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The Migration Conference 2021 Selected Papers, 2021

This is a collection of self-selected papers presented at The Migration Conference 2021 London. C... more This is a collection of self-selected papers presented at The Migration Conference 2021 London. COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing restrictions and difficulties in international travel forced us to run the TMC online for a second time. It is a new and improving experience for most of us and there is strong hints that the conference will continue in hybrid form in the near future. As usual we have invited participants to submit 2000 words papers for the proceedings book and this volume brings you these papers. Topics covered in the volume includes gender, education, mass movements, refugees, religion, identity, migration policy, culture, diplomacy, remittances, climate, water, environment and pretty much everything about migration. Most of the papers are in English, but there are some in French, Spanish and Turkish too. This is a great book for those who want short accounts on all aspects of migration and refugees.

The abstracts collected in this book aim to discuss the concept of violence, its various forms an... more The abstracts collected in this book aim to discuss the concept of violence, its various forms and its representations in literature, culture and arts in order to raise awareness about the interrelatedness of various forms of violence directed not only to human beings but also to all nonhuman beings, including animate and inanimate entities, around us. In doing so, this book intends to contribute to the field of violence studies through the reconsideration of the meaning of violence from multiple perspectives. Bu kitapta derlenen özetler, şiddet kavramını, çeşitli biçimlerini ve edebiyat, kültür ve sanattaki temsillerini tartışmayı ve sadece insanlara değil, çevremizdeki canlı ve cansız varlıklar da dahil olmak üzere tüm insan olmayan varlıklara yönelik şiddetin çeşitli biçimlerinin birbiriyle ilişkisi hakkında farkındalık yaratmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu açıdan, bu kitap şiddetin anlamının çoklu perspektiflerden yeniden ele alınması yoluyla şiddet çalışmaları alanına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

The Migration Conference, 2021

The Migration Conference 2021 Detailed Session Programme

The Migration Conference 2019 Book of Abstracts and Programme, 2019

“We’re pleased to welcome you to the Department of Political Science at the University of Bari “... more “We’re pleased to welcome you to the Department of Political Science at the University of
Bari “Aldo Moro” for the 7th Migration Conference. The conference is the largest scholarly gathering on migration with a global scope. Throughout the program of the Migration Conference you will find various key thematic areas covered in over 500 presentations by about 800 colleagues coming from all around the world. We thank all participants, invited speakers, reviewers, and conference committee members as well as other partners for their efforts and contribution which made this conference a success.”
Michela C. Pellicani and Ibrahim Sirkeci
TMC 2019 Conference Chairs

The detailed session programme of The Migration Conference 2019 which is hosted by the University... more The detailed session programme of The Migration Conference 2019 which is hosted by the University of Bari Aldo Moro, Department of Political Science.

Turkish Migration Conference 2016 Programme and Abstracts Book, 2016

Turkish Migration Conference 2016 held in Vienna, Austria 12-15 July Programme and Abstracts Boo... more Turkish Migration Conference 2016 held in Vienna, Austria 12-15 July
Programme and Abstracts Book - Compiled by Fethiye Tilbe, Ibrahim Sirkeci, Anett Condick-Brough - Published by TRANSNATIONAL PRESS LONDON

Migration Letters, 2018

This special issue aims at understanding " expatriate " mobility with a special focus on the role... more This special issue aims at understanding " expatriate " mobility with a special focus on the role of family and intimacy, and brings together different case studies, built through different theoretical perspectives. These allow approaching " expatriate " family mobility along two main lines: as part of the making of life trajectories, and as shaped by, and shaping, professional trajectories. This editorial highlights the contributions of the various articles, before addressing a series of emerging issues. Among these, it questions the very notion of " expatriate " in the light of family life, shows the evolution of families and family relations in repeated mobility, and brings to the fore the importance of temporality and timing in family mobile life, as well as that of reflexivity in mobility. As a whole, the various contributions of this special issue complement each other in illustrating the complexities of expatriates' migration and family life in times of increasing global mobility, but also, they raise theoretical discussions, point to possible empirical implications, and suggest avenues for further investigations. Expatriates and Family Migration The geographical mobility of the so-called " expatriates " , also known as expats, represents a significant component of contemporary migratory flows. These people include individuals who need or choose to move internationally for their career or life trajectories, professionals who change residence often for work-related reasons (e.g., employees at international organizations and multinational Acknowledgement: This Special Issue is the result of a stimulating dialogue initiated on the occasion of a panel entitled " Friction-less and Root-less Mobilities? Opportunities, Barriers and Intimacies in Expatriate Migration " , which was organized for IMISCOE and NCCR on-the-move Annual Conference in Geneva on June 2015. During the panel, some of the contributors of this issue discussed the different opportunities and possible constraints faced by mobile professionals and their families by drawing on their ongoing research studies. Afterwards, other scholars engaged in similar researches were also involved in order to enlarge the scope of the issue and its interdisciplinary character.

Migration Letters, 2018

Two dominant images of mobile professionals, also known as "expats", have long been common in the... more Two dominant images of mobile professionals, also known as "expats", have long been common in the social sciences: on the one hand, they were described as super-mobile individuals, who easily move between places with no time frame in mind, with the openness to engage with diversity; on the other hand, more recent studies challenged the idea of "expat" cosmopolitanism, and investigated the boundaries constituted by these people in the course of their everyday life. The present article brings to the fore the complexity of these individuals' and their families' experiences of international mobility from a combined socio-cultural psychological and sociological perspective. We draw on qualitative research conducted in Switzerland in order to reflect on the role of family in the way these people make sense of diversity across time and space, make and un-make symbolic boundaries between themselves and others, and understand personal and their families' transformation.

The Migration Conference 2017 Proceedings, 2017

We are also debted to our wonderful keynote speakers who joined us and contributed greatly to the... more We are also debted to our wonderful keynote speakers who joined us and contributed greatly to the debates and discussions throughout the conference. Oded Stark, Jeffrey H Cohen, Giuseppe Sciortino, Yuksel Pazarkaya, Saskia Sassen, and Neli Esipova have offered rich and strong arguments underlining many key challenges in contemporary migration studies and migration management. In the TMC 2017 programme, besides a very rich array of academic disciplines represented by participants, also over 60 countries from 7 continents were listed among the places of origin. About 800 paper submissions were reviewed to select around 400 to be presented at the conference. At this point, we should also thank from bottom of our hearts for all colleagues who volunteered to review these submissions. Of course, naturally, the members of the committees put enourmous effort into this time-constrained and challenging task. It is important to acknowledge all the support given to the conference, which has continued to be an independent self-sufficient academic event surviving on participants' contributions and limited funding provided by Transnational Press London. We are pleased and proud to have been able to offer a number 2 of fee waivers and travel bursaries to young researchers who did not have means and otherwise would not be able to join. In future conferences, we will continue offering subsidised registration options for students, unemployed and retired colleagues and constantly seek additional funds for this purpose.

The Migration Conference 2017 was generously hosted by Harokopio University, Athens, Greece, 23-2... more The Migration Conference 2017 was generously hosted by Harokopio University, Athens, Greece, 23-26 August. We are thankful to the Rector of the university and head of the Geography Department as well as so many other colleagues from the host university who made the event a success. We particularly thank Professor Apostolos Papadopoulos, the TMC 2017 co-chair, Professor Ali Tilbe, track chair in literature and migration studies in Turkish, Professor Petra Bendel, track chair in German migration policy, Loukia Maria Fratsea, leader of the host team and volunteers, Tove Lager, Çağla Azizoğlu, Dorina Kalemi, Panagiota Kogiannou, Mehtap Erdoğan, Alexandra Theofili, Athanasios Lakrintis, Monica Dubitsky, George Adam, Jonathan Liu, Gül İnce Beqo, Nirmala Devi Arunasalam, Ülkü Sezgi Sözen, Emilia Lana de Freitas Castro, Serkan Utku, Ahmet Hepgül, the local catering team and the university’s campus support teams.

This paper aims to build a spatial model on refugees' political struggle for human rights with co... more This paper aims to build a spatial model on refugees' political struggle for human rights with connection to activism and social movement theories in relation to sovereign control spaces. The research undertakes an interdependent theoretical approach to Critical Citizenship Studies (CCS) and Autonomy of Migrants (AoM) perspectives through categorizing forms of activism under the hierarchical model of migrants' access to rights by decomposing variance in refugee activism cases. Through such classification, it aims to find a middle ground for the discussions between refugee/migrant struggle within the AoM and CCS by integrating the limits of right-based actions that are shaped by the sovereign state policies and practices using empirical evidences collected from Greece and Turkey for the period between 2011-2016.

This paper looks at these so-called " war brides " (Sensou hanayome) in the postwar Philippines, ... more This paper looks at these so-called " war brides " (Sensou hanayome) in the postwar Philippines, and their experiences upon migration to the Philippines in the 1950s to the 1960s. More specifically, I examine how ethnicity has become stigmatized in Philippine society of that time due mainly to wartime experiences. I also explore their how they lived their lives in varied degrees of discrimination, inclusion and exclusion. I particularly use the ascribed ethnic marker " Haponesa " or Japanese woman, in the Filipino vernacular, to illustrate how ethnicity has been stigmatized. I utilize life stories of those women who lived decades of their lives in the Philippines. While several of them choose to go back to Okinawa, many of them made the Philippines their home. Semi-structured interviews were done in 2009 and 2012, both in Okinawa and in the Philippines. I also use data I gathered in late 2011 to 2013, when I was doing on-and-off fieldwork in Okinawa.

This paper aims to disclose the consequences that the system designed by the Catalonian agricultu... more This paper aims to disclose the consequences that the system designed by the Catalonian agricultural union “Unió de Pagesos” to recruit, import and distribute foreign labor produces, a subject deprived of its liberties and fundamental rights. Once the model of family farming was substituted by an industrial agricultural system of production, the agricultural union, with the consent of the State, reinvented itself as a provider of services related with the acquisition of manpower through this system –as we designate the set of practices that materialize the recruitment of foreign workers abroad and their concentration is lodgments controlled by the Union. The State’s migration polity is responsible of the emergence of such a system, and we can trace its origin in the symbiotic relation between the State and the union, whose interests- the social control of the foreign worker and the just in time delivery of labor- are harmonized in it.

The existence and movement of diaspora across the world, challenge the existing legal norms on ci... more The existence and movement of diaspora across the world, challenge the existing legal norms on citizenship and migration. The responses from the law-makers from origin countries vary. Most of European, Latin America and African countries adopt dual citizenship law to their diaspora for the different reasons: immigrant integration, maintenance of loyalty to ex-citizen or because the closeness ethnic relation. However, most of countries in Asia-Pacific region-which gain the independence through decolonization process-do not favor dual citizenship towards their diaspora, including Indonesia, mostly because of the ideological perception of citizenship. In this sense, many countries grant the special status or scheme to their diaspora (neither citizens nor residents of the country) as an external quasi-citizenship based on ethnic descent as coined by Bauböck as " ethnizenship. " In Indonesia case, while the rejection of dual citizenship proposal is unavoidable, it leads idea to adopt a kind of ethnizenship status as an alternative regulatory model for Indonesia diaspora. In order to search the suitable and realistic regulatory scheme for Indonesian diaspora, this paper compare experiences from India and South-Korea which adopt a quasi-citizenship for their descendants overseas. The result from this comparison will be considered as a benchmark to develop regulatory model for Indonesian diaspora.

The Migration Conference 2017 Proceedings, 2017

This paper develops an empirical model to investigate the main determinants of economic behavior ... more This paper develops an empirical model to investigate the main determinants of economic behavior of Albanian immigrants in Greece. The aim of this study is to investigate Albanian immigrants’ rate of monthly individual income and their savings in the economic crisis. In addition, the results analyze the remittances that the Albanian immigrants sent to their home country from 2008 to 2011. Also, the results show the expected income of immigrants. The study is based on 371 survey responses from the area of Attica, Greece and they are analysed econometrically using regression techniques. In particular, the empirical results, based on the estimation of regression analysis suggest that economic and consumer variables are significant factors for making them return to their home country. Finally, the empirical analysis showed that the factors affecting the possibility of return to their home country because of the economic crisis, are the participants who believe that they are still paid less than the natives, the participants who have said that their income in the host country is being reduced and the participants who own assets in their home country.

The Migration Conference 2017 Proceedings, 2017

The study of migration in the selected rural areas of Allahabad district of State Uttar Pradesh i... more The study of migration in the selected rural areas of Allahabad district of State Uttar Pradesh in India showed that migration is not economic matters but also social and cultural phenomena. Labourers are migrating from origin to transit destination and finally abroad through a well recognised pathway of migration. Social networks system determined to pathways of migration as well as system of economic and non-economic support for migration. Inflow of both individual and collective remittances giving contributed in the socio-economic development of villages as well as migrant households. The impact of migration created to migration based society which led to culture of migration from village to Saudi Arabia via internal migration to city of Mumbai.

The Migration Conference 2017 Proceedings, 2017

Cabo Verde, once serving as a migration transit country into Europe and the Unites States, is bec... more Cabo Verde, once serving as a migration transit country into Europe and the Unites States, is becoming a final destination for some West African labour migrants, especially those from Cabo Verde's sister republic, Guinea-Bissau. Many enter Cabo Verde under the Economic Community of West African States' open borders agreement, eventually overstaying. The aim of this research was to discover why and how Cabo Verde is becoming a choke point for irregular labour migrants from Guinea-Bissau, and the effects these changes are having on immigrant/host community relations. As an illustrative case study on the effects of increased structural barriers to mobility from underdeveloped to developed countries, this study asks, how do marooned Bissau-Guineans integrate into host communities in Cabo Verde, especially when tensions rise alongside migrant populations and resource pressures? What is convincing them to stay? This study is based off of data collected from structured and semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions in twelve communities on two islands. We found that a majority of immigrants had stable, fulltime work, began families, and joined community organizations. Additionally, what friction was observed stemmed from displaced and disenfranchised domestic youth mainly from the capital city of Praia competing over employment with more highly-skilled or experienced migrants. We also found that conflict seems to have lessened with the adoption of the 2012 National Immigration Strategy, the first of its kind in Cabo Verde, although we also argue that more can still be done to improve integration and community relations. This study has implications for realizing successful economic and community integration of irregular labour migrants, especially at choke points in the developing world resulting from structural changes intensifying the role of host in buffer countries within the Global South.

The Migration Conference 2017 Proceedings, 2017

The incitement and the occurrence of the conflicts, their escalation, ceasefire and de-escalation... more The incitement and the occurrence of the conflicts, their escalation, ceasefire and de-escalation are processes which are continually appearing, lasting and resolving. Consequently, the conflicts usually pull migratory flows. Migration is an issue which nowadays is very present, and it needs to be resolved. The migration usually starts where conflicts arise. Having that in mind, the main concept in the paper is focused on the conflicts and the emergence of the migration flows. It also gives a suggestion how the conflicts can be resolved in the Middle East countries. The purpose of this research is to find out real reasons for appearance of migrations and most rational solutions for their solving. For doing that the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is applied. A short overview will be given of the main elements of the AHP method and how it is applied in the conflict resolution. AHP method is enforceable and leads to concrete recommendations for further conflict resolution. The results of the research will show that resolving the conflicts may contribute in suppression of the migration and it can also protect countries for further armed conflicts and unwanted migration flows.

The Migration Conference 2017 Proceedings, 2017

In the recent years, the continuous political tensions and the multiple civil wars in many countr... more In the recent years, the continuous political tensions and the multiple civil wars in many countries have caused a dramatic increase of people emigrating. Most of these people are trying to reach a European country. Since 2015, the number of immigrants and refugees is so high that this is considered a migration crisis. Most immigrants enter the EU by sea. They use boats to reach the shores of Greece, Italy and Spain. These boats very often sink due to a great variety of reasons, such as the dangerous weather conditions. These shipwrecks cause the death of thousands of immigrants and refugees. This paper aims to record and present the shipwrecks that have occurred during the period 2015-2017 in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as, the number of the dead and the missing persons from each shipwreck. For this purpose, data from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) are being used. From the produced maps it is evident that the majority of the shipwrecks occur in the Central Mediterranean Sea, as well as the majority of the dead and the missing. In the same context, the missing from the recorded shipwrecks appear to be more than the dead.

The Migration Conference 2017 Proceedings, 2017

This paper focuses on the wage gap between native and immigrant workers in Malaysian labour marke... more This paper focuses on the wage gap between native and immigrant workers in Malaysian labour market. This paper uses the Productivity and Investment Climate Survey (PICS) 2 for 2007 to explore the components of the immigrant-native wage gap. The Oaxaca decomposition analysis and quantile regression decomposition were applied in this study. By exploiting the PICS data, the result of this study shows that the immigrant has a lower human capital return on earnings compared to native. Another significant finding is that the wage gap between native and immigrant is mostly explained by the difference in the characteristics of the workers, while, the remaining were explained by the discriminatory effects.

The Migration Conference 2021 Selected Papers, 2021

The Migration Conference, 2021

The Migration Conference 2021 Detailed Session Programme

The Migration Conference 2019 Book of Abstracts and Programme, 2019

Turkish Migration Conference 2016 Programme and Abstracts Book, 2016

Migration Letters, 2018

The Migration Conference 2017 Proceedings, 2017

The aim of this paper is to offer an independent measure of the impact of published research in m... more The aim of this paper is to offer an independent measure of the impact of published research in migration studies field. Using the Google Scholar citation database and Ann Harzing ranking software, we have created a long list of most cited works in migration studies and drew a list of 100 top articles and books and 100 most cited authors who appeared in periodicals and books. Like any lists, this one also has some drawbacks but yet it reflects somewhat the influence of the work our colleagues in this fast growing field produce.

The relationship between ‘foreign’ and ‘immigration and asylum’ policy is complex and has signifi... more The relationship between ‘foreign’ and ‘immigration and asylum’ policy is complex and has significant consequences beyond these policy areas. Despite their ever increasing importance, migration and refugee studies have been rarely tackled within the foreign policy dimension of state’s responses, in particular regarding refugee crisis. This paper both demonstrates the importance for and impact of foreign policy orientations on immigration and asylum policies. It questions how ‘foreign’ policy and ‘asylum’ policy are intertwined and generate differences in coping with the mass influx with a focus on the Syrian refugee crisis and Turkey’s policy responses. We argue that assertive foreign policy of Turkey, particularly willingness to be the actor ‘establishing the order’ in the Middle East’ which led to the ‘open-door’ and humanitarian asylum policy at the initial stages of refugee flow. However, the isolation of Turkish foreign policy along with the increase in the numbers of refugees necessitated recalibration of the adopted policy towards the one based on ‘non-arrival’, and ‘security’ emphasizing ‘temporary protection’, ‘voluntary return’ and the ‘burden share’.

Turkey has followed an “open door” policy towards refugees from Syria since the March 2011 outbre... more Turkey has followed an “open door” policy towards refugees from Syria since the March 2011 outbreak of the devastating civil war in Syria. This “liberal” policy has been accompanied by a “humanitarian discourse” regarding the admission and accommodation of the refugees. In such a context, it is widely claimed that Turkey has not adopted a securitization strategy in its dealings with the refugees. However, this article argues that the stated “open door” approach and its limitations have gone largely unexamined. The assertion is, here, refugees fleeing Syria have been integrated into a security framework embedding exclusionary, militarized and technologized border practices. Drawing on the critical border studies, the article deconstructs these practices and the way they are violating the principle of non-refoulement in particular and human rights of refugees in general.

In political, social and economical terms, Turkey is the most affected country of the Syrian cris... more In political, social and economical terms, Turkey is the most affected country of the Syrian crisis. More importantly, Turkey as a host country of Syrian refugees has been living a dramatic demographic change. The most marginalized group living in Turkey is children. Refugee education has hence become of top priority. The global report in refugee education is below the critical level, but Turkish report is even worse in the contexts of not only accessibility and quality. This work refers to uniquely gathered dataset from AFAD and UNHCR in order to portray the current demography of Syrian refugees in particular concentrating on the ones living in camps. Main purpose is elaborating the current educational assessment of Syrian child refugees in Turkey. Our findings indicate the significant number of refugee children in need of access to basic education at all levels and underlines the magnitude of scarce of education program development mainly due to lack of financial matters. Hence, it advises a kind of collaboration among implementing public and private partners at the local, national and international levels.

In this study we analysed the perceptions about Syrian refugees as reflected in the newspapers. A... more In this study we analysed the perceptions about Syrian refugees as reflected in the newspapers. A qualitative design based on content analysis was adopted in this research. The news on Syrian refugees appeared in Hurriyet, Yeni Safak and Cumhuriyet newspapers between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2014 have been analysed. These were classified on the basis of themes, styles, main concepts, and photographs used. Our findings show that, the political standing of the newspapers and their attitudes towards the Turkish government strongly affect the ways they shape the news about Syrian refugees.

With the growing insurrections in Syria in 2011, an exodus in large numbers have emerged. The tur... more With the growing insurrections in Syria in 2011, an exodus in large numbers have emerged. The turmoil and violence have caused mass migration to destinations both within the region and beyond. The current "refugee crisis" has escalated sharply and its impact is widening from neighbouring countries toward Europe. Today, the Syrian crisis is the major cause for an increase in displacement and the resultant dire humanitarian situation in the region. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their homes. However, questions on the future impact of the Syrian crisis on the scope and scale of this human mobility are still to be answered. As the impact of the Syrian crisis on host countries increases, so does the demand for the analyses of the needs for development and protection in these countries. In this special issue, we aim to bring together a number of studies examining and discussing human mobility in relation to the Syrian crisis.

Turkey has been a stage for human mobility for many years, yet it did not have a comprehensive mi... more Turkey has been a stage for human mobility for many years, yet it did not have a comprehensive migration and asylum regime until recently. Being the worst refugee crisis of the last decades, the Syrian crisis actually had an impact on developing such a regime of which the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) is a crucial element. The LFIP provides temporary protection to the Syrians in Turkey. However, it is recently observed that more and more Syrians are leaving the country. Examining their exodus, the present article is seeking answers to the question of “Why are the Syrians desperately trying to leave Turkey?” Two arguments are put forth in the article. First, Turkey’s new migration and asylum regime has not been able to decrease the refugees’ vulnerability because of its “expectation of temporariness”. Secondly, it is argued that Turkey’s “new asylum regime” is in fact “not that new” due to the fact that asylum-seekers coming from non-European countries have been provided a de facto temporary protection. The article reveals that the Syrian refugees are vulnerable in many fields mainly because they are subject to a protection regime marked by temporariness. As the regime is putting them in limbo, they are leaving Turkey. Turkey’s new asylum regime appears not that new after all.

Camps are temporal spaces where refugees are provided with humanitarian aid until durable solutio... more Camps are temporal spaces where refugees are provided with humanitarian aid until durable solutions are made possible. During this period of ‘endless waiting’, these camps are planned to be economically self-contained. However, through time, refugee camps tend to urbanise: their initial empty spaces transform into vibrant markets, habitats and social spaces. In response to this ‘unexpected’ - and sometimes ‘unwanted’ - process, the economically self-contained system of camps breaks. This paper looks into the emerging socio-economic dynamics in Zaatari camp in Jordan, on the light of its urbanisation process and the Jordanian economy. It first explains the how humanitarian aid is provided, and then shows how and why, refugees use it to diversify the economy of the camp. The findings of this paper are then articulated on the existing policies to reduce the financial aid such as ‘self-reliance’ and ‘development’.

