6, ht. 0.9 cm.; Gadd, PBA 18 (1932), pp. 11-12, pl. II, no. 12; Porada 1971: pl.9, fig.5; Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). An unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal. The parenthesis is split oval or lozenge shape which is an Indus Script hypertext: mũh 'lozenge-shape' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ meḍha ‘polar star’ rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ dula ‘pair’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ Section 2. Decipherment of Failaka seal impression with Indus Script inscription: Sign 245 duplicated: Variants of Sign 245 Hieroglyph: khaṇḍa'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware' Duplicated Sign 245: dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) khār खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b,l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta 'bellows of blacksmith'.with inscription. (Kashmiri) Face of bull: mũh 'face' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) ḍangar ‘bull’; rebus: ḍangar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi) पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4', पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel' Hieroglyph Drinking: kuṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to drink, inhale. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’ (Santali) Section 3. Decipherment of Failaka stamp seal with Indus Script inscription: Face of bull: mũh 'face' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) ḍangar ‘bull’; rebus: ḍangar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi) पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4', पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel' Hieroglyph Drinking: kuṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to drink, inhale. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’ (Santali) Mari priest carries a standard of one-horned young bull mounted on a flagpost which is a culm of millet. Culm of millet is flanked by two birds with wings: eraka 'wing' rebus 'eṟaka any metal infusion; molten state' fusion (Kannada), eraka molten, cast (as metal) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' pōlaḍu, 'black drongo' rebus: pōlaḍ 'steel'. This Indus Script cipher explains why often a bird is shown together with a zebu, bos indicus on some artifacts. पोलाद pōlāda n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fUlAd 'steel' (Arabic) pōlāda 'steel', pwlad (Russian), fuladh (Persian) folādī (Pashto) karba 'culm of millet' (Punjabi) rebus: karba 'iron' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi, kole.l 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'temple'. The three horizontal lines below the bull's face: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Signs 387 and 389 with lozenge or bun ingot shapes: the hypertexts are read: Sign 387 kolimi mũhã̄ 'smithy/forge ingot'. Sign 389 kuṭhi mũhã̄ , 'smelter ingot' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, smelter, cast metal ingots. Section 4. Decipherment of two Persian Gulf stamp seals M3456, M7121 Ashmolean Museum Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, labeled Bib. Nat. M3456 and M7121. Dotted circles on the raised back of Persian gulf seal: dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter' धावडी dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) Hieroglyph: Two bodies: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.); med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, cast iron. Persian Gulf seal standard: A flagpost topped by a crucible AND polar star: OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. koṭari ʻ room ʼ A semantic determinative for kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' PLUS meḍha ‘polar star’ rebus: meḍ ‘iron’; med 'copper' (Slavic) Hieroglyph: Young bull: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' PLUS āre potter's wheel (Gondi) yield the combined expression kundār 'turner, lapidary who works with the lathe'..He also works with fine gold: Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725). This artisan's professional competence is semantically reinforced by a part of the standard device normally shown in front of the young bull; this part is kunda 'lathe'. Rebus 2: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). Antelope (horn shape): ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'. (After Briggs Buchanan, Figs. 1 to 4 in: Briggs Buchanan, 1967, A dated seal impression connecting Babylonia and Ancient India, in: ArchaeologyVol. 20, No. 2 (APRIL 1967), pp. 104-107 (4 pages)Published by: Archaeological Institute of America https://www.jstor.org/stable/41667694) Fig. 5 Fig. 5 (Left) Persian Gulf stamp seals with raised boss on back (a,b), engraved designs on face (c,d). The impressions were taken from casts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, labeled Bib. Nat. M3456 and M7121. Original seals not located. 6. (Right, above) Persian Gulf seal found at Ur. From CJ Gadd, ‘Seals of Ancient Indian Style Found at Ur,’ Proceedings of the British Academy 18 (1932) 11, no. 12. 7. (Right) Impression from Egyptian cylinder seal of about the twenty second century BCE, in the Yale Babylonian Collection (YBC 12776) (After Briggs Buchanan, Figs. 5 to 7 in: Briggs Buchanan, 1967, A dated seal impression connecting Babylonia and Ancient India, in: ArchaeologyVol. 20, No. 2 (APRIL 1967), pp. 104-107 (4 pages)Published by: Archaeological Institute of America https://www.jstor.org/stable/41667694)

Indus Script hieroglyphs pōtṟ पोतृ,'purifier', ekamukha Sivalinga associated with muhã 'metal out of smelter'

