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Papers by Joydev Ghosh

IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 2019

Obtaining large spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) subject to quality of experie... more Obtaining large spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) subject to quality of experience (QoE) is one of the prime concerns for the wireless next generation networks, however a major confrontation with its trade-off which is becoming apparent while optimizing both SE and EE parameters concurrently. In this work, an analytical framework for a cognitive-femtocell network is proposed to be dealt with and overcome the situations regarded as unwelcome. Here, the conflict of SE-EE trade-off in downlink (DL) transmission is expressed methodically by Pareto Optimal Set (POS) based on a multi-empirical most effective use of a resource scheme as a function of femto base station (FBS) and macro base station (MBS) transmit power and base station (BS) density, respectively. Then, SE and EE are formulated in a utility function by applying Cobb-Douglas production function to transform the multi-empirical difficulty into the single-empirical optimization case. Besides, it is analytically shown that the SE-EE trade-off can be optimize through a distinctive universal optimum among the Pareto optimal by fine-tuning the weighting metric other than BS transmit power and density, respectively. Simulation results validate that it is possible to obtain the EE-SE trade-off with SINR threshold at different weighting factor.

IETE Technical Review, 2019

This work presents the evaluation of the downlink (DL) performance of a dual-layer cellular netwo... more This work presents the evaluation of the downlink (DL) performance of a dual-layer cellular networks by using energy efficiency (EE) metric, where femto base stations (FBSs), macro base stations (MBSs) and users (FUs) form independent spatial Poisson point processes (PPPs). The proposed network model is developed by considering number of antennas at each BS alongside a single antenna at each user with the use of the conventional spectrum re-utilization approach. Then, Coverage probability and EE expressions for the dual-layer cellular networks are exclusively derived analytically. It is also demonstrated that simulation results are almost in-line with the analytical one in the PPP-based model. While coverage probability deteriorates with less margin in the lower FBS density region compared to the scheme presented in [10] signalled not much turnaround of the network performance, EE in the lower and the upper FBS density regions are likely to remain between 6 × 10^{−3} to 9.2 × 10^{−3} Bits/Joule and 4.6 × 10^{ −3} to 7.1 × 10^{−3} Bits/Joule, respectively. Proposed scheme tells us that it is firmly on course to match up with Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANET) applications without incurring high cost as EE, low latency, coverage probability and low power adaptability are back on good growth path.

IETE Technical Review, 2019

This paper presents a game-theoretic scheme with anti-coordinated players by incorporating adapta... more This paper presents a game-theoretic scheme with anti-coordinated players by incorporating adaptation of femto base station (FBS) transmit power, attenuation of interference and utility function for open access mode and closed access mode, respectively. The deployment of femtocells in the networks is to produce improved energy efficiency (EE) and optimized response of payoff function. Additionally, the operating principle of the spectrum sharing scheme has been discussed in which FBS as a player acquire knowledge from utility responses of their strategic communications and revise their strategies at each level of the game process. Here, an FBS is regarded as a player in the game to select those users who are satisfied to a greatest extent and besides an FBS plays a role of mentor. Thereafter, the equilibrium concept has been invoked to aid the anti-coordinated players for the strategies. Finally, validated the simulation results are with its rarely studied extension in cognitive-femtocell networks.

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications, 2017

Two vital challenges arise in the next generation 5G networks: scarcity of spectrum and the aspec... more Two vital challenges arise in the next generation 5G networks: scarcity of spectrum and the aspect of energy efficiency (EE). In this letter, we first formulate the prime issue, i.e., energy harvesting (EV) for 5G wireless networks, in which spectrum and energy resources are efficiently received and resourcefully managed. Thereafter, we introduce a medium access control (MAC) scheme for dual tier 5G networks; it also invokes the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technique with other data transmission schemes, i.e., cooperative transmission (CT) scheme and non-cooperative transmission (NCT) scheme with EV abilities. Illustrative results demonstrate significant improvement in aggregated throughput and EE.

AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications (Elsevier), 2017

In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit ... more In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit and indoor unit. With the indoor unit extension the access network becomes heterogeneous (HetNet). HetNet is a straightforward way to provide quality of service (QoS) in terms better network coverage and high data rate. Although, due to uncoordinated, densely deployed small cells large interference may occur, particularly in case of operating small cells within the spectrum of macro base stations (MBS). This paper probes the impact of small cell on the outage probability and the average network throughput enhancement. The positions of the small cells are retained random and modelled with homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) and Matérn Cluster process (MCP). The paper provides an analytic form which permits to compute the outage probability, including the mostly applied fast fading channel types. Furthermore, simulations are evaluated in order to calculate the average network throughput for both random processes. Simulation results highlights that the network throughput remarkably grows due to small cell deployment.

International Journ al of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2017

The rapid development of sign language recognition systems guarantee the participation of inartic... more The rapid development of sign language recognition systems guarantee the participation of inarticulate people in every field of society. This invention can be implemented by Electromyography (EMG) sensor to recognize different intramuscular signals for accurate and precise recognition of the subjects. In this aspect, the Finger and Wrist position with different muscles activity signals are captured by EMG sensor. The different types of EMG signals during different sign letters and numbers are analyzed by Fuzzy Logic to develop Matrix model to represent spinal segment and palm muscle activity. This particular attempt would provide improvement in the research work for the dumb people, who are not capable to communicate with the physical world verbally, to design interpreter for less communication system. This work focus on a novel approach towards hand gesture recognition by implementing obtained data from EMG sensors with Promising recognition performance and high reliability.

International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2018

The presented design attempt of building an advanced prosthetic lower limb has a vast requirement... more The presented design attempt of building an advanced prosthetic lower limb has a vast requirement in these days to connect paralytic patients and elderly people with the external environment for a better lifestyle. The Recordings of Electromyography (EMG) patterns and other data analysis of the muscle signals has lightened the path of technology to a wide range of studies and experiments in the field of prosthesis of certain moveable body parts using the acquired EMG signal of muscles of lower limb. An effort has been made to acquire the EMG signal and study the signals with the incorporation of sufficient technology to build an artificial lower limb with the help of Flex-sensor and 'Arduino Uno' programming. The main aspect about the hardware circuitry of this practical work is its ease of use and applicability. The Bio-electrodes are attached on the specified location to acquire the muscle signals and also Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) to acquire the signals. In addition, the movements of certain joints of the lower limb can be replicated controlling the movement of a servo-motor for the implementation of the design of the artificial lower limb. The different output parameter changes can be measured according to the relaxation and the contraction of the Flex-sensor attached to the knee, and the ankle joints. The Servo-motors can further be utilized in the construction of the artificial lower leg to be moved externally without any voluntary motion of the subject. The measurement of dispersion has been introduced in the mathematical analysis.

Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering(IOS Press), 2018

This work presents performance comparison of different Tuning schemes applying the optimization t... more This work presents performance comparison of different Tuning schemes applying the optimization technique named as Fitness Based Adaptive Differential Evolution (FBADE) for a prosthetic arm. From the dexterous point of view, the mathematical modelling is the fundamental requirement to improve the performance level. Here, we define the optimum transfer function applying fuzzy logic to establish the link of the robustness and the controllability metrics between amputated body parts and prosthetic arm. A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is chosen for the purpose of continuously modulated control. Also, the role of most influential tuning parameters have been illustrated to measure the performance level of different tuning schemes. In the end, Lyapunov method is applied to analyze the stability of the designed model.

IEEE Systems Journal, 2018

This paper presents efficient interference-mitigation techniques , such as fractional frequency r... more This paper presents efficient interference-mitigation techniques , such as fractional frequency reuse (FFR) and soft frequency reuse (SFR) schemes, in multicell orthogonal frequency division multiple access networks under the composite multipath fading environment, where Rayleigh fading is superimposed over log-normal shadowing. We begin by outlining the obtained explicit expressions of area spectral efficiency in down-link transmission for both FFR and SFR schemes. The theoretical result are shown to be very accurate with their simulated counterparts using Monte Carlo simulations. Index Terms-Area spectral efficiency (ASE), fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) networks, soft frequency reuse (SFR) scheme.