From the mid-1950s through the mid-1980s, migration between Mexico and the United States constitu... more From the mid-1950s through the mid-1980s, migration between Mexico and the United States constituted a stable system whose contours were shaped by social and economic conditions well-theorized by prevailing models of migration. It evolved as a mostly circular movement of male workers going to a handful of U.S. states in response to changing conditions of labour supply and demand north and south of the border, relative wages prevailing in each nation, market failures and structural economic changes in Mexico, and the expansion of migrant networks following processes specified by neoclassical economics, segmented labour market theory, the new economics of labour migration, social capital theory, world systems theory, and theoretical models of state behaviour. After 1986, however, the migration system was radically transformed, with the net rate of migration increasing sharply as movement shifted from a circular flow of male workers going a limited set of destinations to a nationwide population of settled families. This transformation stemmed from a dynamic process that occurred in the public arena to bring about an unprecedented militarization of the Mexico-U.S. border, and not because of shifts in social, economic, or political factors specified in prevailing theories. In this paper I draw on earlier work to describe that dynamic process and demonstrate its consequences, underscoring the need for greater theoretical attention to the self-interested actions of politicians, pundits, and bureaucrats who benefit from the social construction and political manufacture of immigration crises when none really exist.

Macedonia has a large diaspora, a high emigration rate and receives larger volume of remittances.... more Macedonia has a large diaspora, a high emigration rate and receives larger volume of remittances. This paper aims to describe the current inclination to emigrate from Macedonia, in the light of the dissatisfaction with the domestic political and economic environment and the potential feeling of gender and ethnic inequalities. Particular reference is made to the role of remittances. We use the Remittances Survey 2008 and treat dissatisfaction, feeling of inequality and inclination to emigrate as latent continuous variables in a MIMIC (Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause) model, observed only imperfectly in terms of respondents’ perceptions and opinions. Results suggest that dissatisfaction with the societal conditions in Macedonia grows among those who are at their 20s and early 30s, which is more prevalent among ethnic Albanians. Compared to others, Albanians also demonstrate stronger feeling of gender and ethnic inequality. Dissatisfaction, but not the feeling of inequality, then feeds inclination to emigrate. Further to this, however, males and less educated persons are more inclined to emigrate, irrespective of their level of dissatisfaction. We find remittances to play a strong role for the inclination to emigrate: the inclination is larger in households receiving remittances and increases with the amount received, as it is likely that remittances alleviate financial constraints for other persons of the household to emigrate.

Besides huge differences in attitudes towards the European Union (EU), it seems to be common sens... more Besides huge differences in attitudes towards the European Union (EU), it seems to be common sense in nearly all strata of EU member states’ societies that the EU created a common and seemingly borderless space of mobility for its inhabitants. Sometimes this characteristic is not only the first positive thing that comes to people’s mind when asked about the Union but also the only one. This paper investigates to which extend
Turkish migrants as third-country citizens residing in EU member states make use of this mobility space in a physical and non-physical manner. Data on Romanian migrants is used to contrast these findings. The analysis builds on recent survey data on transnational activities of migrants and nationals in six EU member states (Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania, Spain and United Kingdom) collected by the EUCROSS study. It is found that a considerable part of the interviewed Turkish migrants visited other EU member states recently, but that, nevertheless, intra-EU mobility is less common in their case than for migrants from Romania. However, this difference can
neither exclusively nor mainly be explained by the absence of European citizenship or by the residence within or outside the Schengen space.

China created the dual hukou system in an effort to modernize and manage rural to urban migration... more China created the dual hukou system in an effort to modernize and manage rural to urban migration. The system restricted the mobility of most Chinese and limited rural peasant migration. In 1978 the demand for labour increased rapidly and rules controlling migration, including the hukou system were loosen to encourage relocation. The establishment of a semi-capitalist market system in 1991 further encouraged the flow of labour and forced the liberalization of some aspect of the registration policy and by 2014 and in response to continued growth the Chinese government implemented a unified hukou system to build equality among rural and urban citizens. In this brief, we review the reforms and argue that the hukou system can play an important role in Chinese development.

Kibria, N.; Bowman, C., and O’Leary, M. (2014). Race and Immigration. Cambridge: Polity Press. 29... more Kibria, N.; Bowman, C., and O’Leary, M. (2014). Race and Immigration. Cambridge: Polity Press. 297 pages. (ISBN: 9780745647913)

Vollmer, B. A. (2014) Policy Discourses on Irregular Migration in Germany and the United Kingdom. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 297 pages. (ISBN: 9781137307552)

Biradavolu, M. R. (2008) Indian Entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley, the Making of a Transnational Techno-Capitalist Class. Cambria Press, 237p. (ISBN: 9781604795277)

Sirkeci, I., Elcin, D., Seker, G. (ed.) (2015) Politics and Law in Turkish Migration. London, UK: Transnational Press London, 190p. (ISBN: 978-1-910781-00-5)

Hackett, S. (2013) Foreigners, Minorities and Integration: The Muslim Immigrant Experience in Britain and Germany. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 277 pages. (ISBN – 978-0-7190-8317-4)

Recently scholars have turned their attention towards a growing anti-immigrant movement in the Un... more Recently scholars have turned their attention towards a growing anti-immigrant movement in the United States. In particular, residents called ‘minutemen’ have garnered attention for their vigilante patrols of the U.S.-Mexico border. Yet, there remains an absence of rigorously collected data from the unauthorized migrants they target. Filling this void, we draw on original survey data from Wave 1 of the Migrant Border Crossing Study (MBCS) and address three questions: Among repatriated unau- thorized migrants who have heard of minutemen, from where do they get their information? What qualities or characteristics do unauthorized repatriated migrants ascribe to minutemen? And, finally, how closely do these perceptions align with common tropes about minutemen? In so doing, we detail the composition of repatriated unauthorized migrants’ knowledge networks and the role these played in diffusing knowledge about minutemen. Additionally, we illuminate differences in the con- tent of the minuteman-related information these networks diffuse. We find that re- spondents relied heavily on media outlets in the United States and Mexico to obtain information about minutemen. Social networks and the crossing experience itself mat- tered to a much lesser extent. Interestingly, repatriated unauthorized migrants were mixed in their perceptions of exactly who minutemen were, and migrants varied greatly in their reliance upon dominant tropes to identify minutemen. We conclude with implications and directions for future research.

Call for papers: ***Extended Deadline: 28 May 2015*** Special Issue on the Syrian Crisis and its... more Call for papers: ***Extended Deadline: 28 May 2015***
Special Issue on the Syrian Crisis and its impact on Migration
Migration Letters invites contributions for a special issue on the Syrian Crisis and Migration. The deteriorating situation in Syria as well as immigration flow from this country has been identified as one of the biggest humanitarian tragedies of our time. Since the insurrections arose in Syria in 2011, the turmoil and violence has caused mass migration to destinations both within and outside the region. According to the UNHCR, 6.5 million Syrians are internally displaced and in addition more than 3 million have fled to neighbouring countries, such as Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. Although the number is quite small when compared to neighbouring countries, a growing number of Syrians have sought asylum in Europe. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their home.
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On the basis of harmonised statistical data on asylum applications and decisions, this paper atte... more On the basis of harmonised statistical data on asylum applications and decisions, this paper attempts to re-examine the state of play of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), and in particular, the two key objectives of achieving a more balanced distribution of asylum seekers across Member States (“solidarity”) and the approximation of national decision-making in asylum cases (“fairness”). It concludes that while there is evidence of unresolved challenges, such as lately with regard to the uneven reception and treatment of asylum seekers from Syria, some fragile trends of progress can be detected in terms of more uniform asylum outcomes.

Recently scholars have turned their attention towards a growing anti-immigrant movement in the Un... more Recently scholars have turned their attention towards a growing anti-immigrant movement in the United States. In particular, residents called ‘minutemen’ have garnered attention for their vigilante patrols of the U.S.-Mexico border. Yet, there remains an absence of rigorously collected data from the unauthorized migrants they target. Filling this void, we draw on original survey data from wave 1 of the Migrant Border Crossing Study(MBCS) and address three questions: Among unauthorized repatriated migrants who have heard of minutemen, from where do they get their information? What qualities or characteristics do unauthorized repatriated migrants ascribe to minutemen? And, finally, how accurate are these perceptions? In so doing, we detail the composition of unauthorized repatriated migrants’ knowledge networks and the role these played in diffusing knowledge about minutemen. Additionally, we illuminate disparities in the quality of the minuteman-related information these networks diffuse. We find that respondents relied heavily on media outlets in the United States and Mexico to obtain information about minutemen. Social networks and the crossing experience itself mattered to a much lesser extent. Interestingly, unauthorized repatriated migrants were mixed in their perceptions of exactly who minutemen were, and migrants varied greatly in their ability to accurately identify minutemen. We conclude with implications and directions for future research

This paper critiques the common practice of people from refugee backgrounds giving presentations ... more This paper critiques the common practice of people from refugee backgrounds giving presentations and testimonials on their displacement experiences, in college, university, and similar institutional settings. While such speaking events may be framed as opportunities to center refugee voices, this paper argues that the totality of the presentation environments, especially their focus on narratives of suffering, do in fact reinforce the marginal and powerless position with which refugees are associated. To counteract the marginalizing effects of such presentations, the paper suggests alternative ways of presentations that more meaningfully involve refugees in framing and directing such speaking events.

Ambrosini, Maurizio. Irregular Migration and Invisible Welfare. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 256 pag... more Ambrosini, Maurizio. Irregular Migration and Invisible Welfare. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 256 pages (ISBN: 9781137314321).

Cohen, Jeffrey H., and Ibrahim Sirkeci. Cultures of Migration: The Global Nature of Contemporary Mobility. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2011. xiv + 165 pages. (ISBN: 9780292726857).

Dedeoğlu, Saniye. Migrants, Work and Social Integration: Women's Labour in the Turkish Ethnic Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 216 pages. (ISBN: 9781137371119)

Göç ve Edebiyat konusuna ayırmış olduğumuz bu sayımıza katkıda bulunan tüm yazar ve hakemlerimize... more Göç ve Edebiyat konusuna ayırmış olduğumuz bu sayımıza katkıda bulunan tüm yazar ve hakemlerimize özellikle teşekkür ederek başlamalıyız. Hem Türkiye’de hem de Avrupa’da göç giderek önemi artan bir mesele olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Türkiye gibi en azından yakın tarihi kitlesel ve yoğun göç deneyimleriyle örülü bir ülkedeki ve onu yurtdışına uzanan nüfusundan çıkan yazınsal yapıtların de göç olgusuna yabancı kalmalarını tahayyül etmek güçtür. Bu özel sayı ile özellikle bu alana yeni bir soluk ve açılım getirmeyi amaçladık. Bu bağlamda, 25-27 Haziran 2015 tarihleri arasında Prag’da üçüncüsünü düzenlediğimiz uluslararası Türk Göç Konferansı’nda da göç ve edebiyat konusuna öncelikli bir yer ayırdık. Görece geride kalmış bu alandaki araştırmaların ve kuramsal çalışmaların gelişmesi açısından iki girişimin de önemli fırsatlar sunduğunu ve özendirici bir nitelik taşıdığını düşünüyoruz.

Yazmak, yalnızlaştıran bir deneyimdir. Beyaz sayfa, bir lambanın yalın aydınlığında Mallarmé’nin ... more Yazmak, yalnızlaştıran bir deneyimdir. Beyaz sayfa, bir lambanın yalın aydınlığında Mallarmé’nin başını döndüren o yalnızlığı, yani bu korkunç düşünceyi dayatır. O, bu zorluğu ancak lambayı kendisinden uzaklaştırarak aşabilmiştir: “karanlık bir alan üzerine, parlak bir biçimde yazı yazılmaz”. Kendi deyimiyle “kendisi yazından başka şey olmayan” Kafka, Felice’ye eşsiz tasarısından söz eder: yazmak için gerekli olan ne varsa alıp, ıssız geniş bir mahzenin ortasına bir lamba ile yerleşmek. “Yazarken asla yeterince yalnız olmayız” der, “yazarken çevrenizde asla yeterince sessizlik olmaz, gece yeteri kadar gece değildir”.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Writing is act making you lonely. Head spinning loneliness is a scary thought comes to Mallarme in front of a blank page and a lamp. Mallarme had overcome this only by moving the lamp away: "you cannot write bright on a dark space". Kafka, who is simply literature, tells Fellice about his unqiue design: taking all you need to write and settling down in a quite dungeon with a lamp. He says that "you cannot be adequately alone when writing; night is not night enough".

Edebiyat ve sanat tarihi boyunca sürgün, bir çok yazar ve şairin makus talihi olmuştur. Yazarlar ... more Edebiyat ve sanat tarihi boyunca sürgün, bir çok yazar ve şairin makus talihi olmuştur. Yazarlar ve sanatçılar kimi zaman fikirleri, kimi zaman yazdıkları, kimi zaman da toplumsal baskı nedeniyle zorunlu veya gönüllü bir göçün/sürgünün öznesi olabilmektedirler. Bu çalışmada, önce zorunlu sonra gönüllü göçü/sürgünü ve yersiz-yurtsuzluk halini yaşayan çağdaş yazarlarımızdan Nedim Gürsel ve yazını, bu olgunun yazar ve edebiyatına yansımaları sosyolojik ve etno-psikolojik açıdan irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Bireyin aidiyet hissiyle bağlandığı mekândan ve kendine ait yaşam biçimlerinden koparılması, onun kültürel köklerinden ve insani bağlarından da koparılmasıdır ve bu durum bir yazar için edebi esin kaynaklarının da hem çeşitlenmesi ve varsıllaşması, hem de sarsılması anlamına gelir. Bu varsıllık ve sarsıntı edebi malzeme olarak kimi zaman olumlu etkiler yaratsa da, yazarın yaşamı ve yazını üzerinde derin izler bırakmaktadır. Nedim Gürsel, bu izleri hem olumlu hem de olumsuz yönleriyle örnekleyen, sürgünlük ve gönüllü göçebelik hallerini zıtlıklarına rağmen aynı bünyede barındıran, gönülden ve özü itibariyle bağlı olduğu ve kendini daha çok ait hissettiği, köklerinin bulunduğu memleketi ile bulunduğu yerleri aynı potada eritmeyi başaran bir yazardır. Bu çalışmada, yazarın anı ve gezi yazılarından oluşan Hatırla Barbara ve öykülerini derlediği Sevgilim İstanbul eserleri ile göçün/sürgünün biyografik ve kurgusal metinlerdeki yansımalarını ortaya koymak hedeflenmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, 21. yüzyılın sürgünlük ve göçebelik hallerinin kendine özgü yapısı da değerlendirilecektir.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

“Bin parçaya bölünmüş yüz” an exile of language, memory and place with an enlarged world: exile and nomandic aspects in Nedim Gürsel

Exile has been the ill fate of so many author and poet throughout the literature and art history. Authors and artists can be subjected to a forced or voluntary migration/exile because of sometimes their thoughts, some time their writings, and sometimes social pressure. In this study, Nedim Gürsel, one of the contemporary authors who lived first the forced migration/exile, then the voluntary one, and experienced the situation of being homelessness, and his literature, the influences of these situations will be tried to analyse in sociological and ethnopsychological aspects. A person is also expelled from her/his cultural roots and humane connection by being expelled from the place being connected with a sense of belonging, and the life styles. But for an author, this situation means diversity, richness and shock on her/his literal inspire. Even if this richness and shock sometimes create positive effects as literal material, it leaves traces on the life and literature of the author. Nedim Gürsel is an author that exemplifies these traces both with positive and negative aspects, contains the exile and voluntary migration within himself despite their adverseness, achieves melting his homeland, to which he is sincerely connected and fells belong, with the placed that he leaves. In this study, it is targeted to reveal the reflections of migration/exile on Hatırla Barbara, the book composes of memoir and travel writings, and Sevgilim İstanbul in which short stories of the author collected. The exile and migration cases of 21th century will be also evaluated in this study.

Bu makalede, Bulgaristan Türklerinin 1989’da yaşadığı zorunlu göçün, bu sancılı sürece maruz kala... more Bu makalede, Bulgaristan Türklerinin 1989’da yaşadığı zorunlu göçün, bu sancılı sürece maruz kalan Bulgaristan Türk şairlerinin eserlerinde ne şekilde ele alındığı incelenmiştir. Makalenin amacı, 1989 zorunlu göçünün şiirin diliyle yazılan kapsamlı bir tarihçesini oluşturarak, edebiyatın tanıklık gücünü sergilemektir. Çalışmada, şiirin “tanıklık gücü” terimi ile göç konulu şiirlerin okurun dikkatini sürekli şiir metninden gerçek olayın kendisine (zorunlu göçe) doğru yönlendirerek, bu eserlerin tarih yazımını onaylama/sorgulama gücü ifade edilir. Çalışma, Bulgaristan hükümetinin 1989’da zorunlu göçle noktaladığı etnik eritme politikasının kısa bir tanıtımından sonra, bu sürecin farklı aşamalarını ele alan şiirlerle örneklendirir. 1989 zorunlu göçünü ele alan şiirler, iki alt başlık altında incelenmiştir: 1. Ayrılık şiirleri; 2. Kavuşma şiirleri. Ayrılık şiirleri, Bulgaristan Türklerinin doğup büyüdükleri ülkelerinden kovulmalarını yoğun bir hüzün duygusu ile anlatırken, totaliter rejimin akıl almaz politikalarını da lanetleyen eserlerdir. İkinci bölüm, Anavatan Türkiye’ye ulaşmanın coşku dolu mutluluğunu milliyetçi bir söylemle aktaran örneklerin irdelenmesi ile başlayıp, göçün doğurduğu özlem ve bölünmüşlük (ne Türkiyeli ne Bulgaristanlı olma durumu) gibi duygularla yüklü şiirlerin incelenmesi ile devam eder. Bu döneme ait bazı şiirlerin yansıttığı derin milliyetçilik ruhunu açıklamak için, çalışmaya göç öncesinde yaşanan baskıları anlatan şiirler de dahil edilmiştir.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

The testimonial power of poetry: representation of the 1989 forced migration in the poetry of the Turks from Bulgaria

The article focuses on the representation of the 1989 Forced Migration (of the Turks from Bulgaria to Turkey) in the works of Turkish poets from Bulgaria who have themselves been victims of this tragic event. Providing a comprehensive poetic chronicle of the migration, the article aims to illustrate the testimonial function of poetry, namely its power to complement and/or challenge historiography by constantly pushing the reader’s attention from the poetic text to the original event (the forced migration) itsef. After a brief discussion of the 1989 Forced Migration as part of the assimilation policy of the Bulgarian Government, the article examines poems which reconstruct different stages of the process. The poems are divided into two main groups. The first group (departure poems) consists of works which illustrate the migrants’ painful separation from their birthplaces, relatives and neighbors. Infused with deep grief, they provide a mighty indictment of the policy of the totaliterian regime. The second group (arrival poems) starts with a discussion of poems which reveal the migrants’ joyful unification with the rescuing image of the Motherland (Turkey) and goes on with the analysis of works which report the subsequent stages in the migrant’s life which are marked by a sense of nostalgia and liminality. To explain the mood of strong nationalism which governs the majority of the poems, this section includes also works which report the repressions the migrants had been subjected to prior to their flight to Turkey.

Göç, toplumbilimsel açıdan, insanların ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasal nedenlerle, bulundukları uz... more Göç, toplumbilimsel açıdan, insanların ekonomik, toplumsal ve siyasal nedenlerle, bulundukları uzamdan geçici ya da sürekli olarak başka bir uzama yerleşmeleri olarak tanımlanır. “Uzamın”, “işin” ve “toplumsal ilişkilerin” değişmesi gibi parametreler üzerine kurulur; iç ve dış göç olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Ülkemizin iç ve dış göç gerçeği yazında da sıklıkla ele alınır. Bu bağlamda Gaye Hiçyılmaz, ülkemizin iç göç gerçeğini ele aldığı Fırtınaya Karşı adlı yapıtında, kırdan kente büyük umutlarla “gönüllü” ya da “zorunlu göç” eden ailelerin yaşadığı düş kırıklıklarını gündeme getirir. Bu çalışmada, Fırtınaya Karşı (Hiçyılmaz, 1992, s. 53), göç kuramcıları arasında yerini alan Everett S. Lee’nin “itme-çekme modeli”ne göre değerlendirilmiştir. “İtici”/olumsuz (-) ve “çekici”/olumlu (+) faktörleri kapsayan modele göre, insanlar yaşadıkları uzamdan bir takım “itici faktörler”den dolayı ayrılarak, kendilerini “çekici faktörler”in beklediğine inandıkları başka uzamlara göç ederler. Birbirinden farklı olan bu faktörler, bireylerin beklentileriyle yakından ilgilidir. Göçün ardından, psikolojik uyum sorunu yaşanır ve beraberinde “bütünleşme”, “ayrışma”, “marjinelleşme” ve “asimilasyon” kavramlarını getiren “kültürlenme” süreci başlar. Kırdan kente göç üzerine kurulan roman boyunca okur, “kır insanının” kendisine nasıl yabancılaştığına, ne yaparsa yapsın kentle gerçek anlamda asla bütünleşemediğine ve hep iki uzam arasında yani “araf”ta kaldığına tanık olur. Romanı büyükbabanın söylediği atasözüyle özetlemek olasıdır: “Güzel tüyler takınmakla tavus kuşu olunmaz”.

Migration, with regard to sociology, is defined as settling from the location they live into another place temporarily or permanently due to economic, social and political reasons. It is built on the parameters such as the change of “location”, “work”, and “social relations”, and divided into two as internal migration and emigration. The reality of internal migration and emigration in our country is tackled in literature. In this context, Gaye Hiçyılmaz, in her work Fırtınaya Karşı, in which she lays emphasis on the reality of internal migration of our country, brings forward the disillusions of the families immigrating to urban from rural “voluntarily” or “involuntarily” with great expectations. In this article, Fırtınaya Karşı, has been examined in accordance with the “push and pull-” model of Everett S. Lee taking her place among the migration theorists. According to the model including “pushing”/negative and “pulling”/positive factors, leaving the currently lived place because of some “pushing factors”, people immigrate to the locations they believe “pulling factors” wait for them. These factors which are different from each other are related to individuals’ expectations. Behind migration, the problem of psychological rapport appears and the “acculturation” process, bringing the concepts “integration”, “separation”, “marginalisation” and “assimilation”, starts. Throughout the novel built on the immigration from rural to urban, the reader witnesses how “rural people” feel alineated from themselves, whatever they do they never integrate into urban in real terms, and they are between these two places, that is they stay in “limbo”. It is possible to summarize the novel with a proverb the grandfather says: “Putting on beautiful feathers does not make you a peacock.”