This monograph indicates the possibility that metalworkers, Bharatam Janam had invoked Rudra-Siva – in the Vedic tradition -- for smelting processes. Indus Script hieroglyphs evidenced by priest statue of Mohenjo-daro with trefoil hieroglyphs and by many Sivalinga found in Harappa archeological site, are read rebus as पोतृ,'purifier', and ekamukha Skambha (Sivalinga, as fiery pillar of light) associated with muhã 'metal out of smelting furnace'. The process of purification which results in metal out of the smelter is associated with: *skabha ʻ post, peg ʼ. [√skambh] Kal. Kho. iskow ʻ peg ʼ BelvalkarVol 86 with (?). SKAMBH ʻmake firmʼ (CDIAL 13638). A kabha, 'peg' together with hieroglyphs of aquatic bird adorn the cire perdue crown found in Nahal Mishmar. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/nihal-mishmar-hieroglyphs-on-crowns.html kole.l 'smithy' rebus: kole.l 'temple'; dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'; karandava [ kârandava ] m. kind of duck. कारण्ड a sort of duck R. vii , 31 , 21 கரண்டம் karaṇṭam, n. Rebus: karaḍā ‘hard alloy’; skabha 'peg' rebus: skambh 'make firm'. Pa. makuṭa -- m. ʻ crest ʼ; Pk. maüḍa -- , maüla -- m.n. ʻ diadem; ʼH. mauṛ, mauṛā m., maulī, maulṛī f. ʻ crown ʼ; OG. maüḍa m. ʻ crown ʼ(CDIAL 10144) Ta. mukaṭu top, highest part, ridge of a roof, hump of a camel, platform; mōṭu height, hill, eminence, top of a house, etc.;mucci crown of the head, tuft of hair on the head, crest. Ma. mukaṭu the head-end of a cloth; mukaḷ top, summit, ridge, roof. Ko.moyḷ ridge of roof. To. muxuḷ id. Ka. mogaḍu, mogaḷu, magil id. Tu. mugili turret, top as of a temple; mōḍu hill. Te. mogaḍuridge of roof; mōḍu raised or high ground; (Inscr.) mōru peak. Go. (W. Ph.) mukur comb of cock (Voc. 2864). / Cf. Skt.mukuṭa-, mauli- crest, diadem; BHS, Pali makuṭa- id.; Pkt. maüla- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10144.(DEDR 4888) Rebus: muhã 'quantity of metal produced out of smelter' (Santali) The Nahal Mishmar sceptre or crown is thus a rebus rendering in Indus Script cipher documenting the metalwork processes resulting in the products evidenced by the cire perdue metal hoard. The association of Sivalinga with 'purifiction' of धातु dhātu to produce metals is vividly evidenced by the inscription which accompanies the Candi-Sukuh, 6 feet tall Sivalinga. The key expression used in the inscription is: gangga sudhi 'purification by ganga'. The gloss 'gangga' is a rebus rendering of kanga 'brazier' (Kashmiri) and sudhi semantics signify 'knowledge, purity'. Thus, gangga sudhi means 'purification (using) brazier'. The process of smelting is a process of purifying elements to create metal, metal alloys, castings, implements, weapons in kole.l 'smithy' which is also kole.l 'temple' (Kota). This process of purification of mere earth and stone (dhātu, 'elements') and creating metal gets amplified in the iconic form of Siva as the Cosmic Dancer, Nataraja dancing cosmic dissolution and creation of all phenomena. 12520 śuddhá ʻ clean, bright, white ʼ RV., ʻ pure, true ʼ Mn. [Anal. replacement of *śūḍha -- 1. -- √śudh]Pa. suddha -- ʻ pure, clean, simple ʼ, °aka -- n. ʻ a minor offence ʼ; NiDoc. śudha ʻ cleared off (of debts ʼ); Pk. suddha -- ʻ bright, clear, pure, unmixed ʼ; Sh. (Lor.) šut ʻ luck ʼ; K. họ̆du ʻ plain, dry ʼ; S. sūdho ʻ honest ʼ (← H. or G.?); L.awāṇ. suddhuṇ ʻ to be clear ʼ (or < śúndhati); P. suddhā ʻ simple, true ʼ; Ku. sudo ʻ plain, artless, soft, without bone (of meat) ʼ; N. sudho ʻ honest, simple ʼ; A. xudha ʻ pure, unmixed ʼ, xudā ʻ simple ʼ; B. sudhu ʻ simply ʼ; Or. sudhāibā ʻ to cleanse, ʼ; OAw. sūdha ʻ straightforward ʼ; H. sudh, sūdhā ʻ clean, pure, true ʼ, sudhnā ʻ to clean ʼ; Marw. sūdho ʻ pure, bright, cheerful ʼ; OG. sūdha,° dhaü ʻ clean, pure ʼ, G. sūdhũ ʻ simple, true ʼ; M. sudhā, sudā ʻ right, proper, pure, simple ʼ; Si. sudu, hudu ʻ clean, holy, white ʼ; Md. hudu ʻ white ʼ.*śuddhakāra -- , *śuddhācāra -- .Addenda: śuddhá -- : B. śudhā ʻ to clear (debt) ʼ, sudhā, sudhana ʻ to ask ʼ < ʻ to find out ʼ12523 śúddhi f. ʻ cleansing, purity ʼ TBr., ʻ verification, truth ʼ Yājñ., ʻ certainty ʼ Mn., ʻ information, news ʼ Vet. [√śudh]Pa. Pk. suddhi -- f. ʻ purification, genuineness ʼ (Pk. also ʻ information, news ʼ); Wg. šüdī ʻ information, informed, aware ʼ; Woṭ.šid, šit ʻ information ʼ in šit kar -- ʻ to ask ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 126; Tor. šit ʻ aware ʼ NTS xvii 298 (AO viii 309 wrongly emends to *šiṭh); S. sudhi f. ʻ knowledge ʼ; L. (Ju.) sudh f. ʻ information, news ʼ; P. suddh f. ʻ purity, accuracy, straightness ʼ; WPah. (Joshi)śudhī f. ʻ purity, cleanliness ʼ; Ku. sudh, sud ʻ intellect, consciousness, memory, care, caution ʼ, gng. śudi ʻ appeasement ʼ; N.sudhi, suddhi ʻ care, caution ʼ; A. xudhi ʻ act of becoming ceremonially pure ʼ; B. sudh, °dhi ʻ knowledge ʼ; OAw. sudhi ʻ recollection ʼ; H. sudh, °dhī f. ʻ knowledge, consciousness, memory, care ʼ; G. sūdh f. ʻ sense ʼ; M. sudhī f. ʻ good understanding ʼ; Ko. suddi ʻ news ʼ; Si. sidu ʻpurityʼ. 12527 śúdhyati (sudhyatē ṢaḍvBr.) ʻ is purified ʼ VS., °ti, °tē ʻ becomes clear (of doubts) ʼ R. [√śudh]Pa. sujjhati ʻ becomes clear ʼ, sujjhana -- n., Pk. sujjhaï, sujjhaṇayā -- f.; Tor. čuǰ -- ʻ to learn ʼ (< *šuǰ -- ?); S. sujhaṇu ʻ to seem ʼ (sujhando m. ʻ light ʼ < śudhyant -- ); L. sujhaṇ ʻ to be seen, to seem ʼ, awāṇ. sujhuṇ ʻ to be thought of ʼ; P. sujjhṇā ʻ to be seen, be understood ʼ, ludh. sujjhanā ʻ to occur to the mind ʼ; WPah.bhal. śuj̈j̈hṇū ʻ (of the sky) to clear ʼ, (Joshi) śujhṇu ʻ to see, witness ʼ; Ku. sūjhṇo, sujṇo ʻ to be auspicious, be cleared of doubt, suit, fit, agree, think, remember ʼ; N. sujhnu ʻ to occur to the mind ʼ; A. xuziba ʻ to agree with one's constitution, repay a debt ʼ; B. sujhā ʻ to understand ʼ; Or. sujhibā ʻ to clear (a debt), repay, retaliate ʼ; Mth. sūjhab ʻ to see ʼ; OAw. sūjhaï ʻ appears, occurs to ʼ, lakh. sūjhab ʻ to be visible ʼ; H. sūjhnā ʻ to be perceptible, seem, occur to ʼ; OG. sūjhaï ʻ is clear, is enlightened ʼ, G. sujhvũ, sujvũ ʻ to be purified, appear, seem, see, understand ʼ; <-> caus. Pk. sujjhāvaï; L. sujhāvaṇ ʻ to explain ʼ, P. sujhāuṇā; Ku. sujhoṇo, sujoṇo ʻ to find out, foresee, provide for ʼ; A. xuzāiba ʻ to cause to be repaid ʼ, Or. sujhāibā; H. sujhānā ʻ to explain ʼ. -- Ext. -- ḍ -- : G. sujhāṛvũ ʻ to teach, point out ʼ; -- K. śọ̆zarun ʻto clean, purifyʼ(CDIAL) http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/11/ornamental-endless-knot-svastika-other.html Ornamental 'endless knot', svastika & other hieroglyphs on Indus Script corpora, on āyāgapaṭṭa अयागपट्ट signify dhmātṛ, dhamaga smelters of ores It was noted in this monograph that 1) the dotted-circle and trefoil hieroglyphs on the uttariyam (shawl) of the statue of the priest signified respectively, single strand of rope and three strands of rope; and 2) the priest was पोतृ,'purifier'. He was priest of dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelters' (root: dhāu 'ore') with Indus script hieroglyphs signifies पोतृ,'purifier' of dhātu, dhāū, dhāv 'red stone minerals';धातु dhātu 'layer , stratum' 'constituent part, ingredient' (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. त्रि-ध्/आतु , threefold &c ; cf. त्रिविष्टि- , सप्त- , सु-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c Rebus 1: element , primitive matter (= महा-भूत L. ) MBh. Hariv. &c (usually reckoned as 5 , viz. ख or आकाश ,अनिल , तेजस् , जल, भू ; to which is added ब्रह्म Ya1jn5. iii , 145 ; or विज्ञान Buddh.); primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral , are (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists धातु means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [धातु-लोक] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गर्भ]). Orthographically, the single strand and three strands are signified as follows: The fillet worn on the forehead and on the right-shoulder signifies one strand; while the trefoil on the shawl signifies three strands. A hieroglyph for two strands is also signified. Single strand (one dotted-circle) Two strands (pair of dotted-circles) Three strands (three dotted-circles as a trefoil) These orthographic variants provide semantic elucidations for a single: dhātu, dhāū, dhāv 'red stone mineral' or two minerals: dul PLUS dhātu, dhāū, dhāv 'cast minerals' or tri- dhātu, -dhāū, -dhāv 'three minerals' to create metal alloys'. The artisans producing alloys are dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻa caste of iron -- smeltersʼ, dhāvḍī ʻcomposed of or relating to ironʼ)(CDIAL 6773).. dām 'rope, string' rebus: dhāu 'ore' rebus: मेढा [mēḍhā] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl (Marathi). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, copper' (Munda. Slavic) mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Munda). Semantics of single strand of rope and three strands of rope are: 1. Sindhi dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, Lahnda dhāī˜ id.; 2. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ (RigVeda). mũh 'a face' in Indus Script Cipher signifies mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/10/indus-script-corpora-face-hieroglyph-is.html An aniconic Sivalinga ligatured with a 'face' is thus a signifier associating Sivalinga with the smelting process in a smelter which results in an ingot or mmuhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' This Indus Script evidence is the explanation for ekamukha linga and linga with multiple faces which are orthographic variants of the singe-strand, double-strand, three strands denoted on the priest statue of Mohenjodaro respectively as dotted circle, pair of dotted circles and three dotted circles joined together as a trefoil. Evidences for such sivalingas abound in Bharat that is India and many parts of South Asia.

Ancient Meluhha miners of khetri mineral ore mines are identified as ābhīra, yādava, Kṛṣṇa of Ahar-Banas, inventors of Indus Script