Wiley ETT, 2018

In this paper, we initially dealt with the issue of spectrum allocation among macro (or “licensed... more In this paper, we initially dealt with the issue of spectrum allocation among macro (or “licensed”) and femto (or “unlicensed”) users in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access femtocell network of noncooperative game theoretic frequency reuse approach. We formulate the difficulty based on spectrum bidding. Here, individual secondary users (SUs) create an auction for the amount of bandwidth and every primary user can share the frequency band among SUs by itself according to the intelligence from SUs without lowering its own performance. Here, we consider that the bidding is a noncooperative game and one of its solutions is a Nash equilibrium. The femto base stations are grouped into different cluster for mitigating the undesired interference among them. The game theoretical method deals with the intercluster frequency clashes. We exemplified a link between utility function and the number of players by noncooperative game theoretic approach to guide the spectrum sharing decision at the cell edges. The convergence of the development mechanism is rigorously scrutinized and extensive numerical outcomes are presented to illustrate their potential merits.

Elsevier PHYCOM Journal, 2018

This research work explores small cell densification as a key technique for next generation wirel... more This research work explores small cell densification as a key technique for next generation wireless network (NGWN). Small cell densification comprises space (i.e, dense deployment of femtocells) and spectrum (i.e., utilization of frequency band at large). The usage of femtocells not only improves the spectral efficiency (SE) of the Heterogeneous two-tier networks against conventional approach, but also it alleviates outage probability and enhances the achievable capacity. We yield an analytical framework to establish the density of the femto base station (FBS) to a monotonically increasing or decreasing function of distance or radius, respectively. This ensures the enhanced performance in spectrum sharing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) femtocell network models. We also illustrate the influence of active Femto users (i.e., users in femtocells, and they are usually low mobility and located closer to the cell center with less fading), cluster size (i.e., a group of adjacent macrocells which use all of the systems frequency assignments) via simulation results.

Procedia Computer Science, 2015

International Journal of Computer Applications, 2014

In wireless communication systems antenna diversity is an important technique to combat deep fadi... more In wireless communication systems antenna diversity is an important technique to combat deep fading to improve the system performance and to increase the channel capacity. The fast and random fluctuation of the received signal strength is usually called fading. Diversity technique has been taken into consideration to mitigate the effects of fading by generating several copies of the signal, which experience independent or estimated independent fading, to decrease the probability of instantaneous deep fades. This paper presents the performance analysis of a system in various diversity mechanism environments by improving bit error rate (BER).

International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications, 2015

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2015

International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems, 2016

In this paper, we consider a situation where femtocells are deployed over the existing macrocell ... more In this paper, we consider a situation where femtocells are deployed over the existing macrocell network and share the same frequency spectrum with macrocells where we focus only on downlink situation. It is essential to implant femtocell at cell edges due to the fact that the number of outage user is large because of their position which is far away from macrocell base station (MBS) located at macrocell centre, more precisely at (0, 0) coordinates. In general, the uncoordinated deployment of femtocell creates the potential for severe interference to co-located femtocells, especially in dense deployment, resulting in large inter cell interference (ICI) effect on the users located at cell edges. Here, we propose dynamic FFR algorithm at cell edges to overcome all possible difficulties in the networks. Frequency reuse is an approach to increase the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and channel capacity (Bits/s/Hz). The bit error rate (BER) is also evaluated by maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity technique for accurate transmission over multipath fading dispersive channels. The simulation results conclusively validate the superior performance of the network model in interference mitigation, precisely in high density FAP scenarios.

Wireless Personal Communications, 2016

We propose an analytical framework of significant influence of deployment of femto base stations ... more We propose an analytical framework of significant influence of deployment of femto base stations (FBSs) in a dual-tier network constituted of macro base stations (MBSs). As because of uncoordinated deployment, FBSs results in destructive interference to MBSs and vice versa. But, throughput efficiency of indoor (femtocell) and outdoor (macrocell) environment substantially increases due to an optimum reutilization of available spectrum. The quality of service is further getting optimized in terms of throughput and network coverage because of incorporation of steerable beamforming. Finally, the effectiveness of the scheme is verified by extensive matlab simulation.