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Internal migration in the context of pushing and pulling factors: Fırtınaya Karşı by Gaye Hiçyilmaz

II. Dünya Savaşı’nın yarattığı ekonomik bunalımdan sonra Avrupa ekonomisi kalkınmaya başladığında... more II. Dünya Savaşı’nın yarattığı ekonomik bunalımdan sonra Avrupa ekonomisi kalkınmaya başladığında yeni iş gücüne duyulan ihtiyaç, çeşitli ülkelerden sağlanmaya çalışıldı.1960'lı yıllarda önemli miktarda işçi, geçici bir süre için gittiklerini düşünerek ülkelerinden göçtüler. Göçmek eylemi TDK Türkçe Sözlüğünde, "kendi ülkesinden ayrılarak yerleşmek için başka ülkeye giden (kimse, aile veya topluluk)", "bir ülkeden bir başka ülkeye yerleşmek amacıyla giden kişi, aile ya da toplumsal küme" ve "genellikle yerleşmek amacıyla, bir yerleşim yerinden bir başka yerleşim yerine, bir ülkeden bir başka ülkeye gitme eylemi" gibi hiçbir kötü, ayrımcı veya ırkçı anlam içermeyen ve "yerleşme" tasavvurunu içinde barındıran bir kavram olarak verilmektedir. Yazınsal ifade ise insanın varoluş sorununun çevirisidir, dışa vurumudur. Dil seçimi yazarda içsel, kimliksel ve ruhsal gerilimi gösterir. Yazar için dilsel seçim kimliksel bir göstergedir, ötekinin dilinde yazmak ister ideolojik ister sembolik olsun, bir çeşit yabancılaşma ve ihanet gibi algılanabilir, içsel acıların ve gerilimlerin belirtisidir. Çok dilli bireyler, kullandıkları ve kimliklerinin bir parçasını oluşturan dillere bağlılık duymaktadırlar. Bu araştırmada söz konusu edilen göçmenlerin yarattıkları metinlerden yola çıkarak okura yansıyan çok dilliliği ve çok kültürü, seslerini duyurmaya ve kültürler arası bir iletişim kurmaya çalışan göçmenlerin ilk kuşağının seslenişlerini yazılı metinlerinde var olan kültür şokunu ortaya koymaktadır.

ABSTRACT

Migration from Turkey into Europe and texts produced by migrants

In 1960s, a considerable number of workers emigrated from their countries, assuming that they were leaving there temporarily. The act of migrating is defined in the monolingual Turkish Dictionary of the Turkish Language Association (TDK) as "the one (person, family or community) who leaves his/her country and goes to another country in order to settle there", "a person, family or social group who travels from one country to another with the aim of settling there" and "the act of going from one settlement to another, from one country to another generally with the aim of settling", which do not refer to any bad, discriminating or racist meaning and that comprise the conception of "settling". Literary expression, on the other hand, is the translation and expression of the problem of human existence. The choice of language reveals the internal, identity-related and psychological tension in the author. This choice is an indicator of identity for the author. Whether it’s ideological or symbolic, writing in the language of the other might be acknowledged as a sort of alienation and betrayal. It is the indicator of inner suffering and tension. Multilingual individuals feel attached to the language they use and that constitute a part of their identity. This study dwells upon the multilinguality and the multiculture that reflect upon the reader, the calls of the first generation of the migrants who tried to make their voices heard and to communicate interculturally and the culture shock observed in their writing through the texts produced by the said migrants

“Göç” gibi sosyal bir hadisenin edebiyatta en azından tematik anlamda yer almaması düşünülemezdi.... more “Göç” gibi sosyal bir hadisenin edebiyatta en azından tematik anlamda yer almaması düşünülemezdi. Bu bağlamda, insanlığın ilk sözlü edebî ürünlerinden günümüze değin “göç” olgusunun izdüşümleri edebî üretime yansımış, sözlü dönemlerin “göç destanları”ndan günümüzün “Göçmen Edebiyatı” olarak adlandırılan kavramına kadar, edebiyatın “göç” olgusunu hem tema/izlek belirlerken hem de retorik oluşturmada bir malzeme olarak kullandığı görülmektedir. Bu noktada kritik soru, edebiyat-göç arasındaki ilişkinin araç mı yoksa amaç mı olduğudur. Edebiyatçıların kimi zaman göçü edebî üretimine taşıdığı ve ondan yararlandığı, kimi zaman da “göç”ün, göçmen kökenli temsilciler aracılığıyla kendisine müstakil bir edebiyat ortamı oluşturduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Gelinen aşamada edebiyat ve göç arasındaki bu çift yönlü ilişkinin daha belirgin bir hâl aldığı kuşkusuzdur. Bu makalede, Türk edebiyatı özelinde -aralarında sıkı bir bağ bulunduğu açık olan- edebiyat-göç ilişkisinin boyutları ve iki olgunun kesiştiği noktada, birbirlerinden nasıl yararlandıkları tarihsel ve sosyolojik yöntemle ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu edebiyatın adlandırılması ve kapsam alanına dair tespitler ise çeşitli göçmen edebiyatlarının bütüncül bir yaklaşımla karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmesi sonucu elde edilmiştir.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

An analyse on immigration and immigrant literature in our literature

It is not possible to think of migration, as a social fact, without having its own place in the literature, at least thematically. In this context, from the first oral literature samples until today, “migration” has been reflected to literary production. From “oral epics” of the verbal times to the so called “immigrant literature” of today, literature uses the phenomenon of migration for deciding the theme and creating rhetorical. The critical question at this point is whether the relationship between literature and migration is the mean or the purpose. Poets and writers sometimes bring and make use of migration in their works, and they sometimes establish an independent literary environment through immigrant representatives. Today, the bi-directional relationship between literature and migration has become more obvious. In this article, specific to Turkish literature, we will discuss dimensions of literature- migration relationship (which is quite apparent) by using historical and sociological methods and how they benefit from each other. We found that if one must name the literature and determine its scope, various immigrant literature should be evaluated in a holistic-comparative way.

İsveç, göç olgusuyla ilk kez Rusya’nın Finlandiya’yı işgaliyle tanışır; daha sonra ekonomik alan... more İsveç, göç olgusuyla ilk kez Rusya’nın Finlandiya’yı işgaliyle tanışır; daha sonra ekonomik alanda kaydettiği gelişmeyle nitelikli işgücüne duyduğu gereksinimle isteyerek işçi göçü alır, son olarak da Orta-Doğu ve Doğu Avrupa’da gelişen siyasal çalkantılar sonucu, farklı uluslardan gelen demokrasi savaşçılarına kapılarını açar. Farklı ülkelerden farklı gerekçelerle İsveç’e ve özellikle de Stockholm’e sığınan çok sayıda aydın, beklentilerini bulamaz; bunalım, yalnızlık, yabancılaşma ve özlem içinde yaşar. Bu bağlamda, Stockholm’e 12 Mart 1971 Muhtırası ardından giden Zülfü Livaneli ile 12 Eylül 1980 öncesinde giden Demir Özlü, sürgün dönemi olarak niteledikleri göçmen yıllarındaki bireysel duygu, düşünce ve özlemlerinin yanında, Stockholm’deki göçmen toplumun durum ve sorunlarını yapıtlarına serpiştirirler. Livaneli, farklı kökenlere sahip göçmen topluluk etrafında Stockholm’ü daha çok sıkıntı veren hüzünlü bir kent olarak tanıtırken, Özlü’nün de hüzünlü olarak nitelendirdiği kent, göçmen sorunlarından çok entelektüel kimliğiyle doğup büyüdüğü İstanbul’a olan özlemini çağrıştırır. Ne var ki, her ikisinde de Stockholm zorunlu bir göçmen kentidir. Livaneli’nin yapıtının kişileri proletarya sınıfından veya en azından proleter sınıfın egemen olmasını isteyen tipler olmasına karşın, Özlü’nün kişileri sosyete çevrelerinde gezinen solcu aydınlardan oluşur. Çalışmamızın amacı, Özlü ve Livaneli’nin yazdıklarından hareketle, bir göçmen kenti olan Stockholm’ü ve orada yaşayan göçmen topluluğu mercek altına almaktır.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Two authors and a city of exile: Stockholm in Özlü and Livaneli

Sweden opens its gates to the democracy warriors from different countries upon Russia’s invasion of Finland, its need for qualified labour force with the improvement in economy, and political unsteadiness in Middle East and Eastern Europe. Many intellectuals who take refuge in Sweden, especially Stockholm, for various reasons, cannot find what they have expected, and live in depression, desolation, alienation, and yearning. In this sense, Zülfü Livaneli who goes to Stockholm after the diplomatic warning of March 1979, and Demir Özlü who goes there before the 12nd of September 1980, touch upon the condition and problems of immigrants in Stockholm, besides their own feelings, thoughts, and yearning in the years which they describe as exile. While Livaneli introduces Stockholm as a somber, disturbing city around the immigrant community from different roots, the city which Özlü characterize as somber as well, reminds him of Istanbul in which he was born and grew up with his intellectual identity. However, Stockholm is a city of immigrants for both of them. The characters of Livaneli are from proletariat, or at least the ones who want the supremacy of the proletarian class, while Özlü’s characters are composed from leftist intellectuals from socialites. Our study examines Stockholm and the immigrant community who lives there by focusing on Özlü’s and Livaneli’s works.

Bu çalışmada yazar Orhan Pamuk’un Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık adlı eserinde işlenen göç, göç olgusuna da... more Bu çalışmada yazar Orhan Pamuk’un Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık adlı eserinde işlenen göç, göç olgusuna dair kavramlarla ele alınarak, esere yansıtılan göçmenlik psikolojisi üzerinde durulacaktır. Göç aynı zamanda bir uzam değişimi anlamına da geldiği için, değişen uzamların bireylerin üzerindeki etkisi de yine irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Pamuk bu eserinde kırdan kente göç eden Mevlut Karataş ve onun çevresindeki insanların hayatlarını, İstanbul’la imtihanlarını işlemiş ve bununla birlikte Türkiye’nin yaşadığı siyasi ve sosyal anlamdaki pek çok değişimi İstanbul üzerinden eserinde göstermiştir. Göçün ekonomik ve sosyal imkanlar açısından daha iyi bir yaşam sağlaması gibi beklentilerle beraberinde getirdiği sıkıntıları, uyumsuzlukları ve hayal kırıklıklarını da işlediği iddia edilebilir. Çalışmada kişilerin İstanbul’a atfettikleriyle elde ettiklerinin çatışmasına da yer verilerek, kentle ve kent kültürüyle olan çatışmaları irdelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Çalışmada metne dayalı inceleme yönteminden yararlanılacaktır.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Immigration and space elements in Orhan Pamuk’s novel Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık

In this article, migration in Orhan Pamuk’s novel ‘Kafamda Bir Tuhaflık’ will be discussed in migration aspects and phycology of migrants. Because of migration means a changement of place at the same time, its effects to the characters will be discussed, too. In this novel, Pamuk used a character, Mevlut Karataş and people around him who has migrated İstanbul from a village for describing their lifes in İstanbul as an immigrant. Beside this he also showed some changes in social and political life of Turkey by means of migration. Pamuk described migration as a way of getting wealthier life and its negativeness, especially cultural and psychological areas. In this article it will also discussed that their expectation from İstanbul and the results. In this novel the gap which is between rural and urban life is been detected writer.

Yarım aşırı aşan bir geçmişe sahip Almanya’ya göç olgusu beraberinde önemli bir edebi birikimi (M... more Yarım aşırı aşan bir geçmişe sahip Almanya’ya göç olgusu beraberinde önemli bir edebi birikimi (Migrantenliteratur) de getirmiştir. Farklı adlandırmalar ile anılan bu edebi birikim, kendi içinde de farklı renkleri de barındıran bir özelliğe sahiptir. Edebi yazını besleyen en önemli kaynaklardan biri toplumdur. Yazarın içinde yaşadığı toplumsal yapı ve problemler üstü kapalı veya açık bir şekilde onun yazılarına yansımaktadır. Bu bağlamda araştırma, 50’li yaşlarında Almanya’ya giden ve ömrünün sonuna kadar orada yaşayan, birçok edebi ve düşünsel çalışması ile Türk edebiyatında önemli bir isim olan Fakir Baykurt’un “Koca Ren” ve Yüksek Fırınlar” adlı romanları ile birlikte Duisburg Üçlemesi’nin son kitabı olan “Yarım Ekmek” romanında ele aldığı konu ve roman kahramanları üzerinden din ve gelenek olgusu sosyolojik bir yaklaşımla ele alınmaktadır. Toplumcu-gerçekçi çizgide yer alan yazarın, uzun yıllar yaşadığı Türkiye’deki siyasi ve ideolojik geçmişi bu romanda kullandığı dil ve kurguladığı kahramanlarda kendini göstermektedir. Romanda Almanya’nın Duisburg şehrinde yaşayan Türklerin yeni kültürel ortamda yaşadıkları çatışma, kültürel şok, arada kalmışlık, iki kültürlülük temaları ön plandadır. Yazar romanda sadece Almanya’daki Türkleri ele almamakta, aynı zamanda Türkiye ile hatta başka ülkeler ile de ilişkilendirmeler yaparak bireysel ve toplumsal konuları ele almaktadır. Araştırmada, romanda yer alan dini ve geleneksel unsurlar sosyolojik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Genel anlamda bir göç romanı olma özelliği yanında Yarım Ekmek romanında dini, siyasi ve ideolojik birçok yorum ve tartışma söz konusudur. Romandaki bu veriler, inanç, ritüel, siyaset ve toplumsal boyutlarda kategorize edilerek ele alınmıştır.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Religion and identity reflections in literature of immigrant: Religion and Tradition in Fakir Baykurt’s novel Yarım Ekmek

The immigration fact which has nearly half century in Germany have brought a significant literal accumulation (Migrantenliteratur) in its wake. This literal accumulation, which is named as several denominations, has a feature including different colours in itself. One of the most important source snourishing literature is society. Societal structure and problems that the writer lives inside, directly or indirectly reflect on his/her compositions. In this context, the matter of religion and tradition by way of the issue and fictious characters in the novel of Fakir Baykurt who went to Germany in her 50’s and lived in there till his death and who is a considerable name in Turkish literature with his several literal and intellectual workings; “Yarım Ekmek” which is the third novel of Duisburg Trilogy with “Koca Ren” and “Yüksek Fırınlar” are discussed sociologically in the study. The political and ideological past of the socialist realist lined writer in Turkey where he spent his life for a long time, manifest itself on the speech and fictious characters of novel. In the novel, themes of new Turks’ conflict, cultural shock, being in the middle, bi culturalism in their new cultural nature in Duisburg which is the city they live in. The writer not only deals with Turks in Germany but also personal and social subjects via comparing them to Turkey and even other countries. In the study, religious and traditional elements analyzed sociologically. Besides the speciality of being a migration novel in general, there are a lot of religious, political and ideological interpretations and discussions in the novel. These datum in the novel are examinated in the context of belief, ritual, politics and social categorisation.

Yahya Kemal 1903-1912 yılları arasında dokuz sene boyunca ülkesinden uzakta, Paris’te yaşamıştır.... more Yahya Kemal 1903-1912 yılları arasında dokuz sene boyunca ülkesinden uzakta, Paris’te yaşamıştır. O yıllarda Türk entelektüellerinin gitmeye can attığı bir kenttir Paris. Yahya Kemal için de bu yolculuk, her şeyden önce kültürel bir zorunluluktur. Ancak o, Fransız kültüründen ve genel anlamda Batı medeniyetinden etkilenmekle birlikte, kendi kültürel mirasını gözardı etmeyecek ve Paris’te Osmanlı şiirini ve tarihini inceleyecek, kültürel kimlik meseleleri üzerinde derinden düşünecektir. Diğer taraftan, Yahya Kemal’in yolculuğunun kişisel ve psikolojik bir boyutu da vardır. Bu boyutun en önemli bileşenini şairin henüz on üç yaşındayken kaybettiği annesi oluşturur. Bu yazıda, Yahya Kemal’in yolculuğunun nasıl şiirsel bir yolculuğa dönüştüğü, metaforlar üzerinden gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Journey and poetry’s existential adventure in Yahya Kemal

Yahya Kemal has lived far from his country, in Paris, between 1903 and 1912. In those years Turkish intellectuals are longing to go to this town. For Yahya Kemal, this journey is above all, a cultural necessity. Although he is influenced by French culture and by Occidental civilization, he will not neglect his cultural heritage and will study Ottoman poetry and history and will meditate on cultural identity issues during his stay in Paris. In addition, Yahya Kemal’s journey has also a personal and psychological aspect. His mother whom he has lost when he was only thirteen years old constitutes the main component of this aspect. This article aims to show, by way of keeping track of metaphors, how Yahya Kemal’s journey is transformed to a poetic journey.

Saniye Dedeoğlu (2014). Migrants, Work and Social Integration, Women’s Labour in Turkish Ethnic ... more Saniye Dedeoğlu (2014). Migrants, Work and Social Integration, Women’s Labour in Turkish Ethnic Economy (Göçmenler, Çalışma ve Sosyal Entegrasyon, Türkiyelilerin Etnik Ekonomisinde Kadın Emeği). Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship Series, Palgrave-Macmillan, ISBN: 9781137371119, 1. Baskı, 202 Sayfa.

Göç, göçmenler ve çalışma hayatı konuları akademik yazında üzerinde çokça çalışılan alanlardır. Bu çerçevede 2014 yılında yayınlanan Göçmenler, Çalışma ve Sosyal Entegrasyon / Türkiyelilerin Etnik Ekonomisinde Kadın Emeği isimli, önsöz kısmında bir nevi kendi durduğu yeri ve pozisyonu tarif ettiği kitabıyla, Dedeoğlu, göç, emek piyasaları ve sosyal entegrasyon literatürüne, toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifiyle katkıda bulunmaktadır. Avrupa toplumlarındaki sosyoekonomik dönüşümlere toplumsal cinsiyet ve göç çalışmaları yoluyla eğilmenin ve bu dönüşümlerde kadınların etkisinin/rolünün ortaya konulmasının önemine işaret eden kitap, yazarın sözleriyle, bir kadın tarafından yazılmış, kadınların seslerinin, yaşamlarının ve hikâyelerinin ifade edildiği, Türkiyeli topluluğun Britanya’ya göçünün hikâyesi olarak tarif edilebilir.Londra’da kadınlar, işyeri sahipleri, aileler ve topluluk liderleriyle derinlemesine görüşmelerin ve gözlemlerin yapıldığı, 15 aylık alan araştırması üzerine kurgulanmış bu kitapta özetle Londra’daki Türkiyelilerin etnik ekonomisinde kadın emeği/çalışması ve Türkiyelilerin sosyal entegrasyonu ve Türkiyeli toplumun toplumsal cinsiyet ideolojilerinin ve yapısının kadınlar üzerindeki sonuçları işlenmektedir.

B. Dilara Şeker, İbrahim Sirkeci, M. Murat Yüceşahin (der.) (2015). Göç ve Uyum, Turkish Migratio... more B. Dilara Şeker, İbrahim Sirkeci, M. Murat Yüceşahin (der.) (2015). Göç ve Uyum, Turkish Migration Series, London, UK: Transnational Press London (ISBN: 978-191078108-1 ) 1. Baskı, 202 Sayfa.

21. Yüzyıl göç çağı mı olacak? Dünyadaki son yirmi yılda yaşanan nüfus hareketlerine bakılırsa, uluslararası göç önümüzdeki yıllarda da katlanarak artmaya devam edecek gibi görünüyor. Ulaşım ve iletişim teknolojisindeki gelişmeler, bölgesel çaplı çatışmalar, savaşlar, ekonomik anlamda yeni bir gelecek kurma istediği vs. gibi sebeplerle sınırlar arası mobilizasyon daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar artıyor. Göçün yaygınlaşmasına koşut olarak sosyal bilimler disiplini içerisinde göç konusuna yönelik ilgi de gün geçtikçe artıyor. Turkish Migration Series arasından çıkan “Göç ve Uyum”, B.Dilara Şeker, İbrahim Sirkeci ve M.Murat Yüceşahin’in editörlüğünde hazırlanan derleme bir kitap çalışması. Kitap, her bir bölüm başka yazar/yazarlar tarafından kaleme alınmış on üç bölümden oluşuyor.

Yakın zamanlı ve çeşitli tahminler başka ülkelerde yaşayan Türkiye kökenli göçmenlerin kabaca 5 i... more Yakın zamanlı ve çeşitli tahminler başka ülkelerde yaşayan Türkiye kökenli göçmenlerin kabaca 5 ila 6 milyon kadar ama başka ülkelerden gelip Türkiye’de bulunan göçmenlerin-sığınmacıların 3 ila 4 milyon dolayında bir büyüklüğe eriştiğini gösteriyor. Bu her iki kaba tahmini bir araya getirdiğimizde Türkiye’yi ilgilendirecek şekilde toplamda 8-10 milyon arasında bir uluslararası göçmen büyüklüğünün oluşumu oldukça dikkat çekici. Elbette bu büyüklük, uluslararası hareketlere katılan Türkiye kökenli veya Türkiye’ye gelip yerleşen göçmenelere ilişkin kesin verilerin üretimi ile netlik kazanacaktır. Ama bunların da ötesinde bu büyüklük, artık Türkiye’nin milyonları yurt dışına göndermekte olduğunu ve başka ülkelerden Türkiye’ye yönelen milyonlarca insanı da barındırdığını söylemeye yetiyor. Bu önemli bilgiyi geçtiğimiz Haziran ayında Çek Cumhuriyeti’nin başkenti Prag’da düzenlenen Türk Göç Konferansı 2015’te sunulan pek çok bildiri de doğruluyor. Bu yazımda, söz konusu konferansın hem bir katılımcısı hem de düzenleme komitesinin bir üyesi olarak; konferansın çeşitli boyutlarına ilişkin gözlemlerimi aktaracak şekilde bir değerlendirme yapmayı ve konferansa özgü önemli çıktılara değinmeyi amaçlıyorum.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Conference Report: Turkish Migration Conference 2015, Prague, Czech Republic

More recent and other estimations indicate that the number of immigrants who are originally from Turkey is roughly about 5 to 6 millions while those who moved to Turkey from other countries reach about 3 to 4 millions. When these two figures are added together about 8 to 10 million international migrants appear asa striking fact. Of course, these numbers will only be accurate when such data is produced on the number of Turkish origin immigrants and immigrants in Turkey. However, beyond this, Turkey has been sending millions abroad and now receiving millions from other countries too. This has been marked by several papers presented at the Turkish Migration Conference which was held at Prague, the capital of Czech Republic in June 2015. In this paper, I am discussing the outputs, as well as several aspects and features of this conference where I was both a member of the organisation committee and a presenting participant.