-- अहिर्-बुध्न्य (पारस्कर-गृह्य-सूत्र) is a miner (coming from the depths), is ahīr 'a Rudra), ābhīra 'people' of Ahar-Banas This monograph demonstrates that the early geometrical designs on Gilund seal impressions signify 1. sacred fire altar' and 2. working with copper. The designs which are hieroglyphs evolve into the Indus Script writing system. I submit that the ahīr, ābhīra 'people' of Ahar-Banas are the early inventors of the Indus Script writing system using hieroglyphs. ahīr, ābhīra 'people' of Ahar-Banas migrate through Ujjain to Tamil Nadu and their settlements are called ஆயர்பாடி āyar-pāṭi , n. ஆயர் +. Hamlet of cowherds; இடைச்சேரி. (திவ். நாய்ச். 14, 2.) ஆயர் are Yadavas, the lineage of யாதவன் yātavaṉ , n. < id. Kṛṣṇa; கண்ண பிரான். யாதவன் துவரைக்கிறை யாகிய மாதவன் (பெரியபு. திருமலை. 14). The migrations through Ujjain are evidenced by the Ujjaini symbol on early coins of Ancient India which uses the Ujjaini symbol which is + hieroglyph PLUS four dotted circles on four ends of the +: Kr̥ṣṇa, Yādava, ābhīra, ahir, āyar herdsmen, hunters, metalworkers, traders; Ahar-Banas culture ca. 3000 BCE.pdf https://tinyurl.com/y8ywqj63 Distribution of geometrical seals in Greater Indus Valley during the early and *Mature Harappan periods (c. 3000 - 2000 BCE). After Uesugi 2011, Development of the Inter-regional interactionsystem in the Indus valley and beyond: a hypothetical view towards the formation of the urbansociety' in: Cultural relations between the Indus and the Iranian plateau during the 3rdmillennium BCE, ed. Toshiki Osada & Michael Witzel. Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora7. Pp. 359-380. Cambridge, MA: Dept of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University: fig.7. Seals from Afg of BMAC complex with motif shared with Ahar-Banas chalcolithic Kot Diji type seals with concentriccircles from (a,b) Taraqai Qila (Trq-2 &3, after CISI 2: 414), (c,d) Harappa(H-638 after CISI 2:304, H-1535 after CISI 3.1:211), and (e) Mohenjo-daro (M-1259, aftr CISI 2: 158). (From Fig.7 Parpola, 2013). Asirgarh fort, built by Asa Ahir, Madhya Pradesh .7 Parpola, 2013). ImageUjjain, anonymous, AE 1/2 karshapana, 'standing Shiva type' Standing Shiva holding danda in right and kamandalu in left; sun above railed tree on left and 6-armed symbol above taurines on right.Double-orbed Ujjain symbol. Reference: Pieper265(plate coin)/ BMC pl.XXXVIII, nos.5-6 + hieroglyph: koṇḍ 'square' rebus: koṇḍa 'fire-pit with live coals' agni kuṇḍa 'sacred fire altar' Shape of lotus: tāmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tāmba, tāmra 'copper' Sun's rays: arka 'sun's rays' rebus: arka 'copper, gold' arkasal 'rays of sun' rebus: arka sal 'goldsmith workshop'. The most frequently used field symbol of 'unicorn' also signifies like the + hieroglyph: khōṇḍa 'young bull-calf' Rebus: koṇḍa 'fire-pit with live coals' agni kuṇḍa 'sacred fire altar' kō̃da कोँद 'fire-altar, kiln' (Kashmiri) Rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS singhin 'forward-thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus: singi 'ornament gold'. Thus, the fire-altar workers are smiths working with ornament gold and fine gold. Dotted circle: dhã̄i 'strand' PLUS vaṭa 'string' rebus: dhāvaḍ 'iron smelter'. Four dotted circles signify working with four dhatu, mineral ores. dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) I submit that the cache of seal impressions from Gilund provide an early insight into the copperwork in chalcolithic period. The stamp seal showing rays is a clear Indus Script hieroglyph: arka sal 'rays of sun' rebus: arka sal 'goldsmith, coppersmith workshop': arka 'sun's rays' rebus; arka 'copper, gold' PLUS a continuous line: Ta. cāl furrow in ploughing, track of a sower while passing and repassing in sowing; cālai street, avenue, road. Ma. cāl furrow, channel, track, line, direction. Ko. ca·l furrow. To. so·l id. Ka. sāl a continuous line, a furrow. Koḍ. ca·llï line, furrow, one complete ploughing of a field, people related in any way by descent. Tu. sālů line, row, furrow. Te. cālu id., groove, track; cālupu line, row, series. Ga. (S.3) sālu furrow made by plough. Go. (Ko.) āl furrow (< Te.; Voc. 140). Konḍa (BB, 1972) sāl id(DEDR 2471) Rebus: śāˊlā f. ʻ shed, stable, house ʼ AV., śālám adv. ʻ at home ʼ ŚBr., śālikā -- f. ʻ house, shop ʼ lex.Pa. Pk. sālā -- f. ʻ shed, stable, large open -- sided hall, house ʼ, Pk. sāla -- n. ʻ house ʼ; Ash. sal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, Wg. šāl, Kt. šål, Dm. šâl; Paš.weg. sāl, ar. šol ʻ cattleshed on summer pasture ʼ; Kho. šal ʻ cattleshed ʼ, šeli ʻ goatpen ʼ; K. hal f. ʻ hall, house ʼ; L. sālh f. ʻ house with thatched roof ʼ; A. xāl, xāli ʻ house, workshop, factory ʼ; B. sāl ʻ shed, workshop ʼ; Or. sāḷa ʻ shed, stable ʼ; Bi. sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; H. sāl f. ʻ hall, house, school ʼ, sār f. ʻ cowshed ʼ; M. sāḷ f. ʻ workshop, school ʼ; Si. sal -- a, ha˚ ʻ hall, market -- hall ʼ.(CDIAL 1214) The stepped cross seal: + is an Indus Script hieroglyph which signifies an agni-kunda, 'sacred fire altar'; the stepped angles on the four sides signify flow of water: kaāṇḍa 'water' Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware' See: Taxila 'cross' is an Indus Script hieroglyph, on m0352 seal signifies kuṇḍa, kanda 'fire-altar' https://tinyurl.com/yxpnn4vv This monograph has demonstrated that + Indus Script hieroglyph signifies a sacred fire-altar. Image result for geometric seals indus valley Stamp seals from the Late period levels. Such seals appear to be products of the waning years of the Indus civilization. After Figure in George F. Dales, 1965, Civilisation and floods in the Indus Valley, Expedition, Vol. 7, Issue 4. https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/civilization-and-floods-in-the-indus-valley/ The + symbol signifies a fire-altar with the indications of dotted circles on four corners which signify dhã̄ī 'strand' rebus: dhatu 'mineral ore'. Svastika symbol signifies hieroglyph sattva 'svastika symbol' rebus: sattva, jasta 'pewter, zinc'. + hieroglyph: khond 'square' Rebus: konda 'kiln, furnace' koNDa 'fire pit with live coals' agnikuNDa 'sacred fire-altar'. The fire trench of live coals is shaped like a square Rebus: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used. Another example of Indus Script seal is presented with a decipherment. m0352 cdef The + glyph of Sibri evidence is comparable to the large-sized 'dot', dotted circles and + glyph shown on this Mohenjo-daro seal m0352 with dotted circles repeated on 5 sides A to F. Mohenjo-daro Seal m0352 shows dotted circles in the four corners of a fire-altar and at the centre of the altar together with four raised 'bun' ingot-type rounded features.

Eleven Indus Script inscriptions in B.C. Gallery deciphered rebus Meluhha expressions of metalwork catalogues

Stock Number: Y3617 A fine Harappan silver and copper seal the imprint with engraved Indus pictographic Script. On the reverse is a looped lug for suspension. circa 3rd millennium B.C., Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley Oxidised patina 2 x 1.5 cm koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' Stock Number: Y98 A Harappan steatite seal engraved with unicorn, ritual offering stand and row of signs from the Indus Valley script; the reverse with intact suspension loop carved from the same piece of stone.Circa late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Indus Valley2.7 x 2.7 cm tsarkh 'potter's wheel' (Pashto) rebus: arka 'copper, gold'; koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop' kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' PLUS koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, scribes' workshop. Stock Number: Y96 A Harappan steatite seal engraved with unicorn, ritual offering stand and row of signs from the Indus Valley script; the reverse with suspension loop carved from the same piece of stone.Circa late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Indus Valley 2.7 x 2.7 cm koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop' aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' kuṭi 'water-carrier' (Telugu) rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' Stock Number: Y97 A Harappan steatite seal engraved with unicorn, and row of signs from the Indus Valley script taṭṭal 'five' Rebus: ṭhaṭṭha brass (i.e. alloy of copper + zinc) कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 Rebus: karNaka 'scribe, supercargo' PLUS Sign 293 is a hypertext composed of 'curve' and 'pupil of eye' hieroglyphs: Curve is signified by kuṭi 'curve'; rebus: कुटिल kuṭila, katthīl (8 parts copper, 2 parts tin); cf. āra-kūṭa, 'brass' Old English ār 'brass'; Pupil of eye is kuṭi rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. Thus, Sign 293 signifies smelter for कुटिल kuṭila, katthī 'brass'. baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) rebus: baran, bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi.Marathi) Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). ayaskāṇḍa 'a quantity of iron, excellent iron' (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khaṇḍa, khāṇḍā 'tools, pots, wares'. Stock Number: X9274 A rare Indus Valley figural stone seal, carved in the form of a benign looking animal - possibly a long-eared sheep - the underside engraved with a register of signs from the Indus Valley script; a lateral drill hole for suspension runs through the centre of the animal. Circa late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley, Length: 6.7 / Height: 2.2 cm Re-joined from original fragments, in good condition with superb patina Stock Number: X9270 A Harappan steatite seal engraved with unicorn, ritual offering stand and row of signs from the Indus Valley script; the reverse with suspension loop carved from the same piece of stone. Circa late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Indus Valley 3.3 x 3.3 cm कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 Rebus: karNaka 'scribe, supercargo' kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' Sign 267 is composed of rhombus/oval/bun-ingot shape and signifier of 'corner' hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'. Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'. kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756) Stock Number: X1874A Harappan steatite seal engraved with unicorn, ritual offering stand and row of signs from the Indus Valley script. Late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Indus Valley18 x 18 mm Intact, with suspension loop on reverse. Stock Number: X8433 Lead tablet with Indus Valley script, three symbols on obverse; two symbols reverse. Circa 3rd millennium B.C., Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro 2.9 x 2.4 cm kolom 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' A rare Indus Valley figural stone seal, carved in the form of a benign looking animal - possibly a long-eared sheep - the underside engraved with a register of signs from the Indus Valley script; a lateral drill hole for suspension runs through the centre of the animal. Circa late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley, Length: 6.7 / Height: 2.2 cm Re-joined from original fragments, in good condition with superb patina Stock Number: X9270 A Harappan steatite seal engraved with unicorn, ritual offering stand and row of signs from the Indus Valley script; the reverse with suspension loop carved from the same piece of stone. Circa late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Indus Valley 3.3 x 3.3 cm कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 , 3 Rebus: karNaka 'scribe, supercargo' kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' Sign 267 is composed of rhombus/oval/bun-ingot shape and signifier of 'corner' hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'. Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'. kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756) Stock Number: X8880 A Harappan steatite seal engraved with unicorn, ritual offering stand and row of signs from the Indus Valley script. Late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Indus Valley 3.4 x 3.4 cm tsarkh 'potter's wheel' (Pashto) rebus: arka 'copper, gold'; koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' PLUS koḍa 'one' Rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Thus, scribes' workshop. Sign 267 is composed of rhombus/oval/bun-ingot shape and signifier of 'corner' hieroglyph. The hypertext reads: mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kañcu 'bell-metal'. Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'. kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756) Sign 176Hieroglyph: currycomb: खरारा kharārā m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. ख0 खाजवीत नगारा वाजवीत-येतो-फिरतो &c. Used of a low vagabond or idler.(Marathi) Rebus: wealth-accounting ledgers -- kharada खरडें 'daybooks' Hieroglyph: Currycomb, scraper: khareḍo 'a currycomb' (Gujarati); खरड्या kharaḍyā a (खरडणें) That writes or shaves rudely and roughly; a mere quill-driver; a very scraper. khareḍo = a currycomb (Gujarati) खरारा [ kharārā ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: 1. करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) 2. kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) Rebus: करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi). khareḍo = a currycomb (Gujarati) खरारा [ kharārā ] m ( H) A currycomb. 2 Currying a horse. (Marathi) Rebus: 1. करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. (Marathi) 2. kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati) Stock Number: X8881 A Harappan lead seal with design of unicorn, ritual offering stand and row of signs from the Indus Valley script. Late 3rd to early 2nd millennium B.C. Indus Valley 2.2 x 2.0 cm ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' Hypertext of Sign 336 has hieroglyph components: muka 'ladle' (Tamil)(DEDR 4887) Rebus: mū̃h'ingot' (Santali).PLUS Sign 328 baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron' bhaṭa 'furnace'. The hypertext reads: mū̃h bhaṭa 'ingot furnace'