International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications, 2015

In OFDMA femtocell networks, the licensed spectrum of the macro users (MUs) are available to the ... more In OFDMA femtocell networks, the licensed spectrum of the macro users (MUs) are available to the femto users (FUs), on the condition that they do not spark off notable interference to the MUs. We contemplate wireless data for femto user (FU) / secondary user (SU) in cognitive radio (CR) networks where the frame structure split up into sensing and data transmission slots. Moreover, we review the frame success rate (FSR) by means of correct reception of frame at the receiver where FSR expressed as a function of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). In this context, we conceptualize the cognitive femtocell in the uplink in which the femtocell access point (FAP) initially perceive by sensing to find out the availability of MU after that FAP revamps its action correspondingly. Appropriately, when the MU is sensed to be non-existent, the FU transmits at maximum power. In other respect, the FAP make the best use of the transmit power of the FU to optimize the cognitive femtocell network throughput concern to outage limitation of the MU. Finally, effectiveness of the scheme is verified by the extensive matlab simulation.

2015 Applications and Innovations in Mobile Computing (AIMoC), 2015

Channel sharing is anticipated to permit several cognitive radio (CR) nodes together use the unut... more Channel sharing is anticipated to permit several cognitive radio (CR) nodes together use the unutilized spectrum resource for opportunistic transmission. Here, the channel sharing done by taking into account the transmission range as a three layers assumption. In this paper, a channel sharing scheme is exhibited that accommodates spectrum multifariousness for femtocell integrated centralized CR networks, for the time being the individual users are liable to be mobile. Individual node is uniquely allocated a channel while assuming its channel occupancy time for stationary case which signifies longest interval, the position of the node and the fairness factor in terms of channel access opportunity. Individual of channel sharing metrics contributes to a higher optimization difficulties and the ultimate aim is to maximize the whole utility of the networks. Numerical outcomes from simulation let out significant improvement in average effective capacity by decreasing spectrum handoffs. Finally, the effectiveness of the scheme is verified by extensive matlab simulation.

IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 2019

Obtaining large spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) subject to quality of experie... more Obtaining large spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) subject to quality of experience (QoE) is one of the prime concerns for the wireless next generation networks, however a major confrontation with its trade-off which is becoming apparent while optimizing both SE and EE parameters concurrently. In this work, an analytical framework for a cognitive-femtocell network is proposed to be dealt with and overcome the situations regarded as unwelcome. Here, the conflict of SE-EE trade-off in downlink (DL) transmission is expressed methodically by Pareto Optimal Set (POS) based on a multi-empirical most effective use of a resource scheme as a function of femto base station (FBS) and macro base station (MBS) transmit power and base station (BS) density, respectively. Then, SE and EE are formulated in a utility function by applying Cobb-Douglas production function to transform the multi-empirical difficulty into the single-empirical optimization case. Besides, it is analytically shown that the SE-EE trade-off can be optimize through a distinctive universal optimum among the Pareto optimal by fine-tuning the weighting metric other than BS transmit power and density, respectively. Simulation results validate that it is possible to obtain the EE-SE trade-off with SINR threshold at different weighting factor.

IETE Technical Review, 2019

This work presents the evaluation of the downlink (DL) performance of a dual-layer cellular netwo... more This work presents the evaluation of the downlink (DL) performance of a dual-layer cellular networks by using energy efficiency (EE) metric, where femto base stations (FBSs), macro base stations (MBSs) and users (FUs) form independent spatial Poisson point processes (PPPs). The proposed network model is developed by considering number of antennas at each BS alongside a single antenna at each user with the use of the conventional spectrum re-utilization approach. Then, Coverage probability and EE expressions for the dual-layer cellular networks are exclusively derived analytically. It is also demonstrated that simulation results are almost in-line with the analytical one in the PPP-based model. While coverage probability deteriorates with less margin in the lower FBS density region compared to the scheme presented in [10] signalled not much turnaround of the network performance, EE in the lower and the upper FBS density regions are likely to remain between 6 × 10^{−3} to 9.2 × 10^{−3} Bits/Joule and 4.6 × 10^{ −3} to 7.1 × 10^{−3} Bits/Joule, respectively. Proposed scheme tells us that it is firmly on course to match up with Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANET) applications without incurring high cost as EE, low latency, coverage probability and low power adaptability are back on good growth path.

