Nozomu Kawabata - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Nozomu Kawabata
粉体技術, 2020
日本鉄鋼業の現状と課題を，高炉メーカー・電炉メーカー各々の競争戦略と，地球温暖化問題への取り組みを通して考える。
本稿の目的は，世界鉄鋼業における過剰能力の所在を特定することである。過剰能力とは世界市場において生産能力が需要を超過している状態の下で，競争上劣位にあって，競争優位以外の要因によって存続してい... more 本稿の目的は，世界鉄鋼業における過剰能力の所在を特定することである。過剰能力とは世界市場において生産能力が需要を超過している状態の下で，競争上劣位にあって，競争優位以外の要因によって存続しているような生産能力のことである。
世界の鉄鋼業において最大規模の過剰能力は中国に存在する。ただし，NAFTA，欧州，CIS，日本，韓国，アセアンにおいてもある程度は存在する。中国，ロシア，ウクライナ，日本，韓国においては，過剰能力は大規模な鉄鋼輸出と併存している。このうち，過剰能力が低付加価値品の輸出にむすびついているのは，中国，ロシア，ウクライナである。中国の鉄鋼業は必ずしも輸出指向の構造を持っておらず，その設備稼働率も他地域と比べて極端に低いわけではない。しかし，産業規模が巨大であるために，過剰能力と鉄鋼輸出の規模も世界最大になるのである。また，中国の鉄鋼輸出においては，棒鋼・線材を初めとする低付加価値品が高い割合を占めている。ロシアとウクライナにおいては，鉄鋼業は輸出指向である。その輸出構成は中国と比べてもなお，低付加価値の銑鉄や半製品に偏っている。しかし，鉄鋼生産と鉄鋼輸出は，生産能力とともに中国よりはるかに小規模である。日本と韓国においては，鉄鋼業はやはり輸出指向である。しかし，両国からの鉄鋼輸出の多くは，高級鋼板類や，海外の提携先ないし子会社での次工程のために継続的に供給される高級母材であり，低級品ではない。世界，ことにアジアにおいては，さらなる製鉄所建設プロジェクトが進行中であり，また計画されている。新鋭製鉄所には最新技術が採用される見込みであるため，今後，鉄鋼業における生き残り競争はより激しくなるだろう。
The aim of this paper is to examine the attainments and challenges of the iron and steel indust... more The aim of this paper is to examine the attainments and challenges of the iron and steel industry in Viet Nam. The demand for steel in Viet Nam is increasing, with a focus on construction steel. While low-level industrialization is a restraining factor for the industry, the high steel intensity of the economic structure is a promotional factor. Steel production is increasing in line with domestic demand. Private and foreign-affiliated enterprises are the main players in the expansion of steel production. Market selection based on survival of the fittest is working well. In general, the transition to a market economy is showing considerable results in Viet Nam. However, the industry still faces some challenges. While the low operating ratio due to excess capacity is a by-product of market-oriented reform rather than governmental intervention, the poor performance and governmental support of state-owned enterprises show an insufficiency of reform.
中国山西省におけるコークス乾式消火設備（ＣＤＱ）設置によるＣＤＭプロジェクトの設計
Tetsu-to-Hagane, 2008
CDM Project Design for Introducing Coke Dry Quenching Equipment in Shanxi Province of China
Tetsu To Hagane-journal of The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 2008
TERG Discussion Papers, No.331, Mar 2015
This study aims to determine the nature of entrepreneur behavior, business creation, and transf... more This study aims to determine the nature of entrepreneur behavior, business creation, and transformation of software companies in Dalian City through case studies.
Four companies that were launched in the 2000s were studied. These companies' businesses initially involved labor-intensive processes of offshore software development for the Japanese market. However, they were confronted with the challenge of business transformation after the global financial crisis. Their set agenda included forays into high-grade processes, diversification of products and services, and exploitation of the Chinese market.