Overflowing pot of m1656 pectoral and on Ibni Sharrum cylinder seal signifies Indus Script hypertext lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware'

This is an addendum to: Young bull kār-kunda 'manager' with unique orthographic ligatures elucidates metallurgical competence of 'lapidary, goldsmith, turner' in mint https://tinyurl.com/y4uh3ywq "Pendant or medallion [from Mohenjo-daro] pictures the unicorn combined with many sacred symbols of the Indus religion. The body of the figure has a womb-shaped symbol in its belly, the same motif is elaborated to form the frame for the pendant, which is also a common design for shell inlay. Two leaf shapes of the sacred pipal tree are depicted at the animals shoulders and rump. A ritual offering stand is placed in front of the image. The deeply incised frame and the symbols on the unicorn would have been set with inlay." (J.M. Kenoyer, Indus Civilization, p. 188) https://www.harappa.com/blog/unicorn-pendant m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. The body of the young bull has the pictograph signified on the body. Arka flipped vertically and signified on the body of the young bull on pectoral, as shown below. The young bull signifies Hieroglyph: kõda 'young bull-calf'. Rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold'; kār-kund 'manager'. The overflowing pot atop the one-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext. The rebus reading in Meluhha of the overflowing pot is: lokhaṇḍa 'metal tools, pots and pans, metalware' (Marathi) The expression is composed of two words: '(pot etc.) to overflow' and 'water'. The rebus readings are: 1. (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) . காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi). Thus, the overflowing pot is a hypertext to signify metal tools, pots and pans of copper, made by .the young bull kār-kunda 'manager' who works as an artisan with the metallurgical competence of 'lapidary, goldsmith, turner' in mint. Overflowing pot is an abiding metaphor on Ibni Sharrum cylinder seal and many other Ancient Near East artifacts. Abiding ANE Indus Script hypertexts of eagle, goat-fish, overflowing pot. Adda, scribe Seal deciphered as metalwork and thunderbolt iron weapon. https://tinyurl.com/yd58zadk Ibni-Sharrum cylinder seal ca. 2200 BCE deciphered, Indus Script hypertext signifies artificer of zinc alloy furnace, metal implements https://tinyurl.com/y9l5hkn8 There are some seals with clear Indus themes among Dept. of Near Eastern Antiquities collections at the Louvre in Paris, France, among them the Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum, described as "one of the most striking examples of the perfection attained by carvers in the Agade period [2350–2170 BCE]. https://www.harappa.com/category/blog-subject/seals Ibni-Sharrum cylinder seal shows a kneeling person with six curls of hair.Cylinder seal of Ibni-sharrum, a scribe of Shar-kali-sharri (left) and impression (right), ca. 2183–2159 B.C.; Akkadian, reign of Shar-kali-sharri. Lower register signifies flow of water. Numeral bhaṭa 'six' is an Indus Script cipher, rebus bhaṭa ‘furnace’; baṭa 'iron'. Rebus: bhaḍa -- m. ʻ soldier ʼ, bhuaga 'worshipper in a temple' (Note the worshipful pose of the person offering the overflowing pot). bhr̥ta ʻ carried, brought ʼ MBh. 2. ʻ hired, paid ʼ Mn., m. ʻ hireling, mercenary ʼ Yājñ.com., bhr̥taka -- m. ʻ hired servant ʼ Mn.: > MIA. bhaṭa -- m. ʻ hired soldier, servant ʼ MBh. [√bhr̥] 1. Ash. 3 sg. pret. bəṛə, f. °ṛī ʻ brought ʼ, Kt. bŕå; Gaw. (LSI) bṛoet ʻ they begin ʼ.2. Pa. bhata -- ʻ supported, fed ʼ, bhataka -- m. ʻ hired servant ʼ, bhaṭa -- m. ʻ hireling, servant, soldier ʼ; Aś.shah. man. kāl. bhaṭa -- ʻ hired servant ʼ, kāl. bhaṭaka -- , gir. bhata -- , bhataka -- ; Pk. bhayaga -- m. ʻ servant ʼ, bhaḍa -- m. ʻ soldier ʼ, bhaḍaa -- m. ʻ member of a non -- Aryan tribe ʼ; Paš. buṛīˊ ʻ servant maid ʼ IIFL iii 3, 38; S. bhaṛu ʻ clever, proficient ʼ, m. ʻ an adept ʼ; Ku. bhaṛ m. ʻ hero, brave man ʼ, gng. adj. ʻ mighty ʼ; B. bhaṛ ʻ soldier, servant, nom. prop. ʼ, bhaṛil ʻ servant, hero ʼ; Bhoj. bhar ʻ name of a partic. low caste ʼ; G. bhaṛ m. ʻ warrior, hero, opulent person ʼ, adj. ʻ strong, opulent ʼ, ubhaṛ m. ʻ landless worker ʼ (G. cmpd. with u -- , ʻ without ʼ, i.e. ʻ one without servants ʼ?); Si. beḷē ʻ soldier ʼ < *baḷaya, st. baḷa -- ; -- Pk. bhuaga -- m. ʻ worshipper in a temple ʼ, G. bhuvɔ m. (rather than < bhūdēva -- ). *bhārta -- ; abhr̥ta -- ; subhaṭa -- .Addenda: bhr̥ta -- : S.kcch. bhaṛ ʻ brave ʼ; Garh. (Śrīnagrī dial.) bhɔṛ, (Salānī dial.) bheṛ ʻ warrior ʼ.(CDIAL 9588) Hieroglyhph: buffalo: Ku. N. rã̄go ʻ buffalo bull ʼ (or < raṅku -- ?).(CDIAL 10538, 10559) Rebus: raṅga3 n. ʻ tin ʼ lex. [Cf. nāga -- 2, vaṅga -- 1] Pk. raṁga -- n. ʻ tin ʼ; P. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ pewter, tin ʼ (← H.); Ku. rāṅ ʻ tin, solder ʼ, gng. rã̄k; N. rāṅ, rāṅo ʻ tin, solder ʼ, A. B. rāṅ; Or. rāṅga ʻ tin ʼ, rāṅgā ʻ solder, spelter ʼ, Bi. Mth. rã̄gā, OAw. rāṁga; H. rã̄g f., rã̄gā m. ʻ tin, pewter ʼ; Si. ran̆ga ʻ tin ʼ.(CDIAL 10562) B. rāṅ(g)tā ʻ tinsel, copper -- foil ʼ.(CDIAL 10567) తుత్తము [ tuttamu ] or తుత్తరము tuttamu. [Tel.] n. sulphate of zinc. మైలతుత్తము sulphate of copper, blue-stone.తుత్తినాగము [ tuttināgamu ] tutti-nāgamu. [Chinese.] n. Pewter. Zinc. లోహవిశేషము (Telugu) (Spelter is commercial crude smelted zinc. • a solder or other alloy in which zinc is the main constituent.) Note on spelter: "Spelter, while sometimes used merely as a synonym for zinc, is often used to identify a zinc alloy. In this sense it might be an alloy of equal parts copper and zinc, i.e. a brass, used for hard soldering and brazing, or as an alloy, containinglead, that is used instead of bronze. In this usage it was common for many 19th-century cheap, cast articles such as candlesticks and clock cases...The word "pewter" is thought to be derived from the word "spelter". Zinc ingots formed by smelting might also be termed spelter." Skeat, Walter William (1893), An etymological dictionary of the English language (2nd ed.), Clarendon Press, pp. 438–439. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelter French Bronze is a form of bronze typically consisting of 91% copper, 2% tin, 6% zinc, and 1% lead.(Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1861). The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge 3. D. Appleton and Co. p. 729.) "The term French bronze was also used in connection with cheap zinc statuettes and other articles, which were finished to resemble real bronze, and some older texts call the faux-bronze finish itself "French bronze". Its composition was typically 5 parts hematite powder to 8 parts lead oxide, formed into a paste with spirits of wine. Variations in tint could be obtained by varying the proportions. The preparation was applied to the article to be bronzed with a soft brush, then polished with a hard brush after it had dried." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French\_Bronze ( Watt, Alexander (1887). Electro-Metallurgy Practically Treated. D. Van Nostrand. pp. 211–212.) "The term latten referred loosely to the copper alloys such as brass or bronze that appeared in the Middle Ages and through to the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was used for monumental brasses, in decorative effects on borders, rivets or other details of metalwork (particularly armour), in livery and pilgrim badges or funerary effigies. Metalworkers commonly formed latten in thin sheets and used it to make church utensils. Brass of this period is made through the calamine brass process, from copper and zinc ore. Later brass was made with zinc metal from Champion's smelting process and is not generally referred to as latten. This calamine brass was generally manufactured as hammered sheet or "battery brass" (hammered by a "battery" of water-powered trip hammers) and cast brass was rare. "Latten" also refers to a type of tin plating on iron (or possibly some other base metal), which is known as white latten; and black latten refers to laten-brass, which is brass milled into thin plates or sheets. The term "latten" has also been used, rarely, to refer to lead alloys. In general, metal in thin sheets is said to be latten such as gold latten; and lattens (plural) refers to metal sheets between 1/64" and 1/32" in thickness." ( Funerary crozier of the Bishops of St Davids, on display at St David's Cathedral, West Wales) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latten Cylinder seal impression of Ibni-sharrum, a scribe of Shar-kalisharri ca. 2183–2159 BCE The inscription reads “O divine Shar-kali-sharri, Ibni-sharrum the scribe is your servant.” Cylinder seal. Serpentine/Chlorite. AO 22303 H. 3.9 cm. Dia. 2.6 cm. (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) Glyph of flowing water in the second register: காண்டம் kāṇṭam , n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர்; kāṇṭam ‘ewer, pot’ கமண்டலம். (Tamil) Thus the combined rebus reading: Ku. lokhaṛ ʻiron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ(CDIAL 11171). The kneeling person’s hairstyle has six curls. bhaṭa ‘six’; rebus: bhaṭa‘furnace’. मेढा mēḍhā A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl. (Marathi) Rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ (Ho.) Thus, the orthography denotes meḍ bhaṭa ‘iron furnace’.