IETE Technical Review, 2019

This paper presents a game-theoretic scheme with anti-coordinated players by incorporating adapta... more This paper presents a game-theoretic scheme with anti-coordinated players by incorporating adaptation of femto base station (FBS) transmit power, attenuation of interference and utility function for open access mode and closed access mode, respectively. The deployment of femtocells in the networks is to produce improved energy efficiency (EE) and optimized response of payoff function. Additionally, the operating principle of the spectrum sharing scheme has been discussed in which FBS as a player acquire knowledge from utility responses of their strategic communications and revise their strategies at each level of the game process. Here, an FBS is regarded as a player in the game to select those users who are satisfied to a greatest extent and besides an FBS plays a role of mentor. Thereafter, the equilibrium concept has been invoked to aid the anti-coordinated players for the strategies. Finally, validated the simulation results are with its rarely studied extension in cognitive-femtocell networks.

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Mobile Communications and Applications, 2017

Two vital challenges arise in the next generation 5G networks: scarcity of spectrum and the aspec... more Two vital challenges arise in the next generation 5G networks: scarcity of spectrum and the aspect of energy efficiency (EE). In this letter, we first formulate the prime issue, i.e., energy harvesting (EV) for 5G wireless networks, in which spectrum and energy resources are efficiently received and resourcefully managed. Thereafter, we introduce a medium access control (MAC) scheme for dual tier 5G networks; it also invokes the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technique with other data transmission schemes, i.e., cooperative transmission (CT) scheme and non-cooperative transmission (NCT) scheme with EV abilities. Illustrative results demonstrate significant improvement in aggregated throughput and EE.

AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications (Elsevier), 2017

In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit ... more In LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), the access network cell formation is an integrated form of outdoor unit and indoor unit. With the indoor unit extension the access network becomes heterogeneous (HetNet). HetNet is a straightforward way to provide quality of service (QoS) in terms better network coverage and high data rate. Although, due to uncoordinated, densely deployed small cells large interference may occur, particularly in case of operating small cells within the spectrum of macro base stations (MBS). This paper probes the impact of small cell on the outage probability and the average network throughput enhancement. The positions of the small cells are retained random and modelled with homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) and Matérn Cluster process (MCP). The paper provides an analytic form which permits to compute the outage probability, including the mostly applied fast fading channel types. Furthermore, simulations are evaluated in order to calculate the average network throughput for both random processes. Simulation results highlights that the network throughput remarkably grows due to small cell deployment.

International Journ al of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2017

The rapid development of sign language recognition systems guarantee the participation of inartic... more The rapid development of sign language recognition systems guarantee the participation of inarticulate people in every field of society. This invention can be implemented by Electromyography (EMG) sensor to recognize different intramuscular signals for accurate and precise recognition of the subjects. In this aspect, the Finger and Wrist position with different muscles activity signals are captured by EMG sensor. The different types of EMG signals during different sign letters and numbers are analyzed by Fuzzy Logic to develop Matrix model to represent spinal segment and palm muscle activity. This particular attempt would provide improvement in the research work for the dumb people, who are not capable to communicate with the physical world verbally, to design interpreter for less communication system. This work focus on a novel approach towards hand gesture recognition by implementing obtained data from EMG sensors with Promising recognition performance and high reliability.

International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2018

The presented design attempt of building an advanced prosthetic lower limb has a vast requirement... more The presented design attempt of building an advanced prosthetic lower limb has a vast requirement in these days to connect paralytic patients and elderly people with the external environment for a better lifestyle. The Recordings of Electromyography (EMG) patterns and other data analysis of the muscle signals has lightened the path of technology to a wide range of studies and experiments in the field of prosthesis of certain moveable body parts using the acquired EMG signal of muscles of lower limb. An effort has been made to acquire the EMG signal and study the signals with the incorporation of sufficient technology to build an artificial lower limb with the help of Flex-sensor and 'Arduino Uno' programming. The main aspect about the hardware circuitry of this practical work is its ease of use and applicability. The Bio-electrodes are attached on the specified location to acquire the muscle signals and also Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) to acquire the signals. In addition, the movements of certain joints of the lower limb can be replicated controlling the movement of a servo-motor for the implementation of the design of the artificial lower limb. The different output parameter changes can be measured according to the relaxation and the contraction of the Flex-sensor attached to the knee, and the ankle joints. The Servo-motors can further be utilized in the construction of the artificial lower leg to be moved externally without any voluntary motion of the subject. The measurement of dispersion has been introduced in the mathematical analysis.

Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering(IOS Press), 2018

This work presents performance comparison of different Tuning schemes applying the optimization t... more This work presents performance comparison of different Tuning schemes applying the optimization technique named as Fitness Based Adaptive Differential Evolution (FBADE) for a prosthetic arm. From the dexterous point of view, the mathematical modelling is the fundamental requirement to improve the performance level. Here, we define the optimum transfer function applying fuzzy logic to establish the link of the robustness and the controllability metrics between amputated body parts and prosthetic arm. A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is chosen for the purpose of continuously modulated control. Also, the role of most influential tuning parameters have been illustrated to measure the performance level of different tuning schemes. In the end, Lyapunov method is applied to analyze the stability of the designed model.

IEEE Systems Journal, 2018

This paper presents efficient interference-mitigation techniques , such as fractional frequency r... more This paper presents efficient interference-mitigation techniques , such as fractional frequency reuse (FFR) and soft frequency reuse (SFR) schemes, in multicell orthogonal frequency division multiple access networks under the composite multipath fading environment, where Rayleigh fading is superimposed over log-normal shadowing. We begin by outlining the obtained explicit expressions of area spectral efficiency in down-link transmission for both FFR and SFR schemes. The theoretical result are shown to be very accurate with their simulated counterparts using Monte Carlo simulations. Index Terms-Area spectral efficiency (ASE), fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) networks, soft frequency reuse (SFR) scheme.

Wiley ETT, 2018

In this paper, we initially dealt with the issue of spectrum allocation among macro (or “licensed... more In this paper, we initially dealt with the issue of spectrum allocation among macro (or “licensed”) and femto (or “unlicensed”) users in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access femtocell network of noncooperative game theoretic frequency reuse approach. We formulate the difficulty based on spectrum bidding. Here, individual secondary users (SUs) create an auction for the amount of bandwidth and every primary user can share the frequency band among SUs by itself according to the intelligence from SUs without lowering its own performance. Here, we consider that the bidding is a noncooperative game and one of its solutions is a Nash equilibrium. The femto base stations are grouped into different cluster for mitigating the undesired interference among them. The game theoretical method deals with the intercluster frequency clashes. We exemplified a link between utility function and the number of players by noncooperative game theoretic approach to guide the spectrum sharing decision at the cell edges. The convergence of the development mechanism is rigorously scrutinized and extensive numerical outcomes are presented to illustrate their potential merits.

Elsevier PHYCOM Journal, 2018

This research work explores small cell densification as a key technique for next generation wirel... more This research work explores small cell densification as a key technique for next generation wireless network (NGWN). Small cell densification comprises space (i.e, dense deployment of femtocells) and spectrum (i.e., utilization of frequency band at large). The usage of femtocells not only improves the spectral efficiency (SE) of the Heterogeneous two-tier networks against conventional approach, but also it alleviates outage probability and enhances the achievable capacity. We yield an analytical framework to establish the density of the femto base station (FBS) to a monotonically increasing or decreasing function of distance or radius, respectively. This ensures the enhanced performance in spectrum sharing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) femtocell network models. We also illustrate the influence of active Femto users (i.e., users in femtocells, and they are usually low mobility and located closer to the cell center with less fading), cluster size (i.e., a group of adjacent macrocells which use all of the systems frequency assignments) via simulation results.

Procedia Computer Science, 2015

International Journal of Computer Applications, 2014

In wireless communication systems antenna diversity is an important technique to combat deep fadi... more In wireless communication systems antenna diversity is an important technique to combat deep fading to improve the system performance and to increase the channel capacity. The fast and random fluctuation of the received signal strength is usually called fading. Diversity technique has been taken into consideration to mitigate the effects of fading by generating several copies of the signal, which experience independent or estimated independent fading, to decrease the probability of instantaneous deep fades. This paper presents the performance analysis of a system in various diversity mechanism environments by improving bit error rate (BER).