All four companies tried to transform themselves by creating a unique advantage. The development of such an advantage was a focal point for the software companies to transform their business structure that relied heavily on labor-intensive offshore development. The acquisition of high-grade human resources was an important factor for gaining this advantage.
In the field of offshore development for the Japanese market, cross-border cooperation across processes was necessary to advance into high-grade processes. The “on/off-site” hypothesis was valid, while having a Bridge System Engineer (BSE) in the company was not a prerequisite.
Differences were observed across the four case studies. In China, Japanese-affiliated companies approached other Japanese-affiliated companies, while Chinese companies approached other Chinese companies. Moreover, the disparity of resource availability for transformation was large between big companies and small- and medium-sized companies. As a result, a difference was observed in the strategy employed by the companies for transformation, especially in personnel management in the face of high liquidity in the labor market in China.
『研究調査シリーズ』No.31、東北大学大学院経済学研究科・経済学部産業発展論研究室, Jul 18, 2014
『アジア経営研究』第18号，アジア経営学会, Aug 2012
東北大学大学院経済学研究科地域産業復興調査研究プロジェクト編『震災復興政策の検証と新産業創出への提言』河北新報出版センター。, Mar 2014
TERG Discussion Papers, No.293, Apr 2013
東北大学大学院経済学研究科地域産業復興調査研究プロジェクト編『東日本大震災からの地域経済復興への提言：被災地の大学として何を学び，伝え，創るのか』河北新報出版センター。, Mar 2012
Annual Report of the Economic Society, Tohoku University Vol.73, No.s. 1/2, Oct 2012
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated ir... more This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated iron and steel companies in East Asia based on a generation model of production systems. Japanese companies are the leaders in the field of evolution of steel production systems. However, POSCO has established a generation 2.5 system; it is rapidly catching up to its Japanese rivals. Baosteel also has a generation 2.5 system with imported
technology; it has also begun to develop its own R&D activity so that it will then have the capability to evolve. All of the Chinese integrated companies (other than Bao), and the Taiwanese company CSC are trying to improve their production systems from the second generation. CSC has adopted a unique approach to
upgrading by alliances with non-automobile industries. The major finding of this research is that investment for construction and upgrading of production systems is a driving force that improves the competitiveness of integrated companies in East Asia. Additionally, we can draw some suggestions about the challenges that integrated companies in East Asia face from the perspective of international competition and system evolution.
Annual Report of the Economic Society, Tohoku University Vol.73, No.s. 1/2, Oct 2012
"This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated i... more "This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated iron and steel companies in East Asia based on a generation model of production systems. Japanese companies are the leaders in the field of evolution of steel production systems. However, POSCO has established a generation 2.5 system; it is rapidly catching up to its Japanese rivals. Baosteel also has a generation 2.5 system with imported
technology; it has also begun to develop its own R&D activity so that it will then have the capability to evolve. All of the Chinese integrated companies (other than Bao), and the Taiwanese company CSC are trying to improve their production systems from the second generation. CSC has adopted a unique approach to
upgrading by alliances with non-automobile industries. The major finding of this research is that investment for construction and upgrading of production systems is a driving force that improves the competitiveness of integrated companies in East Asia. Additionally, we can draw some suggestions about the challenges that integrated companies in East Asia face from the perspective of international competition and system evolution."
研究年報『経済学』第72巻第1･2号，東北大学経済学会, Oct 2012
VDF Discussion Paper, No. 9, Vietnam Development Forum, August 2007
The Vietnamese iron and steel industry is entering a new phase. The role of private enterprises h... more The Vietnamese iron and steel industry is entering a new phase. The role of private enterprises has been expanding, and more large-scale projects funded by foreign capital have been proposed.