Indus Script in Warka (Uruk), Susa, Bharhut, Sanchi with common hieroglyphs which signify smelter- &metal-work

Indus Script on 1. Torana (gateway) proclamations of Bharhut and Sanchi, 2. Warka vase, 3. Susa limestone basin, bitumen base, tablet, two cylinder seals have common hieroglyphs which are catalogs of metalwork. I was stunned by the Bharhut and Sanchi toranas. The hieroglyphs which constituted proclamations on the gateways are recognizable as Indus Script hieroglyph-multiplexes (hypertexts). Tatsama and tadbhava words in a comparative lexicon of Bharatiya languages (e.g. Indian Lexicon), establish the reality of Bharatiya sprachbund. It appears mlecchita vikalpa wass based on a artificer-lapidary-metalwork lexis of Prakrtam (i.e., vAk, spoken form of Samskrtam). 1. tAmarasa 'lotus' (tAmra); sippi 'palm spathe, mollusc' (s'ilpi 'sculptor'); eraka (arka 'copper, gold'); aya 'fish' (aya, ayas 'iron') khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ (kammaTa 'coiner, coinage, mint (Kannada); kariba 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' (ib 'iron' karba 'iron' (Kannada). Hence the proclamation as an advertisement hoardings by the Begram dantakara (ivory carvers) who moved to Bhilsa topes. There is an epigraph in Sanchi stupa which records the donations of dantakara to the dhAtugarbha (dagoba, stupa). śilpin ʻ skilled in art ʼ, m. ʻ artificer ʼ Gaut., śilpika<-> ʻ skilled ʼ MBh. [śílpa -- ] Pa. sippika -- m. ʻ craftsman ʼ, NiDoc. śilpiǵa, Pk. sippi -- , °ia -- m.; A. xipini ʻ woman clever at spinning and weaving ʼ; OAw. sīpī m. ʻ artizan ʼ; M. śĩpī m. ʻ a caste of tailors ʼ; Si. sipi -- yā ʻ craftsman ʼ.(CDIAL 12471) शिल्प [ śilpa ] n (S) A manual or mechanical art, any handicraft. शिल्पकर्म [ śilpakarma ] n (S) Mechanical or manual business, artisanship. शिल्पकार [ śilpakāra ] m or शिल्पी m (S) An artisan, artificer, mechanic. शिल्पविद्या [ śilpavidyā ] f (S) Handicraft or art: as disting. from science. शिल्पशाला [ śilpaśālā ] f (S) A manufactory or workshop. शिल्पशास्त्र [ śilpaśāstra ] n (S) A treatise on mechanics or any handicraft. शिल्पी [ śilpī ] a (S) Relating to a mechanical profession or art.(Marathi) శిల్పము [ śilpamu ] ṣilpamu. [Skt.] n. An art, any manual or mechanical art. చిత్తరువు వ్రాయడము మొదలైనపని. శిల్పి or శిల్పకారుడు ṣilpi. n. An artist, artisan, artificer, mechanic, handicraftsman. పనివాడు. A painter, ముచ్చి. A carpenter, వడ్లంగి. A weaver, సాలెవాడు. (Usually) a stonecutter, a sculptor, కాసెవాడు. శిల్పిశాస్త్రము ṣilpi-ṣāstramu. n. A mechanical science; the science of Architecture. చిత్రాదికర్మలను గురించిన విధానము.(Telugu) சிப்பம்³ cippam, n. < šilpa. Architecture, statuary art, artistic fancy work; சிற்பம். கடி மலர்ச் சிப்பமும் (பெருங். உஞ்சைக். 34, 167).சிப்பியன் cippiyaṉ ,n. < šilpin. [T. cippevāḍu, K. cippiga, Tu. cippige.] 1. Fancy- worker, engraver; கம்மியன். (W.) 2. Tailor; தையற்காரன். (யாழ். அக.)சில்பி šilpi , n. < šilpin. See சிற்பி.சிலாவி³ cilāvi , n. prob. šilpin. Artisan; சிற்பி. சிற்பர் ciṟpar, n. < šilpa. Mechanics, artisans, stone-cutters; சிற்பிகள். (W.) சிற்பி ciṟpi, n. < šilpin. Mechanic, artisan, stone-cutter; கம்மியன். (சூடா.) khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ (kammaTa 'coiner, coinage, mint (Kannada): the Prakrtam word for 'fin' khambhaṛā has related phonemes and allographs: *skambha2 ʻ shoulder -- blade, wing, plumage ʼ. [Cf. *skapa -- s.v. *khavaka -- ] S. khambhu, °bho m. ʻ plumage ʼ, khambhuṛi f. ʻ wing ʼ; L. khabbh m., mult. khambh m. ʻ shoulder -- blade, wing, feather ʼ, khet. khamb ʻ wing ʼ, mult. khambhaṛā m. ʻ fin ʼ; P. khambh m. ʻ wing, feather ʼ; G. khā̆m f., khabhɔ m. ʻ shoulder ʼ.(CDIAL 13640). skambhá1 m. ʻ prop, pillar ʼ RV. 2. ʻ *pit ʼ (semant. cf. kūˊpa -- 1). [√skambh] 1. Pa. khambha -- m. ʻ prop ʼ; Pk. khaṁbha -- m. ʻ post, pillar ʼ; Pr. iškyöp, üšköb ʻ bridge ʼ NTS xv 251; L. (Ju.) khabbā m., mult. khambbā m. ʻ stake forming fulcrum for oar ʼ; P. khambh, khambhā,khammhā m. ʻ wooden prop, post ʼ; WPah.bhal. kham m. ʻ a part of the yoke of a plough ʼ, (Joshi) khāmbā m. ʻ beam, pier ʼ; Ku. khāmo ʻ a support ʼ, gng. khām ʻ pillar (of wood or bricks) ʼ; N. khã̄bo ʻ pillar, post ʼ, B. khām, khāmbā; Or. khamba ʻ post, stake ʼ; Bi. khāmā ʻ post of brick -- crushing machine ʼ, khāmhī ʻ support of betel -- cage roof ʼ, khamhiyā ʻ wooden pillar supporting roof ʼ; Mth. khāmh, khāmhī ʻ pillar, post ʼ, khamhā ʻ rudder -- post ʼ; Bhoj. khambhā ʻ pillar ʼ, khambhiyā ʻ prop ʼ; OAw. khāṁbhe m. pl. ʻ pillars ʼ, lakh. khambhā; H. khām m. ʻ post, pillar, mast ʼ, khambh f. ʻ pillar, pole ʼ; G. khām m. ʻ pillar ʼ, khã̄bhi, °bi f. ʻ post ʼ, M. khã̄b m., Ko. khāmbho, °bo, Si. kap (< *kab); -- X gambhīra -- , sthāṇú -- , sthūˊṇā -- qq.v.2. K. khambürü f. ʻ hollow left in a heap of grain when some is removed ʼ; Or. khamā ʻ long pit, hole in the earth ʼ, khamiā ʻ small hole ʼ; Marw. khã̄baṛo ʻ hole ʼ; G. khã̄bhũ n. ʻ pit for sweepings and manure (CDIAL 13639). These semantic clusters indicate that the skambha 'pillar' and skambha 'wing' are also hieroglyphs and so depicted in Indus Script Corpora. This leads to a reasonable inference that the Atharva Veda SkambhaSukta (AV X.7) -- an extraordinary philosophical enquiry into the Ruda hieroglyph as linga, s'ivalinga is also embellished with a caSAla (wheatchaff godhUma, snout of boar, varAha) is an intervention to explain the phenomenon of pyrolysis (thermachemical decomposition) and carburization which infuse carbon into soft metal (e.g. wrought iron) to create hard metal. The snout of boar is also called pota, evoking the potR 'purifier' of Rigveda and hence the abiding metaphor of Bharatiya tradition venerating varAha as yagna purusha personifying the Veda. Hence, Samskrta Bharati evolved from ca. 8th millennium BCE with Bharatam Janam. Indus Script Cipher is metalwork catalogue in Prakrtam (Samskrta Bharati united in the sprachbund the variant pronunciations of mleccha/meluhha). QED. Hence, the s'ilpi statue as a semantic-phonetic determinant adjoining the Sanchi hieroglyph-multiplex. Hence, Samskrta Bharati (fifth volume of the quintet on Indus Script). Detail of the Susa ritual basin http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/spr03/422/January-March/86.JPG Susa ritual basin dates from 13th or 12th cent. BCE. The rim of the limestone basin is decorated with a single repeated motif: two goatfish figures, on either side of a stylized palm tree, reedposts, spathes, molluscs. Jacques de Morgan excavations, 1904-05 Sb 19 Loure Museum. "The upper part of the basin is decorated with an intertwining pattern resembling flowing water. The inside of the basin consists of a series of squared steps leading down to the bottom of the dish. Traces of an inscription, too worn to be read, indicate that there was originally a text along the edges of the basin. (Herbin Nancie)" http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ritual-basin-decorated-goatfish-figures H. 62.8 cm, W. 92 cm. Molluscs on Susa ritual basin compared with Molluscs on Sanchi Monument Stupa II Huntington Scan Number 0010873 (See more examples in: http://www.scribd.com/doc/13267649/Resources-Hieroglyphs-Ancient-Indian-Tradition). BEgram ivory. Hackin 1954, p.169, figs.18 Ivory? Size: 10.6 x 15.8 x 0.4 cm Rectangular plaque depicting three palmettos with curled-up ends, held together by rings made up of lotus petals. Between the palmettos elongated fruit is shown . This scene is bordered by a band depicting a series of four-leaved flowers set in a square frame. Acropole mound, Susa. Old Elamite period, ca. 2500 – 2400 BCE. Clay. H 201/4 in. (51 cm) Paris. Musee du Louvre. Sb 2723. aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'. Thus, the fish hieroglyph on the pot is a semantic proclamation of the contents of the pot: meal implements, tools, weapons, pots and pans. baTa 'quail' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' kANDa 'water' rebus: kANDa 'implements'. ore at britishmuseum.org An ancient Roman banded brown and white agate intaglio depicting (British Museum) https://www.pinterest.com/astrologyy/capricorn/ tamar, ‘palm tree, date palm’ the rebus reading would be: tam(b)ra, ‘copper’ (Pkt.) sippi 'palm spathe, mollusc' Rebus: s'ilpi 'sculptor'. khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ (kammaTa 'coiner, coinage, mint (Kannada) PLUS aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper'. Thus the goat-fish-fin hieroglyph-multiplex signifies copper, iron mint, coinage. kANDa 'water' rebus: kANDa 'implements'. dhāvita ʻpurifiedʼ (perhaps, the basin was used for washing crucible metals)(Samskrtam) rebus: धावड [dhāvaḍa] 'smelter of iron'. Thus, the hieroglyphs on the Susa limestone stone is a catalog of smelter and mintwork. Tin and iron ingots delivered to the temple with ligatured ‘reed-scarf’ standard: tagara 'antelope' Rebus: tagara 'tin' + kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'iron'. Kannada. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat (Monier-Williams lex.) mlekh ‘goat’ (Br.); meḷh ‘goat’ (Br. mr̤eka (Te.); mēṭam (Ta.); meṣam (Samskritam) Te. mr̤eka (DEDR 5087) (DEDR 5087) Rebus: meluh.h.a (Akkadian) mleccha (Samskritam) milakkhu 'copper' (Pali) aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) meḷh ‘goat’ (Br. mr̤eka (Te.); mēṭam (Ta.); meṣam (Samskritam) Te. mr̤eka (DEDR 5087) (DEDR 5087) Rebus: meluh.h.a (Akkadian) mleccha (Samskritam) milakkhu 'copper' (Pali)