Bu makalede, Londra’da genellikle “Türkçe konuşan topluluk” başlığı altında sınıflandırılan Türki... more Bu makalede, Londra’da genellikle “Türkçe konuşan topluluk” başlığı altında sınıflandırılan Türkiyeli göçmenlerin etnik (Türk/Kürt) ve mezhepsel (Sünni/Alevi) kimliklerinin Türkiye ve İngiltere siyasetine yönelik ilgi ve katılım düzeylerine ne ölçüde etki ettiği incelenmektedir. Çalışmada, Haziran – Eylül 2013 tarihleri arasında Londra’da 213 göçmenle yapılan anket çalışması neticesinde elde edilen veriler önce Faktör Analizi daha sonra MANOVA (Tek Yönlü Çok Değişkenli Varyans Analizi) testinden geçirilmiştir. Faktör analizi ile bireylerin siyasal yaşama katılımlarını gösteren (“sivil katılım”, “siyasal ilgi”, “siyasal eylem” olmak üzere üç başlıkta sınıflandırılan) anlamlı değişkenler (faktörler) elde edilmiştir. Değişkenler elde edildikten sonra ise MANOVA analizinden yararlanılarak farklı etnik ve mezhepsel aidiyet gruplarının bu değişkenler üzerinde etkisi olup olmadığına bakılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda Londra’da yaşayan Türkiyeli göçmenlerin etnik ve mezhepsel kökenlerinin siyasal katılım düzeyleri üzerinde etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Turkish migrants living in London and the impact of ethnic and religious belongings on their political attitude and behvaiour

This article investigates levels of the participation in political life of a particular migrant community referred to as ‘Turkish speaking community’ both in their country of origin (Turkey) and their country of residence (UK). This article specifically focuses on the effects of these migrants groups’ ethnic (i.e. Kurdish/ Turkish) and religious/sectarian (i.e. Alevi/Sunni) identities on their level of participation in the political life in Turkey and in the UK. The data informing this article was collected via administration of surveys with 213 participants between June and September 2013 with aforementioned migrant population. The data was analysis consisted of initial factor analysis followed by MANOVA. Through factor analysis meaningful variances in demonstrating the three types of participation in political life (civil participation, political interest and political activism) was revealed (bu umleyihala anlamadim ama sent mm diyorsan). After the determining of the dependant variables MANOVA analysis were conducted to determine the role of ethnic and religious belongingness on the dependent variables, i.e. types of participation in the political life. The research concluded that ethnic and religious belongingness directly influience degree of political participation of the migrants from Turkey.

Daha önce 2015 Türk Göç Konferansı’nda Prag’da açılış konuşması olarak sunulmuş olan bu makalede,... more Daha önce 2015 Türk Göç Konferansı’nda Prag’da açılış konuşması olarak sunulmuş olan bu makalede, Brettell ABD’de Hintlilerin sivil topluma ve siyaste katılım süreçlerini ve vatandaşlık edinme süreçlerini tartışmaktadır. Dallas Fort Worths Metropol bölgesinde yaşayan Hindistan ve Vietnam doğumlu göçmenlerin ABD vatandaşlığına geçiş süreçlerini kültürel vatandaşlık kavramı çerçevesinde bölgede gerçekleştirdiği nitel saha çalışmasına dayanarak inceliyor. Toplumsal katılım bir süreçtir. Bu gözlemde birey bir yere yerleştikçe büyük sivil ve siyasi varlığı olan toplum derneklerinin etkinliklerine katılıyor olması; bir pratik toplumundan diğerine doğru, yani Lave ve Wenger’in ileri sürdüğü gibi periferde bir konumdan merkeze doğru kayıyor olması kastediliyor. Ancak aynı zamanda bu etkinlikler, yeni göçmenlerin aidiyetlerini, Amerikan olmanın anlamı ve ne tür bir Amerikalı olmak istedikleri tartışması içinde nasıl kurguladıklarını da göstermektedir.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

This paper originally delivered as a keynote speech at the Turkish Migration Conference 2015 in Prague, Czech Republic on June 25, 2015. It focuses on civic engagementi political participation and citizenship practices of Asian Indians in Dallas Fort Worth Metropolitan area drawing on qualitative field research material. Community participation is a process. Embedded in this observation is an understanding that as the individual branches out, he or she is becoming involved with associations with great civic and/or political presence, moving from one community of practice to another, and from a peripheral position to one of greater participation to invoke the ideas of Lave and Wenger. But equally, these activities illustrate how new immigrants construct their own sense of belonging as they engage with and interpret what it means to be an American and what kind of an American they want to be.

Göç Dergisi yayın hayatındaki üç sayıyı geride bırakıyor ve bizler bu mutluluğu sizlerle paylaşma... more Göç Dergisi yayın hayatındaki üç sayıyı geride bırakıyor ve bizler bu mutluluğu sizlerle paylaşmanın ve yeni sayımızı takdim etmenin heyecanı içerisindeyiz.

Dünyanın hemen her yerinde gittikçe artan insan hareketliliği akademyada göç araştırmaları alanında yapılan bilimsel aktivitelerin sayısını hızlıca çoğaltıyor. Ancak uzun bir süredir Suriye’yi bir yaşam mekânı olmaktan çıkaran çatışma ortamı, kriz öncesinde burada yaşayan insanların pek çoğunu ülkelerini terk etmek zorunda bırakıyor. Bu süreçte başka ülkelere, daha iyi yaşam koşullarına ve alanlarına sahip olabilme arzusuyla durmadan yer değiştiren Suriyelilerin kimi zaman Akdeniz ve Orta Doğu bölgesi ile Avrupa’da dramatik bir şekilde sonlanan yolculuk ve yaşam mücadelesi deneyimlerine tanık oluyoruz.[1]

ENGLISH ABSTRACT
Editorial: Introduction to a new issue

Göç Dergisi has completed the first three issues and we are very proud of presenting the new issue to our readers. Almost everywhere around the world, there is an increasing human mobility which encourages and increases the interest and number of studies in academia on the subject matter. However, for a long while, the conflict which made Syria uninhabitable drives the people out of their homes. In this process, we are witnessing some Syrians who hope for better living conditions willing to move to other countries face tragic ends in Mediterranean, Middle Eastern or European countries.

Keywords: migration; migrant; asylum seeker; refugee; Syria; Turkey

Göç ve Çocuk Özel Sayısı MAKALE ÇAĞRISI Özel Sayı Editörü: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yasemin Çakırer Özservet... more Göç ve Çocuk Özel Sayısı MAKALE ÇAĞRISI
Özel Sayı Editörü: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yasemin Çakırer Özservet, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul

Yazı Teslimi İçin Son Tarih: 5 Ocak 2016
Göç Dergisi’nin Mayıs 2016’te yayımlanacak olan 5. sayısı, Göç ve Çocuk Özel Sayısı olacaktır.

Çok keskin sınırlarımız olmamakla birlikte, yazı konuları şunlardır:
• Tarih boyunca göç ve çocuk
• Refakatsiz göçmen çocuk ve sorunları
• Göçmen çocuk ve barınma ihtiyacı
• Göçmen çocuk işçiliği
• Göçmen çocuk ve eğitim
• Göçmen çocuk ve sağlık hizmetleri erişimi
• Türkiyeli göçmen çocuklar, göçü çocukken deneyimleyenler ve çocukluk anıları
• Göçmen çocuk ve katılım
• Çocuk ve oyun bağlamında göç olgusu
• Göçmen çocuğa dair edebi metinler

Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesinin ardından, ulus ötesi etkileriyle küresel gelişmeler, güvenlik konus... more Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesinin ardından, ulus ötesi etkileriyle küresel gelişmeler, güvenlik konusunda çalışan akademisyenleri, politika yapıcıları, siyasetçileri devletmerkezli ve askeri-odaklı güvenlik tanımının ötesine taşımıştır. Bu dönüşümle, kalkınmayı güvenlikle ilişkilendiren söylemler de ivme kazanmıştır. Bu söylemlerin ve güvenlik ile kalkınma arasında kurulan bağın göç ve hareketlilik olguları üzerinde de önemli etkileri olmuştur. Zenginler, vasıflı işçiler, "gelişmiş" Batı'nın turistleri serbest dolaşım hakkından sorunsuz bir şekilde yararlanırken; aynı hakkı kullanmak isteyen, sığınmacıları, mültecileri, fakir, vasıfsız ve "düzensiz" göçmenleri kapsayan ve "artık nüfus" olarak nitelendirilebilecek gruplar yoğun ve sert teknolojik/bürokratik kontrol ve güvenlik pratiklerine maruz kalmaya başlamıştır. Bu pratiklerden bir tanesi, Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) dış sınırlarını bu "istenmeyen"/"artık nüfusa" karşı korumak için faaliyete geçirilen Frontex'in kurulmasıdır. Operasyonel ve kurumsal yapısı itibariyle militarize bir organ olan Frontex, "artık nüfus"tan doğabilecek sözde tehditlere karşı bir kontrol teknolojisine dönüşmüştür. Bu çalışma, biyopolitikayı bir yönetim teknolojisi olarak ele alan Foucaultcu yaklaşım temelinde, bu değişim ve gelişmeleri eleştirel bir yolla çözümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunu yaparken, ilk olarak, AB'nin göç rejimini şekillendiren ve biyopolitikanın bir yansıması olan kalkınma ve güvenlik arasında kurulan bağ tahlil edilmiştir. Daha sonra, Frontex ve Frontex'in Türkiye-Yunanistan sınırındaki rolü incelenerek bu tahlil daha somut hale getirilmiştir. Son olarak, Frontex'in operasyonlarının göçmen haklarını ihlal ettiği ortaya konmuş ve bu nedenle AB ve ilgili devletler tarafından geliştirilen biyopolitik göç rejimine karşı insan odaklı, eleştirel bir siyasi duruşun geliştirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmıştır.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT

Minoo Alinia, Honor and Violence against Women in Iraqi Kurdistan. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 190 ... more Minoo Alinia, Honor and Violence against Women in Iraqi Kurdistan. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 190 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-137-36700-6).

Fevzi Bilgin and Ali Sarıhan (eds.), Understanding Turkey’s Kurdish Question, Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2013, 250 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-7391-8402-8).

Michael M. Gunter, Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War, Hurst Publishers, London, 2014, 169 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-84904-435-6).

Mohammed Shareef, The United States, Iraq and the Kurds: Shock, Awe and Aftermath, New York and Oxon: Routledge, 2014, 234 pp., (ISBN-13: 978-0415719902).

Latif Tas, Legal Pluralism in Action: Dispute Resolution and the Kurdish Peace Committee, Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, 208 pp., (ISBN-13: 978-1472422088).

Galia Goran and Walid Salem (eds.), Non-State Actors in the Middle East: Factors for Peace and Democracy, Oxon: Routledge, 2013, 230 pp., (ISBN-13: 978-0415517058).

Mehmed S. Kaya, The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011, xii, 223 pp., (ISBN 978-1-84511-875-4).

Shanna Kirschner, Trust and Fear in Civil Wars: Ending Intrastate Conflicts, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, 189 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-7391-9641-0).

Professor Mirella Galletti, a great friend of the Kurds, died in Rome on 4 September 2012. Mirell... more Professor Mirella Galletti, a great friend of the Kurds, died in Rome on 4 September 2012. Mirella's work is of inestimable value to the field of Kurdish Studies and her publications cover not only the history, society and traditions of the Kurds, but also the Christian minorities of the Middle East, particularly those of Iraq and Kurdistan.

This review analyses the recent contributions of Elise Massicard and Markus Dressler to Alevi stu... more This review analyses the recent contributions of Elise Massicard and Markus Dressler to Alevi studies. While Massicard employs methods of political sociology and transna-tional identity politics, Dressler is concerned with the intrinsic relation between the religious and the secular as well as the place of religion in nation-state building projects. Massicard argues that formulating Alevism is context and actor dependent and shaped simultaneously in its interaction with diverse actors, which she calls identity movement without an identity. The emphasis on the audience in defining Alevism might stem from the inadequacy of the universal language of religion to accommodate Alevi expression. Similarly, Dressler argues that the modern Alevi tradition was constructed at the intersection of Turkish nation building, modern religion discourse and Islamic apologetics and criticises the modernist discourse on religion such as the heterodoxy/orthodoxy binary for its insufficiency to capture the complexities of different contexts.

Turkey’s rising leftist student movement in the late 1960s admired the Palestinian Fedayeen movem... more Turkey’s rising leftist student movement in the late 1960s admired the Palestinian Fedayeen movement and considered it as a school for their own future struggle. In the late 1960s young Turkish-Kurdish leftist students went to Palestinian guerilla camps in Lebanon to be trained in preparation for armed struggle in Turkey. That relationship gained new momentum following the 1980 military coup in Turkey, which heavily impacted Turkish and Kurdish radical movements. The Palestinian camps turned out to be a major retreat for these Turkish-Kurdish groups, among whom the PKK was a primary beneficiary. The PKK seized this opportunity not only for military training but also for organisational recovery which almost no other Turkish or Kurdish movement managed. This article aims to trace the relationship between Turkish-Kurdish radical movements and Palestinian organisations, focusing mainly on the PKK. I argue that the PKK has made use of this relationship in realising the so-called “Palestinian Dream” within the Kurdish context.

“Xewna Felestînê” li meydana kurdî

Kurte Hereketa xwendekarên çepgir ya Tirkiyeyê, ku di dawiya salên 60an de bihêz dibû, bi hijmekarî bal û nezera xwe dabûne ser hereketa “Feda’îyên Felestînê” û ew wek mektebekê didîtin ji bo têkoşîna xwe ya paşerojê. Dawiya salên 60an, xwendekarên ciwan ên çepgir ên tirk û kurd çûne nav kempên gerîlayên Felestînê li Lubnanê da ku xwe ji bo têkoşîna çekdarî li Tirkiyeyê amade bikin. Ew têkilî piştî derbeya leşkerî ya 1980an li Tirkiyeyê hêj bihêztir bû û tesîreke mezin li hereketên radîkal ên tirk û kurd kir. Kempên Felestînê bûne stargehên girîng ji bo van komên tirk-kurd, ku ji nav wan herî zêde PKKyê sûd jê wergirt. PKKyê ev îmkan ne tenê ji bo perwerdeya leşkerî lê herwiha ji bo selihandin û biserxwedehatina xwe ya rêxistînî jî bi kar anî, ya ku ti yek ji hereketên tirk-kurd ên din nekarîbûn pêk bînin. Ev gotar dikeve pey têkiliya di navbera hereketên radîkal ên tirk-kurd û rêxistinên Felestînî de, lê bi taybetî li ser PKKyê hûr dibe, û nîşan dide ku PKKyê ji vê îmkanê wisa îstifade kiriye ku “Xewna Felestînê” li meydana kurdî pêk bîne.

When founded in 1978, the PKK defined itself as a socialist movement aiming to create a classless... more When founded in 1978, the PKK defined itself as a socialist movement aiming to create a classless society through the formation of a new state-power. In the 1990s, the ideology of the PKK began to change and this transformation became apparent in the 2000s. The PKK has since completely abandoned its statist Marxist-Leninist national liberationist ideology, and has instead proposed to build “democratic modernity” through the creation of an anti-capitalist, anti-industrialist, women emancipatory and ecologist “democratic confederalism” framework. This project defines the ecologist-rural communes grounded on food sovereignty as its basic economic units. This article argues that the transformation of the PKK’s goals on the political economy of the Kurdish region is shaped by, on the one hand, the world systemic and internal restraints acting upon the PKK, and on the other hand, the ideological responses of the PKK to those restraints.

Keywords: The PKK; Abdullah Öcalan; democratic modernity; democratic confederalism; anti-capitalist movements.

Guherîna îdeolojîk di PKKyê de û aboriya siyasî ya herêma kurdî li Tirkiyeyê
Gava di sala 1978an de hate damezrandin, PKKyê xwe wek hereketeke sosyalîst pênase kiribû û armanca xwe wisa danîbû ku civakeke bêçîn durist bike bi rêya avakirina desthilata dewleteke nû. Di salên 1990an de îdeolojiya PKKyê dest bi guherînê kir û di salên 2000an de ev guherîn pir aşkera bû. Ji hingê ve, PKKyê bi temamî dest ji îdeolojiya xwe ya Marksî-Lenînî ya azadiya neteweyî kêşaye, li batî wê, ragihandiye ku dixwaze “modernîteya demokratîk” ava bike bi rêya duristkirina çarçoveyeke “konfederaliya demokratîk” a dij-sermayedarî, dij-endûstrîgerî, jin-rizgarkerane û ekolojîk. Di vê projeyê de yekeyên aborî yên esasî ew komûnên ekolojîst-gundî ne ku li ser serbixweyiya xwe ya xurekî pêk hatine (anku ji bo bidestxistina xureka xwe ne muhtacê derve ne). Ev gotar diyar dike ku guherînên di armancên PKKyê yên li ser aboriya siyasî ya herêma kurdî, ji aliyekê ve, ji ber wan zext û berbest û mehdûdiyetên sîstemî yên global û navxweyî pêk hatine ku kar di PKKyê dikin, ji aliyê dî ve, ji ber bersivên îdeolojîk ên PKKyê ne bo wan berbest û mehdûdiyetan.

Writing Kurdish literary history, that is a historical account of the development of Kurdish lite... more Writing Kurdish literary history, that is a historical account of the development of Kurdish literature, is a fairly new project. Literary critics have strived to construct a comprehensive narrative of the evolution of poetry and prose and to classify individual works into certain schools and movements. Doing so, however, has proved to be a challenging task for Kurdish literature predominantly due to the lack of adequate knowledge of classical, and even contemporary, literature as a consequence of sizeable unpublished or lost manuscripts. In fact, the scarcity of knowledge on classical literature has left critics with a fragmented and episodic picture of Kurdish literary history. In this article I evaluate Kurdish literary historiography in the light of the scarcity of information and examine its ideological foundation and methodological problems. I discuss the significance of collecting, editing and publishing documents and manuscripts as a crucial step in rewriting Kurdish literary history and the way this might change our understanding of Kurdish literature.

Keywords: Kurdish literature; literary history; literary canon; manuscript; classification; periodisation.

Astengên li ber nivîsîna tarîxa edebiyata kurdî: Pêşkeşkirin, tesnîfkirin, û qonaxbendî
Nivîsîna tarîxa edebiyata kurdî, anku nivîsîna tarîxa werar û geşeya edebiyata kurdî, hewldaneke nû ye. Rexnegirên edebî hewla wê yekê dane ku wêneyekî giştgîr ê şi’r û pexşana kurdî bikêşin û berhemên nivîseran jî di nav rewt û hereketên edebî de bisenifînin. Lê belê, ev yek kar û erkekî zehmet e di çarçoveya edebiyata kurdî de, lewre windabûn an belavnebûna gelek ji destnivîsan nahêle ku zanyariyên saxlem û berfireh bi dest bikevin li ser edebiyata klasîk û hevçerx. Lewma bi tenê zanyariyên belawela hene li ber destê me sebaret bi tarîxa edebiyata kurdî. Ev gotar binemayên îdeolojîk/hizrî yên tarîxnivîsiya edebiyata kurdî û kêşeyên wê yên mêtodolojîk rave dike û balê dikêşe ser girîngiya berhevkirin, amadekirin û belavkirina belge û destnivîsaran wek pêngaveke esasî di jinûve-nivîsîna tarîxa edebiyata kurdî de, hewldanek ku dikare têgihiştina me li ser edebiyata kurdî biguhere.

Adem Uzun, “Living Freedom”: The Evolution of the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey and the Efforts to R... more Adem Uzun, “Living Freedom”: The Evolution of the Kurdish Conflict in Turkey and the Efforts to Resolve it. Berghof Transitions Series No. 11. Berlin: Berghof Foundation, 2014. 48 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-941514-16-4).

Ebru Sönmez, Idris-i Bidlisi: Ottoman Kurdistan and Islamic Legitimacy, Libra Kitap, Istanbul, 2012, 190 pp., (ISBN: 978-605-4326-56-3).

Sabri Ateş, The Ottoman–Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843-1914, New York; Cambridge University Press, 2013. 366., (ISBN: 978-1107033658).

Choman Hardi, Gendered Experiences of Genocide: Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq. Farnham, Surrey and Burlington Vermont: Ashgate, 2011, xii + 217 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-7546-7715-4).

Harriet Allsopp, The Kurds of Syria: Political Parties and Identity in the Middle East, London and New York, I.B. Tauris, 2014, 299 pp., (ISBN: 978-1780765631).

Khanna Omarkhali (ed.), Religious Minorities in Kurdistan: Beyond the Mainstream [Studies in Oriental Religions, Volume 68], Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2014, xxxviii + 423 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-447-10125-7).

Anna Grabole-Çeliker, Kurdish Life in Contemporary Turkey: Migration, Gender and Ethnic Identity, London: I.B. Taurus, 2013, 299 pp., (ISBN: 978-1780760926).

This article is about diverse types of convergence as well a few examples of how diversity within... more This article is about diverse types of convergence as well a few examples of how diversity within Kurdish affects the modern Aramaic dialectal landscape in Kurdistan. Kurdish-Aramaic bilingualism has had a major impact on Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages. There are numerous challenges to a comprehensive study of contact between the two speech communities, whose far-reaching history is intriguing yet highly complicated. In so doing, the functional-communicative approach mainly developed by Yaron Matras will be helpful, which presupposes that bilingual discourse is the primary locus of contact-induced change. Different factors play a role: those that facilitate, that constrain and that motivate the borrowing. This approach makes a valuable distinction between the borrowing of linguistic matter (concrete word-forms and parts) and the borrowing of linguistic patterns (constructions and their usage). It will be observed that the Jewish Aramaic dialects to the east of the Greater Zab River in the sphere of Central Kurdish influence are less resistant to incorporating Kurdish material, whereas those to the west of it tend to adapt to patterns of Northern Kurdish while making use of native Aramaic material.

Cihêrengî di konverjansê de: Lêk-aliyana cudatiyên navxweyî yên kurdî û ara-miyê

Ev meqale li ser awayên cihê yên konverjansê [levqelibîna zimanan] û li ser wan nimûneyan e ku rola cudatiyên navxweyî yên zimanê kurdî nîşan didin di şiklgirtina zaravayên aramiya hevçerx de li Kurdistanê. Duzimaniya kurdî-aramî tesîreke gelek mezin kiriye li ser birê rojhilatî yê zimanên aramiya nû. Gelek asteng hene li ber vekolîneke berfireh a temasa zimanî ya di navbera herdu cemaetên zimanî de, ku tarîxa wan a pir qedîm hem têkel e hem jî aloz e. Ji bo hewleke wisa, modêla fonksiyonel-komûnîkatîv [erkî-ragihandinî], ku bi taybetî Yaron Matrasî pêş xistiye, dê gelek kêrhatî be, lewre pêşferza vê modêlê ew e ku axiftina duzimanî navenda guherîna zimanî ya bi rêya temasa zimanan e. Fakterên cuda xwedan rol in: hindek fakter rêxweşker in, hindek astengker û hindek jî handerên deynkirinê [ya peyv û amrazên rêzimanî] ne. Ev modêl cudatiyeke binirx dixe navbera deynkirina keresteyê zimanî (peyv û form û parçeyên berçav) û deynkirina nimûne û mastereyên zimanî (binyad û avanî û şiklê bikaranîna wan). Di vê meqaleyê de dê diyar bibe ku ew zaravayên aramiya cihûyan yên li rojhilatê rûbarê Zêya Mezin, ku li jêr tesîra soraniyê ne, zêdetir keresteyê zimanî yê kurdiyê deyn dikin û dixine nav sîstema zimanê xwe, di demekê de ku zaravayên li rojavayê wî rûbarî bêtir nimûne û mastereyên kurmanciyê werdigirin lê heman keresteyê zimanî yê aramiyê bi kar tînin.