Diễn đàn Phát triển Việt Nam, Tham luận số 9, Aug 2007
佐藤創編著『アジアにおける鉄鋼業の発展と変容』日本貿易振興機構アジア経済研究所, 2007
ベトナム鉄鋼業は発展の新たな局面を迎えつつある。私有企業の役割が拡大し、外資による大型プロジェクトが申請・認可されている。国有企業は特権的な地位を失いつつあり、自立経営の確立を迫られている。新た... more ベトナム鉄鋼業は発展の新たな局面を迎えつつある。私有企業の役割が拡大し、外資による大型プロジェクトが申請・認可されている。国有企業は特権的な地位を失いつつあり、自立経営の確立を迫られている。新たな局面においては、政府の新たな役割が求められる。競争促進、環境保全と両立するスクラップ回収・輸入体制の整備、貿易自由化プロセスのコントロール、外資プロジェクトの適切な審査、業界団体の役割拡大などである。
TERG Discussion Paper, No.263, Feb 2011
日本高炉メーカーの高級鋼戦略：その堅実さと保守性
『産業学会研究年報』第21号，2006年, 2006
"In recent years, Japanese integrated steel producers are developing the strategy of concentratin... more "In recent years, Japanese integrated steel producers are developing the strategy of concentrating their product mix on high grade steel. “High grade steel” is composed chiefly of high value-added steel products for manufacturing and energy/resource development industries.
The features of this high grade steel strategy can be described as follows:
Regarding product development, high value-added is not a goal in itself. Integrated producers are developing high-grade steel while cutting development and production costs. This is clear from the example of galvannealing sheets (GA) for the body panels of automobiles.
Regarding production process, Japanese integrated producers are investing abroad in rolling and secondary fabricating processes, while keeping and renovating ironmaking and steelmaking processes within Japan's borders. This pattern of international division of labor makes it easy to maintain the current characteristics of the production system for high-grade steel, which can be referred to as “Through Process Management” and “Process Linkage”.
Regarding the prospect of demand-supply relations in the middle term, integrated producers in Japan do not aim at rapid expansion of market share of high-grade steel globally. They are not going to take the high risk posed by the construction of new blast furnaces or acquisition of other integrated producers.
For all of these reasons, the high-grade steel strategy in Japan should be evaluated as steady and conservative, at least from the perspective of the middle term. Investment plans in the long term are not clear.
The steady and conservative behavior of Japanese integrated steel producers is a result of their status as global front runners. It is an open question what will be the long-term consequence of such corporate behavior. Much depends on the investment policies of the integrated producers. One possible policy is to make only investments that make immediate profit. The other is to make not only investments that make immediate profit but also investments for long-term improvement of technological capability. Their selection of long-term policy should be watched.
"
CDM Project Design for Introducing Coke Dry Quenching Equipment in Shanxi Province of China (with Xinghe Zhang, Jusen Asuka, Izumi Omura, Gyozo Kawahara and Reijiro Takahashi)
Tetsu To Hagane-journal of The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan （『鉄と鋼』第94巻第9号）, 2008
粉体技術, 2020
日本鉄鋼業の現状と課題を，高炉メーカー・電炉メーカー各々の競争戦略と，地球温暖化問題への取り組みを通して考える。
本稿の目的は，世界鉄鋼業における過剰能力の所在を特定することである。過剰能力とは世界市場において生産能力が需要を超過している状態の下で，競争上劣位にあって，競争優位以外の要因によって存続してい... more 本稿の目的は，世界鉄鋼業における過剰能力の所在を特定することである。過剰能力とは世界市場において生産能力が需要を超過している状態の下で，競争上劣位にあって，競争優位以外の要因によって存続しているような生産能力のことである。