Indus Script, kharaḍa, brief memoranda of metalwork

This note points to further researches to trace the history of science and technology of Bronze Age in ancient India and interaction areas. Indus Script constitutes a writing system which uses Meluhha cipher of rebus renderings of hieroglyphs. Decoding of the cipher enables identification of the related Meluhha language glosses. Indus script decipherment points to Meluhha as a proto-Indian speech, lingua franca, parole of Bronze Age Bharat. The roots of almost all Indian languages are traceable to Meluhha speech of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Meluhha (cognate mleccha) writing system is named by Vatsyayana as mlecchita vikalpa (i.e. Meluhha cipher). Many pictorial motifs on Indus seals and artifacts of Bronze Age have been read rebus and deciphered as Meluhha hieroglyph metalwork catalogs. Some of these catalogs provide, in brief memoranda, technical specifications related to metalwork together with information for trade (cargo) transactions.

Jiroft Indus Script hypertexts evidence Meluhha interactions for metalwork trade & creation of wealth.pdf

This monograph presents selected Jiroft or Halil Rud artefacts with Indus Script hypertexts and derives the meanings of the Meluhha hypertexts. Meluhha is the parole (speech form), lingua franca of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. These readings of Jiroft hypertexts are premised on the suggested presence of Meluhha speakers of artisan guilds in Halil Rud (Jiroft culture), as explorers for metal resources and producers of metal products to create wealth of their nation or janapada. Jiroft culture and Harappa culture are cognates: an iconographic comparison reveals the deep roots of Indo-Iranian traditions. See notes on the arrival of Meluhha speakers in Indo-Iranian region: Leopard, scorpion, buffalo & zebu Indus Script hypertexts attest Meluhha-Marhashi metalwork interactions https://tinyurl.com/yanfwgfx When a hypertext is presented with a black drongo perched on a zebu (bos indicus), it is not necessary to posit a mythological narrative. Treating this as a hypertext of metaphors rendered rebus in Indus Script Meluhha provides a truthful framework for realizing the meanings of the signifier and the signified in the message. Hieroglyph: black drongo: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fūlād 'steel' (Arabic) The Prakritam gloss पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; poliya 'citizen, gatekeeper of town quarter'. Thus, the black drongo perched on a zebu, bos indicus as a hypertext signifies: magnetite, ferrite ore and steel. ... Impression of cylinder seal from Gonur-1. "In this connection worthy of utmost attention is the impression of a cylinder seal on one of the Margianian vessels, found .... at Gonur. The central figure of a frequently repeated frieze composition is a standing nude anthropomorphic winged deity with an avian head holding two mountain goats by the legs...Such anthropomorphic winged and avian-headed deities are represented fairly fully in the glyptics and on the seals of Bactria.... These Bactrian images find the most impressive correspondence in Syro-Hittite glyptics...If the fact that it’s for the Mittani kingdom that the names of Aryan deities are evidenced is taken into account the importance of the Bactrian-Margianian images will become obvious in the light of solving the Aryan problem on the basis of new archaeological data." (Sarianidi,V., 1993, Margiana in the Ancient Orient. In IASCCA Information Bulletin, 19, pp. 5-28. Nauka.). Sarianidi notes that the conflict motif (involving an avian-headed person and animals) is recurrent at a number of BMAC contact areas to the west of Bactria upto Greece. The conflict motif on Indus script inscriptions do not show an avian-headed person, but perhaps a woman in conflict with two felines on either side of the person. m0312 Persons vaulting over a water buffalo. The water buffalo tosses a person on its horns. Four or five bodies surround the animal. Spread of the motif of acrobats jumping over bulls shown on objects from Bactria to Greece. Indus script does show a motif of men vaulting over a bovine (buffalo), but the artistic rendering are not exactly comparable to the acrobat motif of BMAC. The motifs on Indus seals (winged feline, conflict of a woman with two felines, rhinoceros, snakes, eagle (or, bird-in-flight), goat) have been decoded as hieroglyphs of Indian linguistic area related to metalworking trades. For example, rhinoceros is decoded as: baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’; baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’; badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) Thus, when an eagle is shown attacking rhinoceros, the motif can be read rebus: pajhar badhia = pasra badhoe, 'carpenter's workshop or workshop of an artisan working in wood and metal.' Amulets and seals made of soft stone and pierced lengthwise often have a swastika engraved on one side. (Sarianidi, V. I., Die Kunst des Alten Afghanistan, Leipzig, 1986, Abb. 100; Fig. 1 after Sarianidi, V. I., Bactrian Centre of Ancient Art, Mesopotamia, 12 / 1977, Fig. 59 / 18; Fig. Of inter-locked snakes after Sarianidi, V. I., Seal- Amulets of the Murghab Style, in: Kohl, Ph. L., ed., The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia, New York, 1981, Fig. 7.). Svastika is an Indus script hieroglyph. It would thus appear that the user of Indus script hieroglyphs on the Gonur Tepe inscriptions – showing eagle hieroglyphs, wings of falcon (seals/seal impressions) is describing the nature of metalworking he or she is engaged in. It would also appear that the explanations of the narratives in Rigveda and in Mesopotamian hieroglyphs (cf. Apkallu) are echoes of these metalworking activities of Indus artisans (smiths and mine-workers). Cult vessel from Togolok-1 temple. The cult vessel is found at Margiana and Bactria. Winged felines are found at Margiana and southwest of Afghanistan. Winged-feline is a motif found on Indus script objects and also on Nal pot (the site Nal has also yielded other Indus script objects). era female, applied to women only, and generally as a mark of respect, wife; hopon era a daughter; era hopon a man’s family; manjhi era the village chief’s wife; gosae era a female Santal deity; buḍhi era an old woman; era uru wife and children; nabi era a prophetess; diku era a Hindu woman (Santali) erako = molten cast (G.) eraka, (copper) ‘metal infusion’; eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.) Meluhha or Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization Map showing the main sites of Middle Asia in the third millennium BC (whorls indicate the presence of Indus and Indus-like seals bearing multiple heads of diﬀerent animals arranged in whirl-like motif). The hypertexts on the images of the following artefacts presented by Massimo Vidale are drawn from Indus Script Corpora and meanings presented with rebus renderings, consistent with the decipherment of about 8000 inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora. 1.zebu or bos indicus पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide' 2. Black drongo perched on a zebu పోలడు pōlaḍu 'black drongo' rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. 3. waterflow or waves kāṇḍa 'water' Rebus: khāṇḍā 'metalware, pots and pans, tools'. vanyāˊ (Pāṇ.gaṇa) f. ʻ heavy rain ʼ Kr̥ṣis.[vana -- 2 n. ʻ water ʼ Naigh., Kālid., vāna -- 3 n. ʻ tidal wave, boreʼ W. ~ vāˊr --] A. bān ʻ flood, abundance, swarm ʼ; Or. bāna ʻ tide, wave, flood ʼ.Addenda: vanyāˊ -- : B. bān ʻ flood ʼ. (CDIAL 11278) Rebus:bāṇá (bāˊṇa -- AV.) m. ʻ reed -- shaft, arrow ʼ RV. 2. vāṇá -- 1 m. ʻ arrow, pipe ʼ, vāṇīˊ -- f. ʻ reed ʼ RV. [Cf. *vāṇa -- 2. <-> Differing Austro -- as. sources suggested by J. Przyluski BSL xxv 56 and PMWS 34. -- → Par. bân&omacrtodtod;, bânug ʻ arrow ʼ IIFL i 240]1. Pa. Pk. bāṇa -- m. ʻ arrow ʼ; Kal.rumb. buŕə̃ ʻ arrowhead ʼ; K. bān m. ʻ arrow ʼ, S. ḇāṇu m., L. P. bāṇ m., Ku.gng. bã̄&rtodtilde;ə, A. B. bān, Or. bāṇa (whence bāṇuā ʻ hunter ʼ), Bi. bān, OAw. bāna m., H. bān, m., G. bāṇ n., M. bāṇ m., Si. baṇa.2. P. vāṇ m. ʻ arrow ʼ.bāṇāsana -- ; *antarabāṇa -- .Addenda: bāṇa -- : WPah.kṭg. bāṇ m. ʻ arrow ʼ. (CDIAL 9203) 6. markhor miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Munda.Ho.) 7. eagle eruvai 'eagle' rebus: eruvai 'copper' 8. cobra hood फड, phaḍa 'cobra hood' फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons' 9. woman/man kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolimi 'smithy, forge'. mē̃d, mēd 'body, womb, back' Hieroglyp to signify mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron (metal)’ (Munda), med 'copper (metal)' (Slavic) 10.mountain range dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' 11. tiger kul ‘tiger’ (Santali); kōlu id. (Te.) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.)Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha — m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H.kolhā, °lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m. krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu — m. Pāṇ. [√kruś] Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka — and kotthu -- , °uka — m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu — m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615). कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pañcaloha’ (Tamil) 12. sun arka 'sun' rebus: arka, era 'copper'. mēḍha ] the polar star (Phonetic determinant); rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic) 13. moon kamar 'moon' rebus: kamar'blacksmith' (Santali) OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible' Rebus: kuṭhārī 'granary, room' (Hindi) 14. door (temple entrance?) kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' 15. twisted rope dām 'rope (single strand or string?)', dã̄u ʻtyingʼ, ḍāv m. ʻdice-throwʼ rebus: dhāu 'ore'; dhāv 'string, dotted circle' rebus: dhāu'ore' dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelter. meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic) 16. lion arye 'lion' (Akkadian) Rebus: arā 'brass'.