جۆربەجۆری لەناو یەکگرتنەوەدا: تێکئاڵانی جیاوازی زمانی کوردی و ئارامی

ئەم وتارە لەمەڕ شێوە جۆربەجۆرەکانی یەکگرتنەوەیە و هەروەها چەند نموونەیەک لەوەی کە چۆن زمانی کوردی کاریگەری لەسەر بەرجەوەندی زاراوەیی ئارامیی هاوچەرخ لە کوردستان دادەنێت. دووزمانیەتی کوردی ــ ئارامی کاریگەرییەکی زۆری لەسەر زمانە نوێ ــ ئارامییەکانی ڕۆژهەڵات هەبووە. چەندین ئاستەنگ لەسەر ڕێگای توێژینەوەیەکی گشتگر سەبارەت بە پەیوەندی نێوان کۆمەڵەی ئاخێوەرانی ئەم دوو زمانە لە ئارادایە. ئەو جڤاتانەی کە لەگەڵ ئەوەدا مێژوویەکی هاوبەشیان هەیە بەسەرسووڕمانەوە هێشتا بە ئاڵۆزی ماوەنەتەوە. لەم هەوڵەودا بۆچوونێکی کارکرد ــ ڕاگەیاندنی، کە زیاتر یارۆن مەترەس پەرەی پێداوە، کەڵکی زۆری دەبێت. چونکە پێش‌گریمانەی ئەم بۆچوونە ئەوەیە گوتاری دووزمانیەتی، ناوەندی سەرەکی گۆڕانکارییەکە کە بە هۆی پەیوەندییەوە چێ دەبێت. چەند هۆی جیاواز لەم باسەدا دەور دەبینن: ئەوانەی ڕێگاخۆشکەرن؛ ئەوانەی ڕێگرن و یان هاندەری ئەوەن کە لەباری زمانییەوە لە زمانێکی تر قەرز بکرێت. ئەم بۆچوونە لە نێوان قەرزکردنی کەرەسەی پێویستی زمانی (ئەو بەشانەی زمان و شێوازەکانی وشە کە بەرچاون) لەگەڵ قەرزکردنی نموونە زمانییەکان (داڕشتنە ڕێزمانییەکان و شێوازی بەکارهێنانیان) هەڵاوردەیەکی بەنرخ بەدەستەوە دەدات. لێرەدا دەردەکەوێت کە ئەو زاراوە ئارامی جوولەکانەی کە دەکەونە ڕۆژهەڵاتی ڕووباری زێی گەورە و لە دەڤەری کاریگەری زمانی کوردیی ناوەندیدان کەمتر لە بەرامبەر بەکارهێنانی کوردیدا بەرگری دەکەن، ئەمە لە کاتێکدایە ئەو زاراوانەی کە لە ڕۆژئاوای ڕووبارەکەدان زیاتر دەیانەوێت نموونەکانی کوردیی باکور بەکار بهێنن و لە هەمان کاتدا کەرەسەکانی زمانی ئارامی ڕەسەن دەکار دەکەن.

In this paper I review a semantic analysis of the Badini Kurdish modal particles dê and da (Unger... more In this paper I review a semantic analysis of the Badini Kurdish modal particles dê and da (Unger, 2012). This analysis claims that the modal particles are procedural indicators in the sense of Blakemore (2002) triggering cognitive inferential procedures relating to assessing the speaker's commitment to the veracity of the communicated content and to the speaker's reliability for making true claims about the eventualities described. Since audiences interpret utterances for optimal relevance following a path of least effort (Sperber and Wilson 1995), these minimal clues for constraining the pragmatic interpretation process are enough to guide audiences arriving at the temporal, modal and aspectual interpretations intended by the speaker. I argue that the standard Kurmanji particle wê triggers slightly different procedures than Badini dê. These differences provide semantic explanations to variation in Northern Kurdish dialects with respect to the indication of future time and with reference to possible but non-factual worlds.

Pirtikên raweyî yên dê û da di kurdiya badînî de: semantîka prosedûrî û cudatiyên zimanî ya navxweyî

Di vê meqaleyê de ez vedigerime ser tehlîleke semantîk (Unger, 2012) a pêştir li ser pirtikên raweyî (modal particles) yên dê û da di kurdiya badînî de. Îdiaya vê tehlîlê ew e ku ev pirtikên raweyî nîşanên prosedûrî ne, li dû pênaseya Blakemore (2002), ku rê li ber prosedûrên hişî yên bimenakirinê vedikin ku ew prosedûr fikrekê didin derheqê pabendiya axêverî bi rastbûna muhtewayê axiftinê û derheqê pêbaweriya axêverî ji bo derbirîna gotinên rast li ser encam û muhtewayê axiftinê. Ji ber ku guhdar bêjeyan bi awayê herî zêde pêwendîdar û bi serfkirina kêmtirîn hewlan şîrove dikin (Sperber û Wilson, 1995), ev serben û nîşanên mînîmal yên destnîşankirina çeperên proseya şîrovekirina mercî bes in ku guhdar bikarin pê bigihine wan şîroveyên demî, raweyî û aspektî ku mebesta axêver in. Herwiha diyar dibe ku pirtika wê ya kurmanciya standard prosedûrên hinek cudatir ji yên dê ya badînî feal dike. Ev cudatî ye li pişt cihêrengiya zaravayên kurmanciyê ya di nîşandana dema tê de û di amajeya bi cîhanên mumkin lê ne waqi’î.

ئامرازەکانی پەیوەندیدار بە کردار، دێ و دا لە کوردیی بادینیدا: ماناناسی ڕێکاری و جیاوازی زمانی

لەم وتارەدا هەوڵ دەدەم پێداچوونەوەیەکم بۆ شیکاری ماناناسیانەی ئامرازەکانی پەیوەندیدار بە کردار لە کوردیی بادینیدا وەکوو دێ و دا هەبێت (ئانگر، ٢٠١٢). ئەم شیکارییە داخوازی ئەوە دەکات کە ئامرازەکانی پەیوەندیدار بە کردار بەو مانایەی کە لای بلەکمۆر (٢٠٠٢) هەیانە دەورێکی نیشاندەری ڕێکارییانەیان هەیە و بەم واتایە ئەو پرۆسە زانینیانەی کە ئەنجامێکیان لێ دەکەوێتەوە پەیوەندییان لەگەڵ بەراوردکردنی دەربەستبوونی ئاخێوەران، ڕاستیەتی ئەو بەستێنەی کە پەیوەندی چێ دەکات و هەروەها باوەڕپێکراوی ئاخێوەران بۆ سازدانی داخوازیگەلێکی ڕاست سەبارەت بەو ڕووداوانەی کە وەسف کراون هەیە. چونکە بیسەرەکان قسەکان لە ڕێگەیەکەوە ڕاڤە دەکەن کە بەباشترین شێوە پەیوەندی لەگەڵ ساز بکەن و هەروەها کەمەترین هەوڵی بۆ بدرێت (سپێربر و وێڵسن ١٩٩٥)، ئەم نیشانە بچووکانە کە پرۆسەی ڕاڤەیەکی کارەکی بەدەستەوە دەدەن بۆ ڕێنوێنی ئەو بیسەرانە بەس دەکەن کە بە چەند ڕاڤەیەکی کاتی، پەیوەندیدار بە کردار و کاتی ڕووداوەکانەوە دەگەن و ئاخێوەران مەبەستیانە. من بەڵگە دەهێنمەوە کە لە کرمانجی ستاندارددا ئامرازی وێ، بە بەراورد لەگەڵ دێ لە بادینیدا، دەبێتە هۆی چەند شێوازێکی نەختێک جیاواز. ئەم جیاوازییانە چەند لێکدانەوەیەکی ماناناسیانە دەستەبەر دەکەن و بەمگوێرەیە جۆراوجۆری زارەکانی کوردیی باکور لە ڕێگەی ئاوڕدانەوە لە نیشانەکانی دواڕۆژ و سەرچاوەدان بە چەند جیهانێکی گونجاو بەڵام ناواقێع دابین دەکرێت.

Historical linguistic sources of Kurdish date back just a few hundred years, thus it is not possi... more Historical linguistic sources of Kurdish date back just a few hundred years, thus it is not possiInvestigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature on Kurdish. In addition to earlier isolated examinations of Kurmanji dialects (cf. MacKenzie, 1961; Ritter, 1971, 1976; Blau, 1975; Jastrow, 1977), native-speaker researchers have recently provided a substantial amount of dialect material across the Kurmanji-speech zone. However, a methodologically-informed evaluation of these observations into a dialect classification is yet to be undertaken. This article aims at providing an initial classification of Kurmanji-internal variation into major regional dialects, based on lexical, phonological and morphosyntactic data collected from five localities in Southeastern Turkey.

Cihêrengiya zimanî ya navxweyî di kurmanciyê de: tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayan

Di nav xebatên li ser zimanê kurdî de, heta niha, vekolîna cudatiyên devok û zaravayên kurmanciyê, bi taybetî ewên di nav sînorên Tirkiyeyê de, hema bi temamî hatiye piştguhkirin. Ji bilî çend xebatên serbixwe yên pêştir li ser zaravayên kurmancî (wek MacKenzie 1961; Ritter, 1971 û 1976; Blau, 1976; Jastrow 1977), di nav van salên dawî de vekolerên kurdîziman qewareyeke mezin a dane û materyelên ji gelek zaravayên kurmanciyê berhev kirine. Lê belê, hêj ev çavdêriyên berbelav bi rengekî metodolojîk nehatine nirxandin ku tesnîfeke zaravayan jê bi dest bikeve. Ev meqale dil dike tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayên serekî yên kurmanciyê pêşkêş bike li ser bingehê daneyên peyvî û fonolojîk û rêzimanî yên li pênc deverên başûr-rojhilatê Tirkiyeyê berhevkirî.

جیاوازی ناوچەیی لەناو کرمانجیدا: پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی زاراوەکان

لەناو ئەو لێکۆڵینەوانەی کە سەبارەت بە جیاوازی ناوچەیی لە کرمانجیدا ئەنجام دراوە، بەتایبەت ئەوانەی کە لەمەڕ جۆربەجۆری ئەو [زاراوانەی] کە لە تورکیا قسەیان پێ دەکرێ، بەتەواوی لەمەڕ هەبوونی ئەدەبیاتێکی هەبوو بە زمانی کوردی چاوپۆشی دەکرێت. سەرەڕای چەند تاقیکردنەوەیەکی تاک و تەرا سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجی کە پێشتر بەئەنجام گەیشتوون (بەراوردی بکەن لەگەڵ مەک‌کینزی، ١٩٦١؛ ڕیتێر، ١٩٧١ و ١٩٧٦؛ بلەو، ١٩٧٦؛ یاسترۆ، ١٩٧٧) لەم ساڵانەی دواییدا توێژەرانی کورد ڕادەیەکی بەرچاو لە مادەی پێویست سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجییان لە دەڤەری کرمانجی ئاخێودا دەستەبەر کردووە. هەرچەند بەمەبەستی پۆلینبەندی زاراوەکان، هەتاکوو ئێستا، هەڵسەنگاندنێکی مێتۆدیک و پڕزانیاری لەسەر ئەم تێڕامانانە ئەنجام نەدراوە. ئامانجی ئەم وتارە بریتییە لەوەی کە پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی لەو جیاوازییە ناوخۆییەی کە لە زاراوە سەرەکییەکانی ناوچە کرمانجی ئاخێوەکاندا هەیە بەدەستەوە بدات و بۆ ئەم مەبەستە توێژینەوەکە لەسەر بنەمای ئەو داتا وشەیی، دەنگناسی و پێکهاتەی ڕێزمانییانە ئەنجام دەدرێت کە لە پێنج ناوچەی باشوری ڕۆژهەڵاتی تورکیا کۆ کراونەتەوە.

Historical linguistic sources of Kurdish date back just a few hundred years, thus it is not possi... more Historical linguistic sources of Kurdish date back just a few hundred years, thus it is not possible to track the profound grammatical changes of Western Iranian languages in Kurdish. Through a comparison with attested languages of the Middle Iranian period, this paper provides a hypothetical chronology of grammatical changes. It allows us to tentatively localise the approximate time when modern varieties separated with regard to the respective grammatical change. In order to represent the types of linguistic relationship involved, distinct models of language contact and language continua are set up.

Li ser tarîxa zimannasî ya zimanê kurdî

Çavkaniyên tarîxî yên zimanê kurdî bes bi qasî çend sedsalan kevn in, lewma em nikarin di zimanê kurdî de wan guherînên bingehî yên rêzimana zimanên îranî yên rojavayî destnîşan bikin. Ev meqale kronolojiyeke ferazî ya guherînên rêzimanî yên kurdiyê dabîn dike bi rêya muqayesekirina bi wan zimanên xwedan-belge yên serdema îraniya navîn. Bi vî rengî, em dikarin bi awayekî muweqet dem û serdemeke teqrîbî diyar bikin ku tê de ziman û şêwezarên nû ji aliyê guherînên rêzimanî ve jêk cuda bûne. Ji bo berçavkirina awayên têkiliya zimanî di navbera zimanan de, modêlên cihê yên temasa zimanî û dirêjeya zimanî hatine danîn.

١. سەبارەت بە مێژووی زمانناسیی زمانی کوردی

سەرچاوە مێژووە زمانناسییەکانی زمانی کوردی تەنیا بۆ چەند سەدە پێش ئێستا دەگەڕێنەوە، بۆیە ناکرێت شوێن پێی گۆڕانکارییە پڕمانا ڕێزمانییەکانی زمانەکانی ڕۆژئاوای ئێران لەناو زمانی کوردیدا هەڵگرین. ئەم وتارە، لە ڕێگەی بەراوردکردنی زمانی کوردی لەگەڵ زمانەکانی قۆناغی ئێرانی ناوەندی کە بەڵگەمەندن، کرۆنۆلۆجیایەکی گریمانەیی لە گۆڕانکارییە ڕێزمانییەکان بەدەستەوە دەدات. ئەم ڕێکارە ڕێگەمان پێ دەدات، کە بەشێوەیەکی تاقیکاری، کاتێک نزیک بەو سەردەمە دەستنیشان بکەین کە جۆراوجۆرییە نوێکان بەگوێرەی گۆڕانی ڕێزمانیی پەیوەندیدار لە یەک جیا دەبنەوە. بۆ پیشاندانی جۆرەکانی پەیوەندی زمانناسی کە لێرەدا خۆیان دەردەخەن، چەند مۆدێلی جیاواز لە بەرکەوتنی زمانی و درێژەدانی زمانی ئامادە کراوە.

Investigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, h... more Investigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature on Kurdish. In addition to earlier isolated examinations of Kurmanji dialects (cf. MacKenzie, 1961; Ritter, 1971, 1976; Blau, 1975; Jastrow, 1977), native-speaker researchers have recently provided a substantial amount of dialect material across the Kurmanji-speech zone. However, a methodologically-informed evaluation of these observations into a dialect classification is yet to be undertaken. This article aims at providing an initial classification of Kurmanji-internal variation into major regional dialects, based on lexical, phonological and morphosyntactic data collected from five localities in Southeastern Turkey.

Cihêrengiya zimanî ya navxweyî di kurmanciyê de: tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayan

جیاوازی ناوچەیی لەناو کرمانجیدا: پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی زاراوەکان

Cengiz Gunes and Welat Zeydanlıoğlu (eds.), The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on V... more Cengiz Gunes and Welat Zeydanlıoğlu (eds.), The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation and Reconciliation, London: Routledge, 2014, 288 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-415-83015-7).

Almas Heshmati and Nabaz T. Khayyat, Socio-Economic Impacts of Landmines in Southern Kurdistan, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013, 341 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-4438-4198-6).

Estelle Amy de la Bretèque, Paroles Mélodisées: Récits épiques et lamentations chez les Yézidis d’Arménie (Melodised speech. Heroic songs and laments among the Yezidis of Armenia), Paris: Classiques Garnier, 2013, 230pp., (ISBN: 978-2-8124-0787-1).

Diane E. King, Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq, New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press, 2014. 286 pp., (ISBN: 9780813563534).

Michael M. Gunter and Mohammed M.A. Ahmed (eds.), The Kurdish Spring: Geopolitical Changes and the Kurds, Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2013, 344 pp., (ISBN: 978-1568592725).

Derya Bayır, Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing House, 2013, 314 pp., (ISBN: 9781409420071).

This is an obituary for Professor Ol’ga Ivanovna Zhigalina, the well-known Russian Kurdologist an... more This is an obituary for Professor Ol’ga Ivanovna Zhigalina, the well-known Russian Kurdologist and Iranist and director of the Kurdish Cabinet at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Science (Institút vostokovédenija Rossíjskoj akadémii naúk) in Moscow, who sadly passed away at her place of work on 23rd October, 2013. Over four decades Professor Zhigalina made an immense contribution to the field of Kurdology and the modern history of the Kurds, and her work continues to resonate in this field.

This interview with Professor Craig Calhoun expands on issues of nationalism and cosmopolitanism ... more This interview with Professor Craig Calhoun expands on issues of nationalism and cosmopolitanism in relation to the question of statelessness. Since the 1990s, Calhoun has worked on nationalism, ethnicity and cosmopolitanism. For Calhoun, nations still matter despite post-national and cosmopolitan elaboration and repudiation of so-called parochial and provincialised identities like nation or national identity and citizenship. In this interview, Calhoun dis-cusses the material, political and cultural situations of the Kurds in the Middle East and the role of Kurdish nationalism in the context of statelessness. Calhoun finds class-based understanding of inequalities between the Kurds and their dominant others in the Middle East as problematic and incomplete since the cultural, political and material inequalities are intimately interlinked in rendering the Kurds to a subordinated position in the states they inhabit. The interview also engages with diasporic identities and examines how countries of residence can impinge on the identity formation of diasporas and how they obstruct or facilitate migrants translating their citizenship status into the right to have rights (Arendt). An important issue that Calhoun discusses is that there are both asymmetrical power relations between dominated (Kurdish) and dominating nationalisms (Turkish, Iraqi, Iranian and Syrian) and within the same nationalisms.

This article investigates how the Kurdish home, borders and the state are depicted in one of the ... more This article investigates how the Kurdish home, borders and the state are depicted in one of the most important Kurdish cultural expressions in Turkey until 1980: the dengbêj art. The recital songs of the dengbêjs form a fascinating source to investigate how Kurds experienced life on the margins of the (nation-)state. We argue that the songs demonstrate that many Kurds perceived the political geography of the state they officially belonged to as foreign and not as a legitimate part of Kurdish socio-political reality. The Kurdish political geography created in the songs exists in small-scale local structures and alliances, and there is mostly no reference to a common Kurdish cause. Borders are presented as foreign interference in the Kurdish landscape. In the conclusion we suggest that Kurdish fragmented political structure should be understood as a deliberate means to avoid being incorporated in a state structure. This speaks against a (self-)Orientalist interpretation of Kurdish history that defines a lack of Kurdish unity as primitive.

Dengbêj li ser sînoran: Dîtina sînor û dewletê bi çavên dengbêjan

Ev gotar vedikolê bê welatê Kurdan, sînor û dewlet çawan hatine şayesandin di yek ji girîngtirîn derbirînên çanda Kurdî da li Tirkiyeyê, heta 1980yê: anku dengbêjiyê. Kilamên resîtal ên dengbêjan çavkaniyeka hijmetkar pêk dihînin bo vekolîna serboriyên Kurdan ku mane li qeraxên netewe-dewletan. Em angaşt dikin ku, herçend Kurd bi xwe bi rengekî fermî parçeyek ji erdnîgara fermî ne, kilam destnîşan dikin ku gelek Kurd vê erdnîgara siyasî ya dewletê wekî diyardeyekî biyanî dibînin, ne ku wekî parçeyek rewa ji rastiya sosyo-polîtîk a Kurdîtiye. Erdnîgara polîtîk ya Kurdîtiyê ku di kilaman da hatiye afirandin pile-biçûk e û, bi piranî bêyî dozeka Kurdî ya hevbeş, ji hevalbediyên deverî pêk hatiye. Di kilaman da sînor wekî destwerdanên biyaniyan li welatê Kurdan hatine berpêş kirin. Di dawiyê de em pêşniyar dikin ku a rast Kurd bi zanebûn vê siyaseta parçebûyî meşandine da ku xwe vebidizin ji bişaftinê di avahiya dewletê da. Ev nêrîn di derbarê dîroka Kurdan da li dijî şîroveyên (oto)-oryantalîst e, çikû ew nebûna yekîtiya Kurdan wekî diyardeyekî prîmîtîv dibînin.

دەنگبێژانی سەرسنوور. سنوور و وڵات لە ڕوانگە ی شاعیر و گۆرانیبێژی کوردەوە.

ئەم وتارە باس لەوە دەکا کە وڵاتی کوردان، سنوورەکان و دەوڵەت چۆن لە یەكێ لە گرنگترین چەمکی کولتوری کوردی لە تورکیا تا ساڵی ١٩٨٠ نیشان دراون: هۆنەری دەنگبێژی. گۆرانییەکانی دەنگبێژەکان سەرچاوەیەکی چڕ و پڕن بۆ لێکۆڵینەوە لەسەر چۆنیەتی ژیانی کوردان لەسەر سنووری دەوڵەتان. ئێمە دەمانەوێ بڵێین کە گۆرانییەکان باس لەوە دەکەن کە زۆرینەی کوردەکان ئەم جۆگرافیا سیاسی فەرمییەی دەوڵەتی تورکیایە وەکوو وڵاتێکی بیانی سەیری دەکەن، نەک وەک بەشێکی یاسایی لە چوارچێوەی کۆمەڵایەتی سیاسی کوردی. جۆگرافیای سیاسی کوردی ناو گۆرانییەکان لە کۆمەڵێک ناوچەی چکۆلە پێک هاتووە و تەنانەت شتێک بە ناوی کێشە و مەسەلەی کورد ئاماژەی پێناکرێ. سنوورەکان وەکوو دەستدرێژی بیانی سەر خاکی کوردان سەیر دەکردێن. لە کۆتاییشدا، چوارچێوەی سیاسی دابەشبووی کوردی دەبێ وەکوو کەرەسەیەکی ڕاستەوخۆ سەیر بکرێ کە پێش بە سازبوونی دەوڵەتێکی کوردی دەگرێ. ئەوەش دژ بە شیکردنەوەی باوەڕی سێلف ـ ئۆریێنتالیستە لە سەر مێژووی کورد کە باس لە نەبوونی یەکگرتوویی کوردی لە بنەڕەتدا دەکا.