世界の鉄鋼業において最大規模の過剰能力は中国に存在する。ただし，NAFTA，欧州，CIS，日本，韓国，アセアンにおいてもある程度は存在する。中国，ロシア，ウクライナ，日本，韓国においては，過剰能力は大規模な鉄鋼輸出と併存している。このうち，過剰能力が低付加価値品の輸出にむすびついているのは，中国，ロシア，ウクライナである。中国の鉄鋼業は必ずしも輸出指向の構造を持っておらず，その設備稼働率も他地域と比べて極端に低いわけではない。しかし，産業規模が巨大であるために，過剰能力と鉄鋼輸出の規模も世界最大になるのである。また，中国の鉄鋼輸出においては，棒鋼・線材を初めとする低付加価値品が高い割合を占めている。ロシアとウクライナにおいては，鉄鋼業は輸出指向である。その輸出構成は中国と比べてもなお，低付加価値の銑鉄や半製品に偏っている。しかし，鉄鋼生産と鉄鋼輸出は，生産能力とともに中国よりはるかに小規模である。日本と韓国においては，鉄鋼業はやはり輸出指向である。しかし，両国からの鉄鋼輸出の多くは，高級鋼板類や，海外の提携先ないし子会社での次工程のために継続的に供給される高級母材であり，低級品ではない。世界，ことにアジアにおいては，さらなる製鉄所建設プロジェクトが進行中であり，また計画されている。新鋭製鉄所には最新技術が採用される見込みであるため，今後，鉄鋼業における生き残り競争はより激しくなるだろう。
The aim of this paper is to examine the attainments and challenges of the iron and steel indust... more The aim of this paper is to examine the attainments and challenges of the iron and steel industry in Viet Nam. The demand for steel in Viet Nam is increasing, with a focus on construction steel. While low-level industrialization is a restraining factor for the industry, the high steel intensity of the economic structure is a promotional factor. Steel production is increasing in line with domestic demand. Private and foreign-affiliated enterprises are the main players in the expansion of steel production. Market selection based on survival of the fittest is working well. In general, the transition to a market economy is showing considerable results in Viet Nam. However, the industry still faces some challenges. While the low operating ratio due to excess capacity is a by-product of market-oriented reform rather than governmental intervention, the poor performance and governmental support of state-owned enterprises show an insufficiency of reform.
中国山西省におけるコークス乾式消火設備（ＣＤＱ）設置によるＣＤＭプロジェクトの設計
Tetsu-to-Hagane, 2008
CDM Project Design for Introducing Coke Dry Quenching Equipment in Shanxi Province of China
Tetsu To Hagane-journal of The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 2008
TERG Discussion Papers, No.331, Mar 2015
This study aims to determine the nature of entrepreneur behavior, business creation, and transf... more This study aims to determine the nature of entrepreneur behavior, business creation, and transformation of software companies in Dalian City through case studies.
Four companies that were launched in the 2000s were studied. These companies' businesses initially involved labor-intensive processes of offshore software development for the Japanese market. However, they were confronted with the challenge of business transformation after the global financial crisis. Their set agenda included forays into high-grade processes, diversification of products and services, and exploitation of the Chinese market.
All four companies tried to transform themselves by creating a unique advantage. The development of such an advantage was a focal point for the software companies to transform their business structure that relied heavily on labor-intensive offshore development. The acquisition of high-grade human resources was an important factor for gaining this advantage.
In the field of offshore development for the Japanese market, cross-border cooperation across processes was necessary to advance into high-grade processes. The “on/off-site” hypothesis was valid, while having a Bridge System Engineer (BSE) in the company was not a prerequisite.
Differences were observed across the four case studies. In China, Japanese-affiliated companies approached other Japanese-affiliated companies, while Chinese companies approached other Chinese companies. Moreover, the disparity of resource availability for transformation was large between big companies and small- and medium-sized companies. As a result, a difference was observed in the strategy employed by the companies for transformation, especially in personnel management in the face of high liquidity in the labor market in China.