International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications, 2015

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2015

International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems, 2016

In this paper, we consider a situation where femtocells are deployed over the existing macrocell ... more In this paper, we consider a situation where femtocells are deployed over the existing macrocell network and share the same frequency spectrum with macrocells where we focus only on downlink situation. It is essential to implant femtocell at cell edges due to the fact that the number of outage user is large because of their position which is far away from macrocell base station (MBS) located at macrocell centre, more precisely at (0, 0) coordinates. In general, the uncoordinated deployment of femtocell creates the potential for severe interference to co-located femtocells, especially in dense deployment, resulting in large inter cell interference (ICI) effect on the users located at cell edges. Here, we propose dynamic FFR algorithm at cell edges to overcome all possible difficulties in the networks. Frequency reuse is an approach to increase the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and channel capacity (Bits/s/Hz). The bit error rate (BER) is also evaluated by maximal ratio combining (MRC) diversity technique for accurate transmission over multipath fading dispersive channels. The simulation results conclusively validate the superior performance of the network model in interference mitigation, precisely in high density FAP scenarios.

Wireless Personal Communications, 2016

We propose an analytical framework of significant influence of deployment of femto base stations ... more We propose an analytical framework of significant influence of deployment of femto base stations (FBSs) in a dual-tier network constituted of macro base stations (MBSs). As because of uncoordinated deployment, FBSs results in destructive interference to MBSs and vice versa. But, throughput efficiency of indoor (femtocell) and outdoor (macrocell) environment substantially increases due to an optimum reutilization of available spectrum. The quality of service is further getting optimized in terms of throughput and network coverage because of incorporation of steerable beamforming. Finally, the effectiveness of the scheme is verified by extensive matlab simulation.

International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications, 2015

In OFDMA femtocell networks, the licensed spectrum of the macro users (MUs) are available to the ... more In OFDMA femtocell networks, the licensed spectrum of the macro users (MUs) are available to the femto users (FUs), on the condition that they do not spark off notable interference to the MUs. We contemplate wireless data for femto user (FU) / secondary user (SU) in cognitive radio (CR) networks where the frame structure split up into sensing and data transmission slots. Moreover, we review the frame success rate (FSR) by means of correct reception of frame at the receiver where FSR expressed as a function of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). In this context, we conceptualize the cognitive femtocell in the uplink in which the femtocell access point (FAP) initially perceive by sensing to find out the availability of MU after that FAP revamps its action correspondingly. Appropriately, when the MU is sensed to be non-existent, the FU transmits at maximum power. In other respect, the FAP make the best use of the transmit power of the FU to optimize the cognitive femtocell network throughput concern to outage limitation of the MU. Finally, effectiveness of the scheme is verified by the extensive matlab simulation.

2015 Applications and Innovations in Mobile Computing (AIMoC), 2015

Channel sharing is anticipated to permit several cognitive radio (CR) nodes together use the unut... more Channel sharing is anticipated to permit several cognitive radio (CR) nodes together use the unutilized spectrum resource for opportunistic transmission. Here, the channel sharing done by taking into account the transmission range as a three layers assumption. In this paper, a channel sharing scheme is exhibited that accommodates spectrum multifariousness for femtocell integrated centralized CR networks, for the time being the individual users are liable to be mobile. Individual node is uniquely allocated a channel while assuming its channel occupancy time for stationary case which signifies longest interval, the position of the node and the fairness factor in terms of channel access opportunity. Individual of channel sharing metrics contributes to a higher optimization difficulties and the ultimate aim is to maximize the whole utility of the networks. Numerical outcomes from simulation let out significant improvement in average effective capacity by decreasing spectrum handoffs. Finally, the effectiveness of the scheme is verified by extensive matlab simulation.

Springer itelcon, 2017

In this work, we present the cell edge coverage probability (CECP) performance of cellular networ... more In this work, we present the cell edge coverage probability (CECP) performance of cellular networks under the composite multi-path fading environment, where Rayleigh fading is superimposed on log-normal shadowing, by the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme. We demonstrate that our analytical results and the simulation results are in line with the analysis presented in [12].