Though a macro-level analysis this article examines the evolution of the Kurdish issue since the ... more Though a macro-level analysis this article examines the evolution of the Kurdish issue since the occupation of Iraq in 2003 and the Syrian crisis in 2011, underlining the necessity of a comparison between the current period and past situations, namely that of the 1980s. Kurdish actors participated from a rather weak position in the Middle-East wide conflicts during the 1980s; alliances with regional states that gave access to political and military resources ensured their durability, but a high price was paid for their transformation into subordinated players of a broader “state of violence”. Since 2011, the trans-border Kurdish space finds itself once again in the heart of a “system of transaction” based on violence, but Kurdish organisations face the new region-wide conflicts in a position of empowerment in Iraq, Syria and Turkey.

Kurd û Rewşa Tund ya Rojhilata Navîn: 1980yan û 2010an

Ev gotar, bi rêka helsengeka asta-makro, vedikole li peresîna pirsgirêka Kurdî ji dema dagirbûna Iraqê di 2003yê da û qeyrana Sûriyeyê di 2011ê da û bi taybetî beldikişîne ser pêwistiya berhevdaneka di navbera serdema niha û rewşa borî, anku rewşa salên 80yan. Di salên 80yan da hêzên Kurd pitir ji pozisyoneka qels û lawaz beşdarî dijberî û aloziyên Rojhilata Navîn bûn; hevalbendiyên li gel dewletên li herêmê rê da bikaranîna çavkaniyên siyasî û leşkerî bo misogerkirina berdewamiya hêzên Kurd; lê van dewletan, bi hewldanên giranbuha, hişt ku kurd bimînin wekî aktorên bindest di nav rewşa tund ya herêmê da. Ji 2011ê ve, tevgera kurd ya dersînor careka din xwe di navenda pergaleka tund da dibine; lê vê carê rêkxistinên kurd yên li Iraq, Sûriye û Tirkiyeyê ji pozisyoneka bihêz rûberî vê dijberiya berfireh ya heremî ne.

کورد و ''باری توندوتیژی''ی ڕۆژهەڵاتی ناوەڕاست: ١٩٨٠کان و ٢٠١٠یەکان

حئەگەرچی ئەم گوتارە شیکردنەوەیە لە پلەیەکی باڵادا، لە گەشەکردنی پرسی کورد ورد دەبێتەوە لە داگیرکردنی عیراقەوە ساڵی ٢٠٠٣ و لە قەیرانی سووریاوە ساڵی ٢٠١١، ئەوەیش جەخت دەکات کە پێویستە بەراورد بکرێت لەنێوان قۆناغی ئێستا و و هەلومەرجی ڕابوردوودا، واتە هەلومەرجی ١٩٨٠کان. نەخشگێڕانی کورد لە هەڵوێستێکی تا ڕادەیەک لاوازەوە بەشدارییان لە ناکۆکییە فراوانەکانی ڕۆژهەڵاتی ناوەڕاستی ١٩٨٠کاندا کرد؛ هاوپەیمانیکردن لەگەڵ دەوڵەتانی ناوچەییدا کە دەبووە هۆی دەستکەوتنی سەرچاوەی سیاسی و عەسکەری، مانەوەیانی دابین دەکرد، بەڵام دەبوو نرخێکی زۆریش بدەن بۆ ئەوەی ببنە یاریکەری لاوەکی لە ''باری توندوتیژی''یەکی بەربڵاودا. لە ساڵی ٢٠١١ بە دواوە، ڕووپێوی کوردیی ئەمدیو و ئەودیوی سنوورەکان جارێکی دیکە خۆی لە ناوجەرگەی ''سیستەمێکی بدە و بستێنە''دا دەبینێتەوە کە لەسەر توندوتیژی هەڵچنراوە، بەڵام ڕێکخراوە کوردییەکان کە ڕووبەڕووی ناکۆکییە بەربڵاوەکانی ناوچەکە دەبنەوە، لە پلەیەکی توانستدان لە عیراق، سووریا و تورکیا.

Uğur Ümit Üngör, The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950, Ox... more Uğur Ümit Üngör, The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, 352 pp. (ISBN: 9780199603602).

Mohammed M. A. Ahmed, Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, 294 pp., (ISBN: 978-1-137-03407-6), (paper).

Ofra Bengio, The Kurds of Iraq: Building a State within a State. Boulder, CO and London, UK: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2012, xiv + 346 pp., (ISBN 978-1-58826-836-5), (hardcover).

Cengiz Gunes, The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey, from Protest to Resistance, London: Routledge, 2012, 256 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-415—68047-9).

Aygen, Gülşat, Kurmanjî Kurdish. Languages of the World/Materials 468, München: Lincom Europa, 2007, 92 pp., (ISBN: 9783895860706), (paper).

Barzoo Eliassi, Contesting Kurdish Identities in Sweden: Quest for Belonging among Middle Eastern Youth, Oxford: New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 234 pp. (ISBN: 9781137282071).

This study is a comparative analysis of the role of diaspora communities in the political and cul... more This study is a comparative analysis of the role of diaspora communities in the political and cultural activities of the Kurds and the Berbers (Amazigh) - the two most prominent cases of ethno-national “imagining” among the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region’s two main “non-dominant” ethnic groups. Berbers and Kurds, however heterogeneous and varied their multiple historical experiences, all operate within the realm of territorial nation-states dominated by different ethnic groups which have been historically hostile towards alternative conceptions of the political and social order. Kurdish and Berber diaspora communities have engaged in important intellectual, cultural and political activities on behalf of their respective causes. Inevitably, this has also sharpened the hybrid nature of their identities, in ways which distinguish them from those still residing in the “homeland.” Overall, the Kurdish diaspora is far more mobilised on behalf of the homeland, politically and ethnically, than the Amazigh, a reflection of the advanced state of the Kurdish ethno-national cause.

Dûrwelatiyên birêkxistî: Bizavên Kurd û Berberan ji perspektîveka danberhevî

Mijara vê lêkolînê hûrbîniyeka danberhevî ye li ser rola civakên dûrwelatî/diyasporayê yên Kurd û Berberan (Amazîng) di çalakiyên wan ên siyasî û çandî da. Ev her du civak du nimûneyên sereke yên xeyalkirina etno-neteweyî ne di nav civakên etnîk yên ne-serdest li herêmên Rojhilata Naverast û Afrîkaya Başur (RNAB). Her çend bi serboriyên xwe yên dirokî ew ne hemcure û ji hev cuda bin jî, Berber û Kurd xebatên xwe di qada netewe-dewletan de dikin ku tê da komên etnîk yên din serdest in. Ev komên serdest ji mêj ve ye dijberê konseptên siyasî û pergalên civakî yên alternatîv in. Civakên dûrwelatî yên Kurd û Berberan li ser nave gelên xwe, xwe têkilî çalakiyên girîng ên ronakbîrî, çandî û siyasî kirine. Bivê-nevê vê yekê bandoreka mezin heye li ser nasnameya wan a durehî/hybrid ku wan cihê dike ji kesên ku li ‘welatî’ mane. Bi giştî, Kurdên dûrwelatî li ser navê hemî welatiyên xwe ji layê siyasî û etnîkî pitir birêkxistî ne ji Berberan ku ev yek jî nişan dide bê doza etno-neteweyî ya Kurdan çendî kemilî ye.

دیاسپۆڕای مۆبیلیزەبوو (وەخۆکەوتوو) :بزووتنەوەی کورد و بێربێر لە رۆنگەیەکی بەرئاوردکارانەوە

ئەم تۆژینەوەیە، لێکدانەوەیەکی بەرئاوردکارانەیە لە سەر رۆڵی کۆمەڵگای دیاسپۆڕا، لە پەیوەندی لە گەل ئەم چالاکییە سیاسی و کولتوورییانەی کورد و بێربێر (ئامازیغ) – دوو کەیسی هەرە بەرچاو لە "خەیاڵکاری" ئیتنیکی-نەتەوەیی لە نێو دوو گرووپی ئیتنیکی ژێردەستەڵات- لە رۆژهەڵاتی نێوەراست و باکووری ئەفریقا. بێربێر و کورد کە لە بۆاری ئەزموونی مێژووییەوە جیاواز و فرەچەشن، هەردووکیان لە چوارچێوەی خاکی ئەم دەوڵەت-نەتەوانە دا ژیان بە سەر دەبەن کە هەم شوینی ژیانی گرووپی ئیتنیکی جیاوازان و هەم لە بۆاری میژووییەوە لە ئاست چەمکگەلی جیگر لە بەرامبەر رەوشی سیاسی و کۆمەڵایەتی هەنووکەیی دا دوژمنکارییان کردووە. دیاسپۆڕای کورد و بێربێر، لە پەیوەندی لە گەل پرسی نەتەوەیی خۆیانەوە، بەردەوام چالاکی رەوشەنبیری، کولتووری و سیاسیان لە خۆیانەوە نۆاندووە. بە شیوازێکی، هاشاهەڵنەگر، ئەم چالاکییانە بوونەتە هۆکاری بەرجەستەبوونەوەی سروشتی هیبریدی یان دووڕەگانەی شوناسی وان، هەتا ئەم ئاستەی کە ئەوان لە خەڵکی نیشتەجیی ولاتی خۆیان جیاواز دەکاتەوە. بە شێوەیەکی گشتی، دیاسپۆرای کورد لە بەرئاوردکاری لە گەل دیاسپۆرای ئامازیغ، لە لایەن وڵاتی خۆیەوە گەلیک موبلیزەتر، هەم لە بۆاری ئیتنیکی و هەم لە بۆاری سیاسییەوە، نیشاندەری گەشەکردن و پێشکەوتنی پرسی ئیتنیکی-نەتەوەیی کوردە.

This paper discusses women’s activism in Kurdistan- Iraq since 1992. It aims to find out whether ... more This paper discusses women’s activism in Kurdistan- Iraq since 1992. It aims to find out whether 21 years of struggle against gender discrimination has led to notable changes in the status quo. It concludes by arguing that as a result of the patriarchal system’s resilience and the women’s movement’s internal shortcomings, achievements have been limited. The paper draws on 7 in-depth interviews with women activists, written sources, personal communications and my observations while participating in activities organised by women’s groups.

Çalakgeriya jinan li Kurdistana Iraqê: Destxistî, kemasî û asteng

Ev xebat nîqaş dike li ser çalakgeriya jinan li Kurdistana Iraqê ji sala 1992ê ve. Armanca wê ew e ku vebibîne bê tekoşîna jinan ya 21 salan li dijî cudakeriya zayendî rê daye guherînên sereke di rewşa-heyî da an na. Ev xebat di nîqaşa xwe da digihe wê qenaetê ku destketiyên di vê qadê de bisînor in ji ber berhelistiya pergala patrîarkal û kêmasiyên navxweyî yên bizavên jinan. Ev xebat xwe dispêre heft hevpeyvînên berfireh li gel jinên çalakger, çavkaniyên nivîsî, peywendiyên kesane û herwisan çavdêriyên min ên çalakiyên jinan yên ji aliyê koma jinan ve hatin rêkxistin ku ez bi xwe jî têda beşdar bûm.

چالاکوانی ژنان لە کوردستان- عێراق: دەستکەوت، کەموکووڕی و رێگرەکان

ئەم وتارە باس لە چالاکوانی ژنانی ھەرێمی کوردستان دەکات لە ساڵی ١٩٩٢-ەوە تا ئێستا. ھەوڵدەدات لەوە بکۆڵێتەوە کە ئاخۆ ٢١ ساڵ خەبات دژی جیاکاری جێندەریی بۆتە ھۆی گۆڕانکاری بەرچاو لە دۆخی باودا. وتارەکە ئەنجامگیری ئەوە دەکات کە بەبۆنەی سەرسەختی و خۆگونجاندنی سیستەمی باوکسالاری لەلایەک و کەموكووڕییە ناوەکیەکانی بزوتنەوەی ژنان لە لایەکی ترەوە، دەستکەوتەکان سنوورداربوون. ئەم لێکۆڵینەوەیە پشت بە ٧ چاوپێکەوتنی تێروتەسەل دەبەستێت لەگەڵ ژنانی چالاکوان و ھەروەھا سوود لە سەرچاوە نووسراوەکان و گفتوگۆی تایبەت و بەشداربوونی خۆشم دەبەستێت لەو چالاکیانەدا کە رێکخراوەکانی ژنان سازیانداوە.

وشە سەرەکییەکان: ھەرێمی کوردستان، بزوتنەوەی ژنان، دەستکەوت، کەموکووڕیی، سەرسەختی پیاوسالاری

This research investigates the antecedents of the price-leadership strategy (PLS), and its impact... more This research investigates the antecedents of the price-leadership strategy (PLS), and its impacts on export performance with the moderating role of export target markets. Drawing from the contingency theory and strategy management framework, the authors adopt structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the survey data collected from 155 Chinese manufacturer exporters. The empirical results suggest that the PLS negatively affects export performance. Firms are more likely to adopt the PLS when competitive intensity and technological intensity are high but less likely to adopt the PLS when product popularity is high. The negative impact of the PLS on export performance is stronger when firms export to other emerging (vs. developed) markets. With the unique perspective from emerging markets, the authors theoretically discuss and empirically examine the antecedents-PLS-performance link. This research suggests that emerging-market firms rationally adopt the PLS and actively cultivate technology and innovation capability, product popularity and international marketing competence on export businesses.

A qualitative case study was used to examine the experiences and perceptions of foreigners during... more A qualitative case study was used to examine the experiences and perceptions of foreigners during interactions with small- and medium-sized enterprises in the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Two constructs, intercultural communications and consumer language, were used to identify difficulties that foreigners experienced during service encounters. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 participants based on a purposive sampling frame of 62 foreign professors.

The transcripts were entered into MAXqda software and coded. The data across all the cases were compared to identify patterns and themes that emerged using a cross-case synthesis. The implications included Koreans being approach avoidant during interactions with foreign consumers, and foreigners being treated politely. Limitations of the study included the use of purposive sampling and utilizing participants only in South Korea. Recommendations for practice included the use of signs and greetings in various languages, creating programs to educate SMEs about the use of English as a competitive advantage, and offering language and culture classes to foreigners. Recommendations for future research include a mixed method study on the convenience level of spoken Korean for foreign consumers in high- and low-involvement service encounters and a qualitative multivariate regression study to further explore approach avoidance tendencies of SMEs.

Consumer boycotting behaviour has serious consequences for organisations targeted. In this paper,... more Consumer boycotting behaviour has serious consequences for organisations targeted. In this paper, a review of literature on boycotting from 1990 to 2013 is presented. Several consumer boycotting types are identified based on motivations underlying. These are influenced by religious beliefs, cultural values and political opinions. We have scanned all articles dealing with consumer boycotting behaviour in marketing literature. 115 scholarly articles published in 25 top marketing journals as ranked in the ABS (Association of Business Journal Schools) Review from 1990 to 2013 are reviewed. Along with outlining the research in this area, we also wanted to assess the level of attention paid to brand loyalty in relation to boycotting behaviour. Despite the fact that existing literature listed a number of factors that can potentially trigger consumers’ boycotts i.e. religion, war, political, economic, cultural, environmental, and ethical reasons. Nevertheless, there is no ranking of factors indicating which one are the most influential (e.g. long lasting, most damaging in terms of brand loyalty, etc.). Our review also suggests that boycott campaigns in developed nations are mainly motivated by economic triggers. However, in developing nations boycott calls and campaigns were motivated by religious triggers or by ethical triggers. The impact of boycotting on consumers’ brand loyalty, relation between religion, race, country of origin and the level of regional as well as national development would need to be researched further in order to shed light on its effect on the success or failure of boycott calls from consumers’ perspective and the prevention of such calls from the targeted firms’ point of view.

According to the Resource-Based Theory of the Firm, companies need to acquire and develop a uniqu... more According to the Resource-Based Theory of the Firm, companies need to acquire and develop a unique set of resources and capabilities to gain a competitive advantage in the market. In the last decade, a number of studies have focused on marketing capabilities. However, there has been no clear classification between marketing capabilities directed towards the development of the brand from the inside out and customer-oriented capabilities, integrating the customer in the process. Purpose of this review is to clearly classify marketing capabilities and define the differences between brand-orientation and customer-orientation. A structure is proposed to better classify marketing capabilities and pave the way for further research. This review article is providing a structure for the Resource-Based Theory of the firm for improving the classification of resources and capabilities.

This paper focuses on factors that influence the degree of involvement in foreign markets. Using ... more This paper focuses on factors that influence the degree of involvement in foreign markets. Using survey method, the research data was obtained from 112 usable responses from a sample of 500 UK companies which operate in at least two other countries. This represents a usable response rate of 22.4%, and consistent with similar research. The variables are grouped in terms of firm context (competition, organisation structure, competitive advantages, degree of standardisation) and host country context (economic development, culture differences, regulation, political risk). Regression models are used to test the relationship between the independent variables and the degree of involvement. Findings strongly indicate a positive relationship between the degree of foreign market involvement and the level of competition and the degree of foreign market involvement and competitive advantage. Findings weakly support the hypothesis of a positive relationship between the degree of foreign market involvement and economic development. There is weaker evidence to show a negative relationship between the degree of foreign market involvement and the cultural dimensions of individualism and power distance as proposed by Hofstede.

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the relationships between country personali... more The purpose of the current research is to investigate the relationships between country personality dimensions and consumer behavioural intentions, and to examine in detail the perceived personality of a stimulus-country. A convenience sample of 130 individuals from Brazil was surveyed and 115 usable questionnaires were analyzed. Portugal was chosen as the country for scrutiny and the questionnaire was delivered in Portuguese. Country personality was measured using the 24 items of personality traits six dimensions scale of d’Astous & Boujbel (2007). The research findings suggest that consumers ascribe personality characteristics to countries. All the items show high factorial weights, and in the proposed model the percentage of the variance of the intention to recommend explained by the perceived country personality dimensions equals around 23%. Assiduousness showed a positive significant influence on intention to recommend, whereas wickedness showed a significant negative influence. The findings suggest differences from the comparable earlier studies. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed. Complementarily, and as suggested by the personality traits frequency analysis, Portugal is seen as a traditionalist country.

Product and brand familiarity have an important role in consumer choice behaviour and they have b... more Product and brand familiarity have an important role in consumer choice behaviour and they have been equated with knowledge and experience Consumers having high and low familiarity utilized brand information (an extrinsic cue) in their evaluations, whereas moderately familiar consumers used intrinsic cues (product attributes) in evaluating products. The question of whether familiarity moderates the country-of-origin (COO) effect is a valid one. In this present paper, we attempt to provide additional evidence as to how familiarity with products, brands and countries moderates consumer evaluation of brand/country alliances. Specifically, we concentrate on the brand leveraging process identified by Keller (2003) applied to the effect of familiarity on country/brand alliances.

The aim of this article is to investigate the relevance of an alternative entry mode, the incubat... more The aim of this article is to investigate the relevance of an alternative entry mode, the incubator concept. Such an alternative entry mode like the so-called incubator is increasingly being used as a shortcut or bridge to a distant market. In-depth qualitative research on a selected case (Kelsen Group selling butter cookies to India) reveals the reasoning behind the entry mode choice of a company entering an emergent market (India). The incubator option provides the opportunity for a company to bridge the ‘gap’ between a low-control entry mode (e.g. importer or distributor) and high-control entry mode (e.g. wholly owned sales subsidiary), without involving too high risks and still keep a reasonable level of control.

This paper examines infrastructure considerations and the significance of co-creation and co-bran... more This paper examines infrastructure considerations and the significance of co-creation and co-branding within the Culinary Transnational Gastronomic Tourism Industry. Gastronomic Tourists crave hands-on immersion into regional food cultures. For the gastro-tourist, where experiencing-the-experience is paramount - the easier it is to find and access safe, memorable food-related activities - the quicker tourism on-the-whole will benefit. The industry has recognized the growing potential for this market niche, yet what’s currently available through traditional tourist venues seems lacking. This paper discusses impact factors for both tourists and hosts during three stages of touring – Communication & Planning; Logistics; The Experience. It concludes by proposing that only when the Tourist Industry emulates early culinary tourist innovators; co-creates, co-brands, and logistically supports rich, authentic, memorable gastro-experiences on a wider scale; and embraces transnational practices, will the true economic and social impact of this target market of lucrative spenders begin to be realized across the globe.

The paper focuses on studying the impediments for new entrants into emerging markets from a persp... more The paper focuses on studying the impediments for new entrants into emerging markets from a perspective of the African economies and proposes a conceptual framework for a sustainable distribution system. While there is a lot of research on emerging economies, African markets have remained relatively untouched, more so from the distribution perspective. Further, the speed at which business transformations are happening in these markets, academic research needs to keep pace with such changes. The paper proposes four broad impediments to distribution and eleven sub-dimensions i.e. political and security, cultural, ethnic and economic diversity, infrastructural gaps, channel structures and Governance, to name a few. The proposed conceptual framework defines four strategic interventions, namely, connecting with the masses, inclusive growth, leveraging existing networks and financing micro enterprises to build a sustainable network in the African markets. The methodology for the study is an integrative analysis of existing literature, case examples and personal experience on entry strategy advisory in Africa and other emerging markets by the lead author

Transnational Marketing Journal is a new scholarly, peer-reviewed journal is dedicated to dissemi... more Transnational Marketing Journal is a new scholarly, peer-reviewed journal is dedicated to disseminating high quality contemporary research into transnational marketing practices and scholarship while encouraging critical approaches in the development of marketing theory and practice. It is an exciting new venture for us and we would like to invite innovative thinking, scholarship, and current research into marketing practices and challenges crossing national borders.

In Transnational Marketing and Transnational Consumers, Transnational Marketing is defined “as understanding and addressing customer needs, wants and desires in their own country of residence and beyond and in borderless cultural contexts with the help of synergies emerging across national boundaries and transfer of expertise and advantages between markets where the organization operates transnationally with a transnational mentality supported by transnational organization structures and without compromising the sustainability of any target markets and resource environment offering satisfactory exchanges between the parties involved” (Sirkeci, 2013: vii).

Contemporary notions of marketing - such as international subcultures, the Information Society an... more Contemporary notions of marketing - such as international subcultures, the Information Society and the global village - would lead us to believe that consumers have access to and consume an abundance of products from different countries. In the light of increasing standardisation by global corporations, it follows the assumption that there will be a gradual convergence in consumer behaviour. This study explores the consumer behaviour of Anglo-Saxons living in the Rhône-Alpes area of south-east France - with reference to country-of-origin (COO) effects when shopping for food produce. Building on studies of acculturation, the research sets out to explore the extent to which specific factors such as price, gender, age and length of residence in a foreign country may have an influence on consumer choice when purchasing groceries, in relation to the COO.

With approximately 1.38 billion, Generation Y are currently in the job market or about to enter t... more With approximately 1.38 billion, Generation Y are currently in the job market or about to enter the job market, they are increasingly taking over the spending power of the previous generation, the Baby Boomers. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the impact country-of-origin information on the perception of Generation Y towards international fashion brands. This study was conducted in the context of fashion products, one of the key interests of the Generation Y, and covered a sample population of twenty one countries. As Generation Y are internet savvy, this study was conducted by using semi-structured interviews in an online chat room and structured email interviews. 53 interviews were conducted with the participants from Generation Y cohort. This study highlighted that most Generation Y ignored country-of-origin information. This study explored the reasons why Generation Y ignored or paid attention to the country-of-origin information. It brings valuable insight to international fashion marketers about how country-of-origin information influences the Generation Y’s perception towards international fashion brands. Qualitative studies which investigate the perception of Generation Y towards country-of-origin of international fashion brands are scarce. Thus, this study can contribute to the development of research into country-of-origin and Generation Y.