『研究調査シリーズ』No.31、東北大学大学院経済学研究科・経済学部産業発展論研究室, Jul 18, 2014
『アジア経営研究』第18号，アジア経営学会, Aug 2012
東北大学大学院経済学研究科地域産業復興調査研究プロジェクト編『震災復興政策の検証と新産業創出への提言』河北新報出版センター。, Mar 2014
TERG Discussion Papers, No.293, Apr 2013
東北大学大学院経済学研究科地域産業復興調査研究プロジェクト編『東日本大震災からの地域経済復興への提言：被災地の大学として何を学び，伝え，創るのか』河北新報出版センター。, Mar 2012
Annual Report of the Economic Society, Tohoku University Vol.73, No.s. 1/2, Oct 2012
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated ir... more This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated iron and steel companies in East Asia based on a generation model of production systems. Japanese companies are the leaders in the field of evolution of steel production systems. However, POSCO has established a generation 2.5 system; it is rapidly catching up to its Japanese rivals. Baosteel also has a generation 2.5 system with imported
technology; it has also begun to develop its own R&D activity so that it will then have the capability to evolve. All of the Chinese integrated companies (other than Bao), and the Taiwanese company CSC are trying to improve their production systems from the second generation. CSC has adopted a unique approach to
upgrading by alliances with non-automobile industries. The major finding of this research is that investment for construction and upgrading of production systems is a driving force that improves the competitiveness of integrated companies in East Asia. Additionally, we can draw some suggestions about the challenges that integrated companies in East Asia face from the perspective of international competition and system evolution.
Annual Report of the Economic Society, Tohoku University Vol.73, No.s. 1/2, Oct 2012
"This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated i... more "This paper presents a comparative analysis of the production systems of the various integrated iron and steel companies in East Asia based on a generation model of production systems. Japanese companies are the leaders in the field of evolution of steel production systems. However, POSCO has established a generation 2.5 system; it is rapidly catching up to its Japanese rivals. Baosteel also has a generation 2.5 system with imported
technology; it has also begun to develop its own R&D activity so that it will then have the capability to evolve. All of the Chinese integrated companies (other than Bao), and the Taiwanese company CSC are trying to improve their production systems from the second generation. CSC has adopted a unique approach to
upgrading by alliances with non-automobile industries. The major finding of this research is that investment for construction and upgrading of production systems is a driving force that improves the competitiveness of integrated companies in East Asia. Additionally, we can draw some suggestions about the challenges that integrated companies in East Asia face from the perspective of international competition and system evolution."
研究年報『経済学』第72巻第1･2号，東北大学経済学会, Oct 2012
VDF Discussion Paper, No. 9, Vietnam Development Forum, August 2007
The Vietnamese iron and steel industry is entering a new phase. The role of private enterprises h... more The Vietnamese iron and steel industry is entering a new phase. The role of private enterprises has been expanding, and more large-scale projects funded by foreign capital have been proposed.
Diễn đàn Phát triển Việt Nam, Tham luận số 9, Aug 2007
佐藤創編著『アジアにおける鉄鋼業の発展と変容』日本貿易振興機構アジア経済研究所, 2007
ベトナム鉄鋼業は発展の新たな局面を迎えつつある。私有企業の役割が拡大し、外資による大型プロジェクトが申請・認可されている。国有企業は特権的な地位を失いつつあり、自立経営の確立を迫られている。新た... more ベトナム鉄鋼業は発展の新たな局面を迎えつつある。私有企業の役割が拡大し、外資による大型プロジェクトが申請・認可されている。国有企業は特権的な地位を失いつつあり、自立経営の確立を迫られている。新たな局面においては、政府の新たな役割が求められる。競争促進、環境保全と両立するスクラップ回収・輸入体制の整備、貿易自由化プロセスのコントロール、外資プロジェクトの適切な審査、業界団体の役割拡大などである。
TERG Discussion Paper, No.263, Feb 2011
日本高炉メーカーの高級鋼戦略：その堅実さと保守性
『産業学会研究年報』第21号，2006年, 2006
"In recent years, Japanese integrated steel producers are developing the strategy of concentratin... more "In recent years, Japanese integrated steel producers are developing the strategy of concentrating their product mix on high grade steel. “High grade steel” is composed chiefly of high value-added steel products for manufacturing and energy/resource development industries.