IEEE PIMRC , 2017

In this paper, we present the network coverage issues for both Femto Users (FUs) and Macro Users ... more In this paper, we present the network coverage issues for both Femto Users (FUs) and Macro Users (MUs) located at cell edges. The cognitive-femtocell networks functioning under the vicinity of a macrocell frontier where the parameters such as pathloss, shadowing, Rayleigh fading have considered into the system model. The users, located at network border are positioned far apart from the Macro Base Station (MBS)–
treated as the underprivileged users. They are to be facilitated by the femto cell base stations to provide uninterrupted QoS. We present an overall outage probability of Single Input single Output (SISO) users and Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) users, respectively, by taking several circumstantial components such as such as probability density function (PDF), location gap between base stations (BSs) and users, intra-tier interference and inter-tier interference into account. Further, evaluation
has been extended by considering network throughput as the efficiency measures based on the sub-carrier and the power allotment in the dual tier network.

International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control, 2019

The next era of wireless communication is 5G to lead state-of-the-art and distinctive potentialit... more The next era of wireless communication is 5G to lead state-of-the-art and distinctive potentialities to the connected world. At research, it can be observed that 5G is more than an updating technology for wireless and telecommunication industries. Quite a few recent and next generation wave connectivity technologies, such as millimeter wave (mmWave), Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), etc., are crucial to experience smart technologies. Its performance objects multi-gigabits data rate, energy saving, cost reduction, higher system capacity, massive device connectivity and ultra-low-latency [1-5]. According to the specification of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) IMT-2020, in order to achieve high speed data rate up to 20 gigabits per second the usage of spectrum for mmWave of 15 GHz and higher frequency is the ultimate solution. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) releases 5G New Radio (NR) as its 5G communication standard proposal [7]. 5G NR can include lower frequencies, from 600 MHz to 6 GHz [6, 7]. Although, due to mmWave's Radio Frequency (RF) propagation features, its usage has so far been restricted to addressing end-to-end solutions from the device to the network and to the cloud. The mmWave represents a particular portion of the RF spectrum from 24GHz to 100GHz having very short wavelength. This part of the RF band is quite unutilized, therefore mmWave targets largely enhance the amount of bandwidth for the allocation. Lower range RF spectrums are heavily congested with TV and radio signals, as well as recent 4G LTE networks, which typically settle between 800 and 3000 MHz. The new frontier is to mobilize mmWave for the smartphone, making it available for the masses. This requires cutting-edge Research and Development (R&D) and extensive prototypes/simulations, as well as for the entire ecosystem to work on interoperability testing and trials. The real meaning of mobility is getting modulated and widening every day. Nowadays, mobile world is built for smartphones with voice and data in mind [8-12]. Authorizing smart, speedy, effective, and strong connectivity to the anticipated 100 billion associated "things" will create our homes, our cities and our world smarter and our lives richer. 5G has the capability to produce data hundreds of times quicker than present cellular technology. One of the initial steps is to resume linking the unlinked machines and "things". Internet of Things (IoT) [13] has rapidly elevated into one of the emerging fields in cellular communication and pervasive computing. IoT has wide coverage from indoor networks to outdoor networks, for example Wide Area Network (WAN)/5G. IoT devices are diversified and differ by means of power consumption, signal transmission, networking ability, and battery life. Despite their diversity and individual features, IoT applications having the basic issues which require to be fixed by the right algorithms within the specific contexts. For instance, the adaptation of algorithms, the effective use of resource, drift control, and network coverage have a wide application in IoT for the reasons such as utilization of resource, networking, partnership and management. IoT transmissions provide key scope to design accurate, economical, reasonable-power, dependable, and scalable solutions for cutting-edge applications. In recent time, the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) we use on our mobile device is not the same LTE that is applied for IoT networks. The VoLTE technology facilitates voice calls over an LTE network, while LTE for IoT (Cat-M1) technology permits us to connect Machine to machine (M2M) communication over an LTE network. M2M communication plays an important role in emerging IoT model in years and decades to come. The emerging IoT-5G scenario extends sensor based IoT capabilities to robots, actuators and drones for distributed coordination and low-latency reliable execution of tasks at hand. The main regard is focused on the end-to-end reliability, latency, and energy consumption comprising both uplink (UL) and downlink ((DL) for 5G-IoT communication [14-16].