Gola Dhoro, Shikarpur, Khirsara, Kanmer Indus Script seals detail wealth created by the lapidary & metalwork processes

Annex details the splendid metal- and lapidary-work repertoire of the artisans at the sites of Gola Dhoro (Bagasra), Shikarpur, Khirsara and Kanmer. Shikarpu Steatite button seal, Shikarpur. I suggest that this Shikarpur seal with six dotted cicles signifies a smelter: baTa 'six' rebus: baTa 'iron' bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS dhA 'strand' dAyam 'one in dice' rebus: धाऊ dhāū m f A certain soft and red stone. See धाव. धाव dhāva m f A certain soft, red stone. Baboons are said to draw it from the bottom of brooks, and to besmear their faces with it.PLUS vRtta, vaTTa 'circle'; thus together dhAvAd 'smelter'.धावड dhāvaḍa m A class or an individual of it. They are smelters of iron. धावडी dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron.(Marathi) Download Excavations at Shikarpur 2007 Kanmer For a small-sized settlement of less than 2 hectares, stunning arrays of copper artefacts were found: A copper vessel containing eight bangles, an axe probably used for recycling precious metal, copper knives with bone handles have been found. A unique copper battle-axe (parashu) is also an interesting find from this area and the small size of the battle-axe suggests it as presumably used for ritualistic purpose. Heavily tampered clay crucibles with copper adhering in them have been found, suggesting that they might have been used for copper smelting. The pictorial glyphs and the sign glyphs together constitute the listing of smithy/forge/metalguild workshop repertoire. Three identical seal impressions of Kanmer are used on a string to constitute a set. The seal impressions are composed of the inscription: khara 'equus hemionus' rebus:khār 'blacksmith śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild (working with a furnace). Thus, guild-master of the guild of blacksmiths. Source:Kharakwal, JS, YS Rawat and Toshiki Osada, Excavations at Kanmer: A Harappan site in Kachchh, Gujarat, Puratattva, Number 39, 2009 Obverse and reverse of Kanmer tokens. Reverse has three different inscriptions. Courtesy: Toshiki Osada An evidence comes from Kanmer, for the use of tablets created with duplicate seal impressions. These tablets may have been used as category tallies of lapidary workshops. (Source: http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/agrawal323/Antiquity, D.P. Agrawal et al, Redefining the Harappan hinterland, Anquity, Vol. 84, Issue 323, March 2010). It is a category mistake to call these as ‘seals’. These are three duplicate tablets created with seal impressions (glyphs: one-horned heifer, standard device, PLUS two text inscription glyphs (or ‘signs’ as written characters): one long linear stroke, ligatured glyph of body + ‘harrow’ glyph. There are perforations in the center of these duplicate seal impressions which are tablets and which contained identical inscriptions. It appears that three duplicates of seal impressions -- as tablets -- were created using the same seal. Obverse of these tiny 2 cm. dia. tablets show some incised markings. It is unclear from the markings if they can be compared with any glyphs of the Indus script corpora. They may be ‘personal’ markings like ‘potter’s marks’ – designating a particular artisan’s workshop (working platform) or considering the short numerical strokes used, the glyphs may be counters (numbers or liquid or weight measures). More precise determination may be made if more evidences of such glyphs are discovered. Excavators surmise that the three tablets with different motifs on the obverse of the three tablets suggest different users/uses. They may be from different workshops of the same guild but as the other side of the tables showed, the product taken from three workshops is the same. m1162. Mohenjo-daro seal with the same hieroglyph which appears on Kanmer circular tablets. Glyph 33. Text 2068 kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa bronze'; kã̄sāri ʻpewterer’ (Bengali) kāḍ 2 काड् a man's length, the stature of a man (as a measure of length) Rebus: kāḍ ‘stone’. Ibha 'elephant' Rebus: ibbo 'merchant'. khareḍo 'a currycomb' rebus kharada खरडें daybook PLUS karṇaka कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus kanahār 'helmsman'. Pictorial motif: karibha, ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron'. Thus, daybook of irnoworker, turner helmsman m1162 Text 2058 Ligatured glyph of three sememes: 1. meḍ ‘body’(Mu.); rebus: ‘iron’ (Ho.); kāḍ 2 काड् a man's length, the stature of a man (as a measure of length); rebus: kāḍ ‘stone’; Ga. (Oll.) kanḍ , (S.) kanḍu (pl. kanḍkil) stone; 2. aḍar ‘harrow’; rebus: aduru ‘native metal’. ibha ‘elephant’; rebus: ibbo ‘merchant’ (Gujarati) kã̄ḍ reed Rebus: kāṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’ Ku. lokhaṛ ʻiron tools ʼ; H. lokhaṇḍ m. ʻ iron tools, pots and pans ʼ; G. lokhãḍ n. ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ; M. lokhãḍ n. ʻ iron ʼ(CDIAL 11171). kāmsako, kāmsiyo = a large sized comb (G.) Rebus: kaṁsa= bronze (Te.) kã̄sāri ʻpewterer’ (Bengali) kãsārī; H. kasārī m. ʻ maker of brass pots’ (Or.) Rebus: kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso(= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109. 2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ,kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻopen bellmetal panʼ kāˊṁsya -- ; -- *kaṁsāvatī -- ? Addenda: kaṁsá -- 1: A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ or < kāˊṁsya – (CDIAL 2576). kāṁsya ʻ made of bell -- metal ʼ KātyŚr., n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Yājñ., ʻ cup of bell -- metal ʼ MBh., aka -- n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ. 2. *kāṁsiya -- .[kaṁsá -- 1] 1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. (?) ʻ bronze ʼ, Pk. kaṁsa -- , kāsa -- n. ʻ bell -- metal, drinking vessel, cymbal ʼ; L. (Jukes) kã̄jāadj. ʻ of metal ʼ, awāṇ. kāsā ʻ jar ʼ (← E with -- s-- , not ñj); N. kã̄so ʻ bronze, pewter, white metal ʼ, kas -- kuṭ ʻ metal alloy ʼ; A. kã̄hʻ bell -- metal ʼ, B. kã̄sā, Or. kãsā, Bi. kã̄sā; Bhoj. kã̄s ʻ bell -- metal ʼ,kã̄sā ʻ base metal ʼ; H. kās, kã̄sā m. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, G.kã̄sũ n., M. kã̄sẽ n.; Ko. kã̄śẽ n. ʻ bronze ʼ; Si. kasa ʻ bell -- metal ʼ. 2. L. kã̄ihã̄ m. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ, P. kã̄ssī, kã̄sī f., H. kã̄sīf.*kāṁsyakara -- , kāṁsyakāra -- , *kāṁsyakuṇḍikā -- , kāṁsyatāla -- , *kāṁsyabhāṇḍa -- .Addenda: kāṁsya -- : A. kã̄h also ʻ gong ʼ, or < kaṁsá -- . (CDIAL 2987).*kāṁsyakara ʻ worker in bell -- metal ʼ. [See next: kāṁsya -- , kará -- 1] L. awāṇ. kasērā ʻ metal worker ʼ, P. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ (both ← E with -- s -- ); N. kasero ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; Bi. H. kaserā m. ʻ worker in pewter ʼ. (CDIAL 2988). kāṁsyakāra m. ʻ worker in bell -- metal or brass ʼ Yājñ. com., kaṁsakāra -- m. BrahmavP. [kāˊṁsya -- , kāra -- 1] N. kasār ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; A. kãhār ʻ worker in bell -- metal ʼ; B. kã̄sāri ʻ pewterer, brazier, coppersmith ʼ, Or. kãsārī; H. kasārī m. ʻ maker of brass pots ʼ; G.kãsārɔ, kas m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ; M. kã̄sār, kās m. ʻ worker in white metal ʼ, kāsārḍā m. ʻ contemptuous term for the same ʼ. (CDIAL 2989). The evidence from Kanmer, shows the use of tablets created with duplicate seal impressions. These tablets may have been used as category tallies of lapidary, turners' workshops. (Source: http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/agrawal323/Antiquity, D.P. Agrawal et al, Redefining the Harappan hinterland, Anquity, Vol. 84, Issue 323, March 2010). It is a category mistake to call these as ‘seals’. These are three duplicate tablets created with seal impressions (glyphs: one-horned heifer, standard device, PLUS two text inscription glyphs (or ‘signs’ as written characters): one long linear stroke, ligatured glyph of body + ‘harrow’ glyph. There are perforations in the center of these duplicate seal impressions which are tablets and which contained identical inscriptions. It appears that three duplicates of seal impressions -- as tablets -- were created using the same seal. Obverse of these tiny 2 cm. dia. tablets show some incised markings. It is unclear from the markings if they can be compared with any glyphs of the Indus script corpora. They may be ‘personal’ markings like ‘potter’s marks’ – designating a particular artisan’s workshop (working platform) or considering the short numerical strokes used, the glyphs may be counters (numbers or liquid or weight measures). More precise determination may be made if more evidences of such glyphs are discovered. Excavators surmise that the three tablets with different motifs on the obverse of the three tablets suggest different users/uses. They may be from different workshops of the same guild but as the other side of the tables showed, the product taken from three workshops is the same. 'The perforations may have been used for inserting some kind of thread perhaps to hang it on the neck.' Three terracotta seal impressions all with perfoations (dia 4.15 mm) off center. Stamped by a squarish seal with a unicorn motif and two Indus hieroglyphs on top. All the three seal impressions have the same motif and hieroglyphs. On the reverse, each one has a different picture or symbol (Kharakwal et al 2009: 147-163). These are comparable to the following Meluhha hieroglyphs:

Five Indus Script seals from Indian Museum, New Delhi deciphered as metalwork catalogues

A set of five Indus seal replicas distributed to visitors by the National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi are presented in the following photographs. These are presented as Seals 1 to 5 and deciphered in the context of comparable seals with comparable Indus Script hieroglyph/hieroglyph-multiplexes: Seal 1 (One-horned young bull, standard device) Seal 2 (Two heads of young bulls, nine ficus leaves) Seal 3 (Seatedd person surrounded by animals and hieroglyphs) Seal 4 (Two tigers, woman) Seal 5 (Zebu seal) All Indus Script hieroglyphs on this set of seals are deciphered as metalwork catalogues. Seal 1 (One-horned young bull, standard device) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'; loa 'ficus' rebus: loh 'copper'; kamaDha 'bow' rebus: kampaTTa 'mint, coiner' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron, copper, metal'. gaNDa 'four' rebus; kanda 'fire-altar' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' (Thus, the pair of four strokes signifies 'cast metal fire-altar'). ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' (One is inlaid with a pair of three short strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; the other is inlaid with three horizontal strokes. One may indicate cast tin and the other may indicate a tin smithy). eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: erako 'moltencast'; arka 'copper'. Hieroglyph: धातु [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3. constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. त्रि-ध्/आतु , threefold &c ; cf.त्रिविष्टि- , सप्त- , सु-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (Monier-Williams) dhāˊtu *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.).; S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) tántu m. ʻ thread, warp ʼ RV. [√tan] Pa. tantu -- m. ʻ thread, cord ʼ, Pk. taṁtu -- m.; Kho. (Lor.) ton ʻ warp ʼ < *tand (whence tandeni ʻ thread between wings of spinning wheel ʼ); S. tandu f. ʻ gold or silver thread ʼ; L. tand (pl. °dũ) f. ʻ yarn, thread being spun, string of the tongue ʼ; P. tand m. ʻ thread ʼ, tanduā, °dūā m. ʻ string of the tongue, frenum of glans penis ʼ; A. tã̄t ʻ warp in the loom, cloth being woven ʼ; B. tã̄t ʻ cord ʼ; M. tã̄tū m. ʻ thread ʼ; Si. tatu, °ta ʻ string of a lute ʼ; -- with -- o, -- ā to retain orig. gender: S. tando m. ʻ cord, twine, strand of rope ʼ; N. tã̄do ʻ bowstring ʼ; H. tã̄tā m. ʻ series, line ʼ; G. tã̄tɔ m. ʻ thread ʼ; -- OG. tāṁtaṇaü m. ʻ thread ʼ < *tāṁtaḍaü, G.tã̄tṇɔ m.(CDIAL 5661) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; (CDIAL 6773) धातु primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists धातु means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [धातु-लोक] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गर्भ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam). Seal 2 (Two heads of young bulls, nine ficus leaves) m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves. Text 1387 dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' dhAv 'string/strand' rebus: dhAv, dhAtu 'element, ore'. Mohenjo-daro Seal impression. m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized tree-branch with nine leaves. खोंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road). Rebus: खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe.गोट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal wristlet. An ornament of women. 2 Encircling or investing. v घाल, दे. 3 An encampment or camp: also a division of a camp. 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment).गोटा [ gōṭā ] m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) 3 fig. A grain of rice in the ear. Ex. पावसानें भाताचे गोटे झडले. An overripe and rattling cocoanut: also such dry kernel detached from the shell. 5 A narrow fillet of brocade.गोटाळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (गोटा) Abounding in pebbles--ground.गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone. Used in trials of strength among the Athletæ. 4 A stone in temples described at length under उचला 5 fig. A term for a round, fleshy, well-filled body. Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. Hieroglyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.) [Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus: loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Epigraph: 1387 kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kan~cu = bronze (Te.) Ligatured glyph. ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka =?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel,nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = anymetal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka= copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a= syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spokeof wheel ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spokeof a wheel.See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய் நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம் brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.) pittal is cognate with 'pewter'. kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.lex.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘iron smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) Thus, the sign sequence connotes a copper, bronze, brass smelter furnace Ayo ‘fish’; kaṇḍa‘arrow’; rebus: ayaskāṇḍa. The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron,excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus:aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) kaṇḍa‘fire-altar’ (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta. ayirai,acarai, acalai loach, sandy colour, Cobitisthermalis; ayilai a kind of fish. Ma. ayala a fish,mackerel, scomber; aila, ayila a fish; ayira a kind ofsmall fish, loach. kole.l 'temple, smithy'(Ko.); kolme ‘smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan-blacksmith (Ta.); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace (Ka.) kol = pan~calo_ha (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhātu; Nānārtharatnākara. 82; Man:garāja’s Nighaṇṭu. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) Zebu and leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of an ancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30. poLa 'zebu' rebus; poLa 'magnetite' ayir = iron dust, any ore (Ma.) aduru = gan.iyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddha_nti Subrahman.ya’ S’astri’s new interpretationof the Amarakos’a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p. 330) DEDR 192 Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir,ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal. Tu. ajirdakarba very hard iron V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lo_haka_ra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali);lo_ha_ra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); lo_ha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali.lex.) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck (G.lex.) kōṭu = horns (Ta.) kōḍiya, kōḍe = young bull (G.) Rebus: koḍ = place where artisans work (G.lex.) dol = likeness, picture, form (Santali) [e.g., two tigers, two bulls, duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Santali) [Thus, the paired glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]

Meluhha scraper karaṇī, कर्णिक karṇika ‘trowel to smooth’ ligatured to ‘unicorn’ on m294 seal (original) (raw)

Related papers