Colour and visuals are used extensively by the advertisers of different product categories to att... more Colour and visuals are used extensively by the advertisers of different product categories to attract consumer attention and create favourable attitude. Based on this premise, the present study aimed to explore the effect of colour and relative product size on the consumer attitudes incorporating the moderating role of product familiarity. An experimental design was used, with a sample size of 420 respondents of 18-25 years in a 3 (Product Size: Large/Med/Small) X 2 (Ad Colour: CL/BW) X 2 (Gender: Male/Female) full factorial design. The dependent variables were attitude towards the advertisement, attitude towards the brand and purchase intention with product familiarity as the moderating variable. Colour scheme of the ad was not found to have any effect on the consumers’ attitude, while medium size of the product relative to the ad size was found to be the most preferred option. Product familiarity was found to have significant moderating impact. Females were more influenced by the colour and picture size as compared with males. Implications for practitioners in designing ad content and layout are discussed.

Emerging markets are extremely diverse and can require separate market entry and market developme... more Emerging markets are extremely diverse and can require separate market entry and market development strategies. This paper will look at these opportunities through the lens of Value Flame at the Base of the Pyramid - VFBOP (Williams, et al., 2011). These concepts will be used to explore the potential of shifting paradigms in regard to emerging markets and to identify a leap in value for both consumers and producers. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that transnational corporations should stop viewing profit potential from emerging markets coming solely from the traditional strategy of sourcing lower cost / higher quality products from these areas, but also increasing revenue and global market share by designing and selling offerings in collaboration with the market.

Taking the new consumer requirements for products linked to regional identity and cultural herita... more Taking the new consumer requirements for products linked to regional identity and cultural heritage into consideration, today’s transnational companies have modified their strategies. By using a regional or geographic indication, it is possible to exploit existing associations that consumers have with a region or particular place and provide products that have a specific image. The purpose of this case study is to illustrate this new orientation of transnational companies’ towards a rediscovery and evaluation of terroir. To pursue this goal we chose to use the case study methodology, based on the analysis of the Italian food company Barilla. The study underlines the decision of this transnational company to offer a line of products closely linked to their geographical origin. Furthermore, it analyses how this territorial links are able to communicate and transmit cultural and traditional roots.

Transnational Marketing Journal, May 2015

India is the second largest mobile phone market after China in terms of number of handsets sold a... more India is the second largest mobile phone market after China in terms of number of handsets sold also, usage has increased exponentially in the country. Indian mobile users have high disposable income and young consumers known as Generation Y primarily uses the phone and are very tech-savvy. Using the theory of reasoned action, which suggests that individual attitude and subjective norms and related to behaviour. We have developed three research questions pertaining to characteristics of Generation Y and their mobile usage. In total, 10 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with 70 participants from different segments of the market were conducted in major leading cities such as Ahmedabad, Mumbai and Bangalore as it has 4.17 crore, 5.12 crore and 3.8 crore mobile phone users respectively. Preliminary findings indicate: Generation Y aspires to become independent. They have materialistic and social aspirations. They spend more time with friends and peers than their family. They access multiple media simultaneously such as TV, print, mobiles etc. Mobile phones are very close to their heart as it is an extension of their personality. They prefer to communicate on the virtual platform via mobile phone. The findings imply that Generation Y has moved from conspicuousness to subtle and hedonic expression. This research study provides a detailed understanding of nuances and characteristics of attitudes and intended behaviour of Generation Y.

The Chinese food market is very large and represents a significant opportunity for overseas compa... more The Chinese food market is very large and represents a significant opportunity for overseas companies. If this opportunity is to be exploited, however, there is still a need to understand the Chinese consumer’s response to production by different countries of origin. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to provide insight into the country of origin effect on the purchase of food products in China. The paper reports the findings of an empirical study conducted in Beijing that was based on a large-scale street survey of consumers. Despite limitations related to representativeness and self-reporting, the study generated a number of useful insights. Specifically, the findings suggest that food originating from overseas is perceived to be of higher quality than food originating from China and that Chinese consumers do not see food originating overseas as all the same but relate quality to the country from which it originates. Food originating from overseas had a perceived advantage in the minds of Chinese consumers, although there is still an inclination to buy Chinese food which may serve as a barrier to entry in this market for overseas companies who do not produce in China itself.

The study investigates the peculiarities of place branding for Moscow. Recently the numbers of fo... more The study investigates the peculiarities of place branding for Moscow. Recently the numbers of foreign tourists visiting Moscow have increased but the majority of them are over 40 years old. Since the population of most Western countries is ageing, this seems to be a conducive trend for Russian inbound tourism. However, it is very important to attract a younger audience and offer them an opportunity to broaden their cultural awareness. Our study focuses mainly on a young audience, from 18 to 28 year olds, and intended to find out how they presently perceive Moscow and then offer a relevant positioning. For younger tourists, Moscow is still undiscovered. This is an opportunity for Moscow as the city is attractive regarding the cultural aspects and young tourists have an appetite for culture. The study allows us to single out the key elements of the Moscow brand for young people. The key elements are rooted in the rich history and cultural heritage of Moscow. Moscow is recommended to be positioned as a place where different epochs meet: Tsarism, Stalinism and post-Cold War period of Russian democracy

Bickhoff, N., Hollensen, S., & Opresnik, M. (2014). The Quintessence of Marketing: What You Reall... more Bickhoff, N., Hollensen, S., & Opresnik, M. (2014). The Quintessence of Marketing: What You Really Need to Know to Manage Your Marketing Activities. Springer.

Bickhoff, Hollensen and Opresnik have posed the critical question again: What do marketers really need to know? The Quintessence of Marketing criticises the common view of marketing which places so much emphasis on sales and advertising whilst there is a wide array of activities that make marketing happen.

The book is designed more or less like a handbook for the professional marketer. At the opening, the value of many management books are questioned in terms of volume and length. Thus this relatively short book on key issues and challenges managers face in marketing is the answer according to the series editor.

Border Crossing: Transnational Working Papers, No 1303, pp.29-50, 2013

This study examines the ways in which the city image of Istanbul is re-created through the mega-e... more This study examines the ways in which the city image of Istanbul is re-created through the mega-events within the context of the European Capital of Culture (ECoC) 2010. Istanbul “took the stage” as one of the three ECoC cities (Essen for the Ruhr in Germany and Pécs in Hungary), where the urban spaces were projected as the theatre décor while residents and visitors became the spectators of the events. Organisers and agents of the ECoC 2010 seemed to rebrand Istanbul as a “world city” rather than a “European capital”. With a series of transnational connotations, this can be considered as part of an attempt to turn Istanbul to a global city. In this study we examine posters used during the ECoC 2010 to see whether this was evident in the promoted images of Istanbul. The research employs a herme-neutic approach in which representations, signs and language are the means of symbolic meaning, which is analysed through qualitative methods for the visual data (Visual Analysis Methods), namely Semiotics and Discourse Analysis. The analysed research material comes from a sample of posters released during the ECoC 2010 to promote 549 events throughout the year. Using stratified random sampling we have drawn 28 posters (5% of the total) reflecting the thematic groups of events in the ECoC 2010. Particular attention is also paid to the reflexivity of the researchers and researchers’ embeddedness to the object of research. The symbolic production and visual representation are therefore investigated firstly through the authoritative and historically constituted discourses in the making of Istanbul image and secondly through the orders of cultural consumption and mediatisation of culture through spectacular events. Hence enforcing a transnationalisation of the image of the city where the image appears to be almost stateless trans-cending the national boundaries. Findings and methodology used in this study can be useful in understanding similar cases and further research into the processes of city and place branding and image relationships.

Traditional source countries are rapidly becoming destination countries as international human mo... more Traditional source countries are rapidly becoming destination countries as international human mobility diversified. There are many countries with surplus populations despite increasing efforts to regulate international migration. The number of international migrants, defined as persons living outside their country of birth at least a year, more than doubled between 1980 and 2013, from 103 million to 232 million, so that migration rose faster rise than the global population (See http://esa.un.org/migration/). The number of international migrants is projected to top 400 million by 2050. Turkey, once a major source country, has turned into an immigration destination over the last decade or so. The addition of 2 million Syrians, most of whom are likely to stay much longer than intended, has dramatically increased the size of foreign born population in Turkey. It is estimated that about 40% of world’s movers live in developing countries whilst the remaining 60% live in the industrialised countries. Recently, the largest international population movements are between developing countries of the South. Turkey, as in many respects, sits in between these crossroads of South-South and South-North migration routes as a country of origin, country of destination, and as a transit country.

This paper considers the European Union (EU) legal framework which deals with irregular migration... more This paper considers the European Union (EU) legal framework which deals with irregular migration from third countries into the EU. It begins by outlining the legal frameworks focusing on three areas, which arguably impact most directly on irregular migrants: Border Controls, Human Trafficking and Illegal Employment. The paper aims to highlight some of the issues arising from the legal framework. In particular it questions the continued focus on provisions which stigmatise migrants as criminals and thus continue to foster distrust between Member States and migrants. It examines the provisions in Directive 2011/36/EU and considers the extent to which they have addressed some of the concerns raised in relation to previous legislation in this area. This paper argues for a more principled approach which is based on a more holistic consideration of migration policies in the EU, which takes more explicit account of human rights based theories of migration increasing the use of effective legal instruments and humanitarian operations.

Although Turkey has been an important immigration and asylum country (see Kale, 2005; Kaya, 2009,... more Although Turkey has been an important immigration and asylum country (see Kale, 2005; Kaya, 2009, 2012; Kirisci, 1996, 2002, 2003, 2007) as well as a transit county (Sahin-Mencutek, 2012) in the region, the legal infrastructure to deal with the migration subject has been somewhat poor . This field has been governed by piecemeal legislations, and this lack of primary legislation, which covers both rights and responsibilities has been indicated as one of the reasons for decreasing the level of protection given to refugees and asylum seekers (Amnesty International, 2009). When we come to 2011, it is possible to see a remarkable development in the field of asylum seekers, although negotiations with the EU remained in deadlock. In 2011, The Law on Foreigners and International Protection in Turkey (No. 6458) was drafted and it was approved by Parliament on 4 April 2013. This was an innovative movement in the history of Turkish migration policies because it was the first comprehensive law to cover both foreigners and those who need international protection.

Non-refoulement is one of the fundamental principles of international refugee law (Pirjola, 2007:... more Non-refoulement is one of the fundamental principles of international refugee law (Pirjola, 2007:643; Farmer, 2008:5). Non-refoulement is not expressed in abstract and general terms, but with specific and clear content (Pirjola, 2007: 639). In the most general sense, non- refoulement is a concept which prohibits States from returning a refugee or asylum seeker to territories where there is a risk that his or her life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion (Lauterpacht & Bethlehem, 2003:89).

“World community has entered into the varying degrees in to a universal community and violation o... more “World community has entered into the varying degrees in to a universal community and violation of rights in one part of the world is felt everywhere…the idea of cosmopolitan right is therefore not fantastic and overstrained; it is a necessary complement to the unwritten code of political and international rights, transforming it into a universal right of humanity. Only under this condition can we flatter ourselves that we are continually advancing towards perpetual peace” (Immanuel Kant, 1795).
This statement succinctly summarises an ideal picture of an international system of rights through the lenses of cosmopolitanism; the only way to accomplish perpetual peace is to have a universal system of rights that makes states and people responsible for their actions and holds them to account within a realm of universal responsibility i.e. ICC (International Criminal Court) is an example of a cosmopolitan approach to moral and legal conduct of states/individuals. The cosmopolitan approach helps us to establish a universal system of law on the grounds of moral values. Thus, in this paper, I aim to analyse the rights of migrant workers taking a Human Rights (HR) based approach in the light of the concept of cosmopolitanism. I will explore the key components of cosmopolitan right which are as follows in this context; migrant workers as autonomous agents, the state and universal system of rights (UN agencies). I will then look at the key factors that become an obstacle for recognition of migrant workers’ rights.

The political participation of Mowassat, Özkan, or Sharma alongside Schmidt, Maier, or Beck is al... more The political participation of Mowassat, Özkan, or Sharma alongside Schmidt, Maier, or Beck is already a routine part of German politics. But scholar interest has not yet been directed towards politicians with migration backgrounds in Germany. Politicians, as the faces of political parties, are not only the movers of electoral politics. Diversity among party faces hints at the composition of the given society and its politics.
In spring 2008, when this research took off, North Rhine-Westphalia, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria, states with the biggest migrant populations, had no politicians with migration background in their state parliaments. This changed as of the 2010, 2011 and 2013 elections, respectively. In the federal parliament, on the other hand, the 16th legislative period hosted 11 politicians with migration backgrounds, while the 17th legislative period, which convened in September 2009, hosted 20. Furthermore, during the last two years, three ministers and two state secretaries with migration backgrounds have been appointed in Lower Saxony, Baden-Württemberg and North Rhine-Westphalia, respectively. During the period of study, one politician with migration background has become the co-chair of his party while another politician in another political party has been named vice-chair.

For immigrants and their offspring, being incorporated into the local political system of a Europ... more For immigrants and their offspring, being incorporated into the local political system of a European city is in many respects an uphill battle. Newcomers and their descendants do not feature prominently among Europe’s parliamentarians or city councillors (Bloemraad, 2013; Bloemraad and Schönwälder, 2013). Political parties seem to have difficulty adapting to the new demographics in which people of immigrant background comprise a large percentage of the city population – or in some cases, like that of Amsterdam, even form the majority. The absence of immigrants from political institutions does not seem to be just an innocent reflection of their recent arrival or slow acquisition of citizenship. More likely we feel it reflects the inability of existing political institutions to adapt to a changing demographic situation.

On 11 September 2001, hijacked planes struck the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a Pennsylv... more On 11 September 2001, hijacked planes struck the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and a Pennsylvania field. The attacks horrified people worldwide, but German reactions were especially complicated; politicians and citizens needed to process the failed macro-political integration of the Hamburg cell, four 9/11 conspirators who met and organized at Al-Quds Moschee (mosque). Just one year prior in 2000, citizenship law reform changed the idea of who could be German, one that now included the country’s Turkish-German population. Though none of the Hamburg cell members were Turkish, 9/11’s temporal closeness to citizenship law reform and the resultant collusion of “Turk” and “Muslim” in media and political discourse resulted in continuing negative media representation of Turkish-Germans.
Particularly since 2001, Germany has struggled with increased Islamophobia, fear of Islam and by association, Muslims. Chancellor Angela Merkel has promoted the creation of integration programs aimed at stopping problems before they start. Nevertheless, migrants often feel they belong less when others mark them in need of integration. In this chapter, I ask: how has media representation towards Turkish-Germans changed since 9/11 and citizenship law reform? How has media coverage of Germany’s integration crisis impacted migrant descendants’ sense of belonging, a key facet of macro-political integration?

This paper deals with immigrants’ perceived exclusion as an aspect of their naturalization inten... more This paper deals with immigrants’ perceived exclusion as an aspect of their naturalization intention. It demonstrates how immigrants perceive exclusion in different ways. The analysis draws on 13 in-depth interviews with Turkish permanent residents in the German city-state of Hamburg. The interviews were conducted as part of a mixed-methods study that investigates the role of symbolic boundaries in naturalization intentions of Turkish residents in Germany. The case of Turkish residents is relevant because they constitute the largest group of resident aliens in Germany (22% of foreign pop.) (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2013a) and their naturalization rate is low compared to other third-country nationals. Their annual naturalization rate was barely 5% in the last 20 years, although the majority is eligible for German citizenship (Statistisches Bundesamt, 2013b). Finally, the requirement to renounce their former passport makes an examination of symbolic aspects of citizenship particularly interesting.

The term “transnational politics” first began to emerge in the literature in the early 1970s with... more The term “transnational politics” first began to emerge in the literature in the early 1970s with a focus on the changing patterns in the world politics and strategic linkages between states and non-state actors (see: Rosenau, 1969; Kaiser, 1971). Even in these early diagnoses, it was presupposed that there had been a growing -cultural, financial and political- interaction between diverse actors in the societies of different nation-states. Without a doubt, within the contemporary global processes that call into question the sovereignty of the nation-states, which are conceptualized as “denationalization” (Sassen, 1996; 2003) or “postnational” model (Soysal, 1994), transnational politics is much more influential in today’s global political conjuncture and its importance is increasingly growing. The changing conditions of current global politics empower the positions of NGOs, interest groups and non-state actors and signify the emergence of new players in the global political arena. Within this context, migrants’ transnational political practices gain particular significance and not only do they now more directly affect the way in which home countries’ policy-making processes are shaped, but they also have a considerable impact on the positionalities of the countries of residence and on the global public opinion at large.

The main aim in writing this paper on German-Turks is to present an exploratory analysis on the T... more The main aim in writing this paper on German-Turks is to present an exploratory analysis on the Turkish community in Germany. Through a series of in-depth interviews with younger generations of German-Turks in Berlin, it is focused on their preferences concerning citizenship issues and attitudes towards their home as well as host countries. The role of their overall approach towards citizenship issues in shaping their political participation strategies in both German and Turkish contexts is also underlined.
The main question revolves around the issue of citizenship preferences of the German-Turks. I explore the simple question about the extent to which their citizenship preferences and attitudes towards citizenship at large facilitate their political integration in Germany. I accordingly ask whether or not and to what degree the German-Turks are politically integrated into German society.

For a long time, German citizenship policies made it almost impossible for Turkish immigrants to ... more For a long time, German citizenship policies made it almost impossible for Turkish immigrants to naturalize and become part of the political community. This lack of formal opportunities led immigrants to develop a more civil society-orientated means of participation (Odmalm, 2009: 154). During the early to mid-1960s, they avoided organized political activity. But as temporary guest-worker programmes led to settlement, Turkish immigrants started to express diverse political identities and engage in group activities. The internal divisions over goals and strategies weakened Turkish community’s potential (Ögelman, 2003: 166-167). By the 1980s, the Turkish network of organizations had become the broadest of all immigrant groups in Germany, although it was more polarized along political lines than any other ethnic group (Schoeneberg, 1985: 424).

B. Dilara Şeker, Ibrahim Sirkeci, M. Murat Yüceşahin (der.) (2015). Göç ve Uyum. London: Transnational Press London., May 1, 2015

Uluslararası göç tarihi çok eskilere dayanmasına karşın Türkiye’nin yeni bir göç ülkesi olarak de... more Uluslararası göç tarihi çok eskilere dayanmasına karşın Türkiye’nin yeni bir göç ülkesi olarak değerlendirilmesine ilgili alan yazınında sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. 1960’lar ve 1970’lerdeki yurtdışına kitlesel işçi akınları dikkate alındığında bu hareketlerin Türkiye’nin “göç geleneği”ni genel olarak belirlediği söylenebilir. Ancak bu dönemin öncesinde ve sonrasında kitlesel işçi göçlerine ek olarak başka tür nüfus hareketleri de yaşanmıştır ve bunlar arasında içe göçlerin büyüklüğü azımsanamayacak düzeyde önemlidir. Özellikle 1900’lü yılların ilk çeyreğinde yeniden belirlenen politik sınırlar ve kurulan yeni ulus-devletlerde bazı nüfusların karşılıklı değişimi sürecine dayalı olarak yaygın nüfus hareketleriyle karşılaşılmıştır.

B. Dilara Şeker, Ibrahim Sirkeci, M. Murat Yüceşahin (der.) (2015). Göç ve Uyum. London: Transnational Press London., May 1, 2015

Göçün tarihi muhtemelen insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Günümüzde küreselleşme, sanayileşme, seyah... more Göçün tarihi muhtemelen insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Günümüzde küreselleşme, sanayileşme, seyahat imkanlarının kolaylaşması, öğrenci ve eğitimci değişim programlarının artması, turizm sektöründe yaşanan gelişmeler yanında dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde yaşanan ekonomik ve/veya sosyal krizler ve savaş gibi farklı nedenler göçmen, mülteci, yabancı işçi, öğrenci hareketlerinde artışa neden olmuştur (Ward, Bochner ve Furnham, 2001:8). Göç kavramı; sosyologlar, siyaset bilimciler, demograflar, tarihçiler, coğrafyacılar (Balkır vd., 2008; Bahar vd., 2009; Südaş, 2011; Çağlar, 2011) tarafından makro analiz düzeyinde yoğun olarak çalışılmasına rağmen psikoloji alanında göreli olarak daha az çalışılmıştır (Dovidio ve Esses, 2001; Kağıtçıbaşı, 2010:368; Kuo, 2014). Ayrıca ülkemizde yaşayan ve Türkiye’den yurt dışına giden yukarıda belirtilen gruplarla ilgili psikoloji alanında (Güngör, Bornstein, ve Phalet, 2012; Şeker ve Boysan, 2013; Şeker ve Sirkeci, 2014; Kuşdil, 2014;) sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunduğu görülmektedir.

Contents of Turkish Migration Policy book.

Turkish Migration Policy, May 2016

Due to the large-scale migration from Turkey to Europe in general and Germany in particular Turke... more Due to the large-scale migration from Turkey to Europe in general and Germany in particular Turkey has primarily been regarded as a migrant-sending country until recently. This image of Turkey characterizes, however, just one aspect of the Turkish migration history. Only since 2011 with the large influxes of Syrians and, there is a shift in the perception of Turkey as a destination country. Throughout history though, Turkey has always been a host country for sizeable inward population movements. There were several waves of population movements in the aftermath of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire: According to Karpat, between 1860s and 1922, around 4 million people migrated to Ottoman territories while later, about 1.5 million Muslims “were forced to take refuge in the Ottoman domains” (more or less the territories of modern Turkey). According to the Ministry of Resettlement, then Turkey received a total of 870,000 migrants of whom 400,000 were from Greece, 225,000 from Bulgaria, 120,000 from Yugoslavia, 120,000 from Romania and 10,000 from other Balkan countries.
Along with individually arranged movements, large portion of these migrations were organised as a result of the Lausanne Treaty’s compulsory population exchange which took place between 1923 and 1926. This population exchange had an important impact on the nation-building process, which involved transforming a multi-ethnic empire of diverse elements into a homogeneous state. Thus, parallel to the settlement of migrants of Muslim descent, there was the resettlement, displacement of Turkey’s non-Muslims who have been largely expelled in the first half century from the new Turkish Republic .

In recent years, Turkish politicians have increasingly intervened into political and social matte... more In recent years, Turkish politicians have increasingly intervened into political and social matters that concern Turks in Germany. The former Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Germany several times and held speeches in which he condemned assimilation as a “crime against humanity”, calling on Turks not only to maintain their relationship with Turkey and Turkish culture but also to work in the interests of Turkey. Erdoğan’s speeches and other high-ranking Turkish politicians’ similar comments have caused friction in German-Turkish relations.
In European countries such as Germany, France or Netherlands, Turkey’s diaspora policy is object of controversial political debates and target of criticism. This gives rise to the question: Is the new Turkish diaspora policy a typical example of transnationalism or of a long-distance nationalism?
After clarifying basic concepts such as diaspora, diaspora policy, transnationalism and long distance nationalism, diaspora formation will be put into a broader context of globalisation and the historical background, and driving forces and key elements of the new Turkish diaspora policy will be presented.