The features of this high grade steel strategy can be described as follows:
Regarding product development, high value-added is not a goal in itself. Integrated producers are developing high-grade steel while cutting development and production costs. This is clear from the example of galvannealing sheets (GA) for the body panels of automobiles.
Regarding production process, Japanese integrated producers are investing abroad in rolling and secondary fabricating processes, while keeping and renovating ironmaking and steelmaking processes within Japan's borders. This pattern of international division of labor makes it easy to maintain the current characteristics of the production system for high-grade steel, which can be referred to as “Through Process Management” and “Process Linkage”.
Regarding the prospect of demand-supply relations in the middle term, integrated producers in Japan do not aim at rapid expansion of market share of high-grade steel globally. They are not going to take the high risk posed by the construction of new blast furnaces or acquisition of other integrated producers.
For all of these reasons, the high-grade steel strategy in Japan should be evaluated as steady and conservative, at least from the perspective of the middle term. Investment plans in the long term are not clear.
The steady and conservative behavior of Japanese integrated steel producers is a result of their status as global front runners. It is an open question what will be the long-term consequence of such corporate behavior. Much depends on the investment policies of the integrated producers. One possible policy is to make only investments that make immediate profit. The other is to make not only investments that make immediate profit but also investments for long-term improvement of technological capability. Their selection of long-term policy should be watched.
"
CDM Project Design for Introducing Coke Dry Quenching Equipment in Shanxi Province of China (with Xinghe Zhang, Jusen Asuka, Izumi Omura, Gyozo Kawahara and Reijiro Takahashi)
Tetsu To Hagane-journal of The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan （『鉄と鋼』第94巻第9号）, 2008
Iron and steel industry of Vietnam is a case of indutry promotion under globalization and trasiti... more Iron and steel industry of Vietnam is a case of indutry promotion under globalization and trasition to market economy. From the experiences of advanced ASEAN countries, capacity for policy change is important.
この講義の課題は，東日本大震災における情報・通信システムの被害を概観し，その防災上の教訓を導き出すことである。分析視角としては，企業および一般ユーザの視線から見た被害の特徴に焦点を当て，とくに被... more この講義の課題は，東日本大震災における情報・通信システムの被害を概観し，その防災上の教訓を導き出すことである。分析視角としては，企業および一般ユーザの視線から見た被害の特徴に焦点を当て，とくに被災による通信困難を中心に論じる。
TERG Discussion Paper, 2017
本稿は，1970年代から2000年代の期間について，日本鉄鋼業の過剰能力削減における政府の役割を考察したものである。産業政策の役割を，（１）政策目標の達成度，（２）もたらされた結果が企業自身の... more 本稿は，1970年代から2000年代の期間について，日本鉄鋼業の過剰能力削減における政府の役割を考察したものである。産業政策の役割を，（１）政策目標の達成度，（２）もたらされた結果が企業自身の行動によるものか政策的誘導か，（３）政策の副作用，（４）市場介入の正当性の４つの基準により評価した。また，鉄鋼業を高炉企業と電炉企業に分けた上で考察した。その上で，この４つの基準を，2017年現在，中国において実施されている過剰能力削減政策の評価に適用して，一定の政策的示唆を得ようとしたものである。
本稿は，2017年6月17日にハルビンで開催された「全国日本経済学会2017年会曁学術研討会」に提出したものに，誤字・脱字など最小限の修正を施したものである。全国日本経済学会は，中国における，日本経済研究者の学会である。論文は日本語で提出し，資料とスピーチは銀迪（東北大学大学院経済学研究科前期課程院生）によって中国語に翻訳された。本稿は中国語に訳されて中国社会科学院日本研究所の編集による出版物に収録される予定であるが，日本語での発表を別途行うことについて，同研究所は了解済みである。
本稿が，基本的に日本鉄鋼業と日本の産業政策を論じたものでありながら，末尾に中国への政策的示唆が加わるという特異な構成になっているのは，上記の事情に伴い，中国の日本経済研究者を対象として構成したことによるものである。