Traditional source countries have been rapidly becoming destination countries. However, the fact ... more Traditional source countries have been rapidly becoming destination countries. However, the fact remains that there are still countries with surplus populations and others who do not want any more migration. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, there were large population movements between Anatolia and neighbouring territories including the compulsory population exchanges between the newly formed Turkish Republic and Greece between 1923 and 1926. While the majority of non-Muslim minorities left Turkey, Muslim Turks moved in the opposite direction from the countries gaining independence after the collapse of the Empire. However what has put Turkey firmly on the international migration map are the mass labour migrations of the 1960s and 1970s. Following the energy crisis of the early 1970s, Turkish emigration found new destinations in Arab countries, Australia, and the former Soviet Republics in addition to the already established culture and routes of migration. Initial flows have been replaced by family migrations, refugee flows, asylum seeking migrants, and in more recent times the arrival of undocumented migrants in large numbers. Given this, we can identify five distinct periods in recent Turkish migration history: 1) the migration of mainly unskilled and skilled workers dominating the initial period from 1961 to 1973; 2) migrations due to family reunions dominating the second period until 1980; 3) Following the military intervention of 1980, Turkish or Kurdish refugees seeking asylum in Europe, along with flows of contract workers to Arab countries in the 1970s and 1980s; 4) flows of undocumented persons to Western Europe during the late 1990s and 2000s; 5) the boom in migration to Turkey with Turkey turning into an immigrant receiving country in the 2000s and 2010s.

Göç Dergisi

Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2018

In its various aspects, the subject of “belonging” has been an important fundamental indicator in... more In its various aspects, the subject of “belonging” has been an important fundamental indicator in terms of understanding “social belonging relations” throughout the history of mankind. This study focuses on the Meskhetian Turks who have immigrated to Turkey since 1992. Using the selected sample below, it considers the Meskhetian Turks’ choice of a preferred motherland, Turkey or their own Meskhetian Territories with regard to social belonging. The research also questions the role of Turkish Governments during the period 1992-2017 who as decision makers in matters of “immigration administration” “encouraged” or “discouraged” the Meskhetian Turks to enter in Turkey. In addition, the level of public awareness drawn by the Meskhetian Turks’ recently increasing rates of arrival in Turkey along with the subject of their social adaption to local public life will be questioned through in depth interviews. Moreover, on a broader level, the emotions of the Meskhetian Turks towards spatial belonging will be scrutinized. And in the final analysis, the content of this paper examines the general question of “motherland” belonging, which is claimed to exist amongst the Meskhetian Turks both towards Turkey and the Meskhetian territories.

Osmanlı, Roman, Temettuat

In political, social and economic terms, Turkey is the most affected country of the Syrian crisis... more In political, social and economic terms, Turkey is the most affected country of the Syrian crisis. More importantly, Turkey as a host country of Syrian refugees has been living a dramatic demographic change. The most marginalized group living in Turkey is children. Refugee education has hence become of top priority. The global report in refugee education is below the critical level, but Turkish report is even worse in the contexts of not only accessibility and quality. This work refers to uniquely gathered dataset from AFAD and UNHCR in order to portray the current demography of Syrian refugees in particular concentrating on the ones living in camps. Main purpose is elaborating the current educational assessment of Syrian child refugees in Turkey. Our findings indicate the significant number of refugee children in need of access to basic education at all levels and underlines the magnitude of scarce of education program development mainly due to lack of financial matters. Hence, it advises a kind of collaboration among implementing public and private partners at the local, national and international levels.

Anotace Paper deals with Kurdish community residing in the Czech Republic – especially focuses o... more Anotace
Paper deals with Kurdish community residing in the Czech Republic – especially focuses on the promotion of their political interests. Paper is based on my long-term own field research. Used were mainly semi-structured interviews and analysis of documents. Attended were also various events organised by Kurds. The main task of case study is a description and analysis of the genesis of the Kurdish diaspora in the CR together with the analysis of the promotion of their political interests and their transnational activities of this relatively small not traditional Central European community. They seeks to promote organized interests, they are linked to the wider Kurdish diaspora in other countries and furthermore they are linked to their home countries as well, and therefore we are able to identify their transnational political, socio-cultural and economic activity. Kurdish community in the Czech Republic has established itself as a result of both voluntary and forced emigration mainly from Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. The first Kurdish 149 students who were politically active came to former Czechoslovakia in the 60s of the 20th century. In Czechoslovakia there also lived various prominent Kurdish politicians or artists and there were many visits of Kurdish politicians straight from Kurdistan also. This was enabled by attitude of the Czechoslovak communist government that was supportive toward Kurdish claims in the Middle East. After the revolutionary events of 1989, the Kurdish community composition changed – more Kurds from Turkey arrived. Members of the Union of Kurdish Students established in the 2003 Kurdish civil association, which represents the only functioning organization. Contrary to the situation in the Western Europe, Kurdish civil association is composed of Kurds from Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran together, what brings some difficulties. Since 2011 are Kurds residing in the Czech Republic also very active in protests against regime of Bashar al-Assad.

Turkey has been a stage for human mobility for many years, yet it did not have a comprehensive mi... more Turkey has been a stage for human mobility for many years, yet it did not have a comprehensive migration and asylum regime until recently. Being the worst refugee crisis of the last decades, the Syrian crisis actually had an impact on developing such a regime of which the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) is a crucial element. The LFIP provides temporary protection to the Syrians in Turkey.
However, it is recently observed that more and more Syrians are leaving the country. Examining their exodus, the present article is seeking answers to the question of “Why are the Syrians desperately trying to leave Turkey?” Two arguments are put forth in the article. First, Turkey’s new migration and asylum regime has not been able to decrease the refugees’ vulnerability because of its “expectation of temporariness”.
Secondly, it is argued that Turkey’s “new asylum regime” is in fact “not that new” due to the fact that asylum-seekers coming from non-European countries have been provided a de facto temporary protection. The article reveals that the Syrian refugees are vulnerable in many fields mainly because they are subject to a protection regime marked by temporariness. As the regime is putting them in limbo, they are leaving Turkey. Turkey’s new asylum regime appears not that new after all.

Ayhan Aktar has been working on anti-minority policies in modern Turkey since 1991. In the Ottoma... more Ayhan Aktar has been working on anti-minority policies in modern Turkey since 1991. In the Ottoman Empire’s final decade (in 1906), non-Muslims constituted 20% of the population; by 1927, they were reduced to 2.5% and, nowadays, they make up less than 0.02% of the population of Modern Turkey. Armenians were subjected to deportations (1915), Greeks were ‘exchanged’ (1922–1924) and Jews were forced to migrate abroad (after 1945). Like many other nation-states in the Near East, Turkey has been able to homogenize its population on religious grounds. This book is a collection of Aktar's articles about this transformation.

Aktar criticises nationalist historiographies and argues "For instance, a scholar conducting research on the Jewish community during the republican period could easily come to the conclusion that only Jews were discriminated against by the Turkish state. However, this is only partially true! All non-Muslim minorities were discriminated against and their stories cannot be understood unless the Turkish state and its policies are placed at centre stage. Utilizing diplomatic correspondence in the British and US National Archives has enabled me to understand anti-minority policies as a whole and to treat the subject within a totality."

This book will interest scholars and students of nationalism, minority studies and Turkish history and politics.

Transnational Press London, 2016

The Turkish Migration Conference 2016 is the fourth event in this series, we are proud to organis... more The Turkish Migration Conference 2016 is the fourth event in this series, we are proud to organise and host at the University of Vienna, Austria. Perhaps given the growing number of participants and variety in scope of research and debates included at the Conference, it is now an established quality venue fostering scholarship in Turkish Migration Studies.

Turkey has recently and suddenly turned into a major destination country with the arrival of over 3 million Syrians and Iraqis fleeing the crisis in the region. There has been already strong flows of Turkish origin migrants and returnees from Europe as well as flows of transit and asylum movers. Turkey and its international partners therefore faces new challenges in managing migration to, from and through Turkey. European Union and the neighbouring countries are seriously tested on the arrival of a million Syrians through Aegean. These hot topics as well as other more settled issues of migration scholarship will be discussed during the conference.

Over the last five years, we have seen over 1000 abstracts submitted to the conference and year on year the number of accepted presentations grew. This year, the conference accommodates over 350 presentations by over 400 participants from all around the world. The Migration Conference attracting such a healthy number of academics is a good indicator of the success and means the conference serving its purpose and offer a good opportunity for scholarly exchange and networking.

I would like to thank all our colleagues who serves on the conference committee, hundreds of authors who also reviewed substantial number of abstracts and papers so far. We thank to the University of Vienna for hosting the event. We also thank to our supporters University of California Davis Gifford Centre for Population Studies, Manisa Celal Bayar University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences and Center for Population and Migration Studies, Regent’s University London Centre for Transnational Studies, Danube University Krems, Global Policy Strategy, J. Hornig Coffee, Vieanna Convention Bureau, Ria Money Transfer, Hans Biffl, Transnational Press London, for their support and contribution to the Conference.

Prof Dr Ibrahim Sirkeci
Conference Chair and Ria Professor of Transnational Studies & Marketing
Director of Regent’s Centre for Transnational Studies
Faculty of Business and Management, Regent’s University London, United Kingdom

TPLONDON CATALOGUE , Apr 1, 2020

Transnational Press London Catalogue – 2020 Published: March 2020 Please download the TPLondon c... more Transnational Press London Catalogue – 2020
Published: March 2020

Please download the TPLondon catalogue for the books and journals we publish.

Transnational Press London is committed to enabling authors to reach a wider audience by offering books at affordable prices.

ISBN: 978-1-912997-41-1

Transnational Press London, 2016

Turkish migration to British Isles has a long history but sizeable diaspora communities and encla... more Turkish migration to British Isles has a long history but sizeable diaspora communities and enclaves of Turkish origin have emerged only in the last four to five decades. Earlier groups arrived were Cypriots fleeing the troubled island in the Eastern Mediterranean whilst Turks and Kurds of the mainland were not even considering the UK as a destination. This book is about these contemporary movers from Turkey, their movement trajectories, practices, and integration in Britain. Eight researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds and methodological schools came together to do the ground work for the students of this emerging subfield of human mobility studies. Turkey is now at the forefront of accommodating large scale inward mobility mostly due to the crisis in Syria and Iraq. This also brings some attention to Turkey’s own diasporic population

THE MIGRATION CONFERENCE 2018 Book of Abstracts and Programme, Jun 23, 2018

The Migration Conference is a venue for academics, policy makers, practitioners, students and eve... more The Migration Conference is a venue for academics, policy makers, practitioners, students and everybody who is interested in intelligent debate and research informed discussions on human mobility and its impacts around the world. The Migration Conference is an international peerreviewed scholarly event. The Migration Conferences were launched at the Regent’s Centre for Transnational Studies in 2012 when the first well attended international peer-reviewed conference with a focus on Turkish migration in Europe took place in Regent’s Park campus of Regent’s University London, UK. The Migration Conference 2018 is the sixth event in the series and coorganised by ISEG (School of Economics and Management) and IGOT (The Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning) both at Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal and Transnational Press London, UK. Previous conferences were held in London (2012), London (2014), Prague (2015), Vienna (2016), Athens (2017), and Lisbon (2018). The Migration Conference 2018 is organised with funding raised by registration fees and the following partners’ support: ISEG – Universidade de Lisboa, IGOT - Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, Tourism Office of Lisbon, Portugal, Global Migration Project - Ohio State University, USA, Gifford Center - University of California Davis, USA, Regent’s University London Centre for Transnational Studies, UK, Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy Graduate School of Law, Germany, Institut de Recherche, Formation et Action sur les Migrations, Belgium, Migration Institute of Finland, Hart Publishing, UK, Transnational Press London, Migration Letters, Remittances Review, Border Crossing, Göç Dergisi, Kurdish Studies, and Journal of Gypsy Studies.

Once the family farming model was replaced by an industrial agricultural system of production bas... more Once the family farming model was replaced by an industrial agricultural system of production based on hired labor, the Catalonian (Spanish) agricultural union Unió de Pagesos, with the consent of the State, reinvented itself as a provider of services related to the acquisition of manpower through a “recruitment and supply” system – referring to the set of practices to recruit foreign workers abroad and their placement by the Union. The State's migration polity is responsible for the emergence of such a system. In the dormitories a transformation is envisioned through different devices similar to other institutions such as labor camps, where individuality is tamed through subordination to a dominating power in order to create a new subject, whose value is exteriorized through obedience to those who manage the institutions. The research was undertaken inside the dormitories using the classical methodology of Anthropology. Accordingly, the field work was carried out mainly through participant observation and in-depth interviews. The approach to this subject of study came about when the researcher was hired to monitor the dormitories during harvest in Montblanc (Catalonia, Spain) during 2003. Latter ground incursions took place from the outside from the year 2005 until 2010.

Migration has become a topic of increasing significance in recent years due to globalisation and ... more Migration has become a topic of increasing significance in recent years due to globalisation and regional conflicts and poverty in the world. This study presents an assessment on the impact of actual practices and overall forced migration process on women in Turkey where a mass migration is experienced due to Middle Eastern conflicts and associated mobility. Study group is composed of the Syrian female asylum-seekers living in the Önder Mahallesi area of Ankara. This study was designed by qualitative methods. We conducted semi-structured interviews. There are questions on how their life is in Turkey, how their life in Syria before war was, how this war affected them and what they expect from future. This study aims at determining the problems and future expectations of Syrian women in Turkey. Also some suggestions based on the study’s results will be presented.

We’re pleased to welcome you to Harokopio University, Athens in August for the Migration Conferen... more We’re pleased to welcome you to Harokopio University, Athens in August for the Migration Conference. The 5th conference in our series, the 2017 Conference is probably the largest scholarly gathering on migration with a global scope. Human mobility, border management, integration and security, diversity and minorities as well as spatial patterns, identity and economic implications have dominated the public agenda and gave an extra impetus for the study of movers and non-movers over the last decade or so. Throughout the program of the Migration Conference you will find various key thematic areas are covered in about 400 presentations by about 400 colleagues coming from all around the world from Australia to Canada, China to Mexico, South Africa to Finland. We are also proud to bring you opportunities to meet with some of the leading scholars in the field. Our line of keynote speakers include Saskia Sassen, Oded Stark, Giuseppe Sciortino, Neli Esipova, and Yüksel Pazarkaya. The Migration Conference also offers training and development opportunities and participants are encouraged to register for workshops. Dilek Cindoğlu will be running a workshop on grounded theory while Jeffrey H. Cohen and Ibrahim Sirkeci will be leading the meet the editors session. As usual we allow significant time to focus on the host country migration debates. Apostolos Papadopoulos, co-chair of the Conference will moderate the roundtable debate on Migration / Refugee Crisis and its Aftermath: Challenges for migration policy in Greece in the evening of the opening day.

LITTLE TURKEY IN GREAT BRITAIN by Ibrahim Sirkeci, Tuncay Bilecen, Yakup Costu, Saniye Dedeoglu, ... more LITTLE TURKEY IN GREAT BRITAIN by Ibrahim Sirkeci, Tuncay Bilecen, Yakup Costu, Saniye Dedeoglu, M. Rauf Kesici, B. Dilara Seker, Fethiye Tilbe, K. Onur Unutulmaz is about Turkish movers in Britain. Turkish migration to British Isles has a long history but sizeable diaspora communities and enclaves of Turkish origin have emerged only in the last four to five decades. Earlier groups arrived were Cypriots fleeing the troubled island in the Eastern Mediterranean whilst Turks and Kurds of the mainland were not even considering the UK as a destination. This book is about these contemporary movers from Turkey, their movement trajectories, practices, and integration in Britain. Eight researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds and methodological schools came together to do the ground work for the students of this emerging subfield of human mobility studies. Turkey is now at the forefront of accommodating large scale inward mobility mostly due to the crisis in Syria and Iraq. This also brings some attention to Turkey's own diaspora populations.

Turkish Migration Conference 2014 Programme & Abstract Book, 2014

Turkish Migration Conference 2014 Comparative Perspectives and Continuities Conference Programme ... more Turkish Migration Conference 2014
Comparative Perspectives and Continuities
Conference Programme & Abstract Book
30 th May – 1st JuneJuneJuneJune
London, United Kingdom
Regent’s Centre for Transnational Studies
Regent’s University London

Göç, genel anlamıyla; ‘insanların toplumsal, ekonomik, siyasal ve doğal nedenlerden dolayı yerleş... more Göç, genel anlamıyla; ‘insanların toplumsal, ekonomik, siyasal ve doğal nedenlerden dolayı yerleşmek amacıyla bir yerden başka bir yere gitmeleri' olarak tanımlanabilir (Tilbe & Bosnalı, 2016. s. v). İnsanlar; eğitim, sağlık, güvenlik, hızlı nüfus artışı gibi toplumsal nedenlerden ötürü göç ederler. Aşınım, aşırı kuraklık, toprak kayması, çölleşme, sel, deprem, volkan patlaması gibi doğal nedenler de insanların göç etmesine
yol açar. Sınır değişiklikleri, nüfus değişimi ve bunlardan en önemlisi savaş ise, göç olgusunun siyasal nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. İş olanakları, doğal kaynakların varlığı, gelir dağılımındaki eşitsizlik, geçim sıkıntısı, tarım topraklarının bölünmesi veya tarım yapılacak alanların kalmaması insanları tarım alanlarında makineleşme ve insan gücüne daha az gereksinim duyulması gibi ekonomik nedenler de göç etmeyi
zorunlu kılmaktadır (Ekici & Tuncel, 2015; Koçak & Terzi, 2012; Sağlam, 2006). Bu nedenler, göç etmeyi tercih olmaktan çıkarmakta, bir zorunluluk haline dönüştürmektedir. Bütün bu nedenlerin temelinde ise, İbrahim Sirkeci’nin ileri sürdüğü gibi tehdit olgusuna bağlı olarak gelişen güvensizlik durumu yatmaktadır. Bulunduğu yerleşim alanında siyasal, toplumsal, ekonomik ya da ekinsel bağlamda kendini güvende duyumsamayan ve geleceğine ilişkin tehdit algısına kapılanlar, bir yerden
ötekine devinimi gerçekleştirirler.

Representations of Violence in Literature, Culture and Arts - Conference Abstracts Book 2021 Edebiyat, Kültür ve Sanatta Şiddet Temsilleri - Konferans Özetler Kitabı 2021, 2021

Representations of Violence in Literature, Culture and Arts - Conference Abstracts Book 2021 Edeb... more Representations of Violence in Literature, Culture and Arts - Conference Abstracts Book 2021
Edebiyat, Kültür ve Sanatta Şiddet Temsilleri - Konferans Özetler Kitabı 2021

Compiled by the Conference Committee

Published: 17 October 2021 [Conference Series: 19]

Paperback ISBN: 978-1-80135-095-2
Digital ISBN: 978-1-80135-096-9

Now we are nearly at the end of the first quarter of the twenty-first century, but violence still permeates in our lives at various levels. Various forms of violence occurring at levels of interpersonal, self-directed, collective, state, warfare, child and youth violence, intimate partner violence, environmental violence, and animal violence lay bare the complexity and pervasiveness of the phenomenon, yet it also brings along the necessity to discuss violence from multiple perspectives. Undoubtedly, violence that we have been facing and/or enduring in our lives are mostly man-made; however we need to raise awareness about the interrelatedness of various forms of violence directed not only to human beings but also to all nonhuman beings, including animate and inanimate entities, around us. In this way, we could rethink the definition of violence and enhance our understanding of the concept from wider perspectives. The abstrats collected in this book aim to discuss the concept of violence, its various forms and its representations in literature, culture and arts in order to raise awareness about the interrelatedness of various forms of violence directed not only to human beings but also to all nonhuman beings, including animate and inanimate entities, around us. In doing so, this book intends to contribute to the field of violence studies through the reconsideration of the meaning of violence from multiple perspectives.

Bizler, neredeyse yirmi birinci yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinin sonlarını yaşamaktayız, ancak şiddet hayatımıza hala çeşitli düzeylerde nüfuz ediyor. Kişilerarası, öze yöneltilen, kolektif, devlet, savaş, çocuk ve genç şiddeti, yakın eş şiddeti, çevresel şiddet ve hayvan şiddeti gibi çeşitli düzlemlerde vuku bulan şiddet biçimleri olgunun karmaşıklığını ve yaygınlığını açıkça ortaya koymakla beraber şiddet kavramının farklı açılardan tartışılması gerekliliğini de ortaya koymaktadır. Kuşkusuz, hayatlarımızda deneyimlediğimiz ve / veya katlandığımız şiddetin büyük çoğunluğu insan eliyledir, ancak şiddetin tanımını yaparken sadece ‘insana yöneltilen’ veya odağında ‘insan’ olan şiddetin yanı sıra çevremizdeki canlı ve cansız varlıklara yöneltilen şiddeti de konuşmak hususunda farkındalık yaratmak elzemdir. Bu sayede şiddetin tanımını yeniden yapabilir ve kavramı farklı perspektiflerden görerek bakış açımızı zenginleştirebiliriz. Bu kitapta derlenen özetler, şiddet kavramını, çeşitli biçimlerini ve edebiyat, kültür ve sanattaki temsillerini tartışmayı ve sadece insanlara değil, çevremizdeki canlı ve cansız varlıklar da dahil olmak üzere tüm insan olmayan varlıklara yönelik şiddetin çeşitli biçimlerinin birbiriyle ilişkisi hakkında farkındalık yaratmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu açıdan, bu kitap şiddetin anlamının çoklu perspektiflerden yeniden ele alınması yoluyla şiddet çalışmaları alanına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

The issue of irregular migration in Turkey is gaining an increasingly important dimension. In the... more The issue of irregular migration in Turkey is gaining an increasingly important dimension. In the context of irregular migration, it is known that many foreigners use Turkey as a target or transit country for economic and political reasons. Only in 2016, 174,466 irregular migrants were apprehended in various regions of Turkey. This number has been increasing, especially in recent years. The current irregular migration movements in Turkey affect not only Turkey but also the European countries around it. In 2014, 280 thousand people illegally reached Europe by sea and land. In 2015, this number increased to 1,046,600. It is known that irregular migration concentrates on the Aegean, Mediterranean, and Marmara coasts. According to the Turkish Coast Guard Command, a total of 490 irregular migrants lost their lives while illegally trying to cross into European countries in 2015, 2016, and the first months of 2017. This picture makes it necessary to address the human dimension of irregular migration from a broader perspective. While coping with irregular migration, policies should be developed by keeping the human dimension of the subject in mind through investigating the causes that drive migrants to irregular migration. In parallel with this, fighting against human smugglers is indispensable. At this point, social work profession, which has to take an active role in the field of migration, must be maintained by improving its practices on the basis of human rights. While working with irregular migrants, social workers must stay away from stigmatizing and judicial attitudes and advocate for the protection of the human rights of these migrants.