Peter Holt | University Of Plymouth (original) (raw)
Anaxum Project - Stella 1 Shipwreck by Peter Holt
Fozzati, L., Capulli, M., Castro, F., Atauz, A., Bartoli, D., Rose, K., Thomas, L., Yamafune, K.,... more Fozzati, L., Capulli, M., Castro, F., Atauz, A., Bartoli, D., Rose, K., Thomas, L., Yamafune, K., Holt, P., The Stella 1 Shipwreck, 44th Annual Meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Conference, Austin, Texas, January 2012.
Books by Peter Holt
The SHIPS project CIC, 2023
The focus of this white paper is on the historic pollution that can be found in Plymouth Sound an... more The focus of this white paper is on the historic pollution that can be found in Plymouth Sound and its estuaries. Very little has been published about the effects of historic pollutants in the waterway so their impact on the ecosystem is largely unknown. This document looks at the sources of pollution in Plymouth Sound and its estuaries from historical records and then attempts to summarise the legacy of each in the ecosystem today. At the end of the document, the detrimental effect of historic pollution on marine life is discussed for fish species, native oysters, and seagrass.
Sonardyne International Ltd, 2014
This book describes the many acoustic positioning survey operations associated with the wreck of ... more This book describes the many acoustic positioning survey operations associated with the wreck of the Mary Rose between 1975 and 2005. This shipwreck was the location of the first use of underwater acoustic survey equipment on a historic site, acoustic positioning was a keystone technology used in the recovery of the ship hull and later the site became a test bed for new high precision underwater tracking systems. Precision mapping was crucial to the creation of the digital site plan of the site in 2004 which led to a reassessment of the site formation of the bow of the ship. The archaeological evidence on the seabed suggests that the bow was broken off during salvage attempts that occurred just after the Mary Rose sank, and this hypothesis is discussed in detail in chapter 8 of this book.
A book by Peter Holt and Nigel Kelland with contributions from Dr Alexzandra Hildred and John Partridge, with a foreword by John Lippiett, Chief Executive of the Mary Rose Trust. First published in paperback in 2014 by Sonardyne International Ltd.
The UNESCO Training Manual for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2021
The UNESCO Training Manual for the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in L... more The UNESCO Training Manual for the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Latin America and the Caribbean is published in co-operation between UNESCO and the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. Adapted from the first edition published in 2012 on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific, it aims to support capacity building and public awareness for heritage professionals, national authorities and universities on the protection and management of underwater archaeological sites in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The version on Academia is a reduced version, for full quality see:
https://english.cultureelerfgoed.nl/publications/publications/2021/01/01/unesco-training-manual-latin-america-and-the-caribbean
Camidge, K., P. Holt, C. Johns, L. Randall & A. Schmidt 2010. Developing magnetometer techniques to identify submerged archaeological sites (5671 DT). Historic Environment Service, Environment and Heritage, Cornwall County Council Report No: 2010R012. , 2010
Marine magnetic surveying has become a standard technique for mapping the location of ferrous mat... more Marine magnetic surveying has become a standard technique for mapping the location of ferrous material on the seabed. Existing guidance documents are concerned principally with data collection methods. The aim of the project was to acquire a better understanding of magnetic data and thus develop our ability to interpret these data with increased confidence.
In March 2009 English Heritage commissioned Historic Environment Projects, Cornwall Council to ca... more In March 2009 English Heritage commissioned Historic Environment Projects, Cornwall Council to carry out an initial theoretical study to result in an Updated Project Design (UPD) to inform field trials of different types of marine magnetometer in controlled conditions. The project was funded through the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF). The main part of the theoretical study was carried out by a team of external maritime and/or geophysics specialists.
This is a list of more than 100 wrecked or abandoned wooden-built Royal Navy ships that have been... more This is a list of more than 100 wrecked or abandoned wooden-built Royal Navy ships that have been located and investigated anywhere in the world. The list starts with the loss of the Mary Rose in 1545 and includes all RN losses in the age of sail. The list includes basic information about construction, armament, loss and location location for each ship, plus a list of publications about each shipwreck site.
The list is currently available as a searchable PDF document sorted by the date the ship was lost but other formats will be available in due course including an online database. The list will be updated as new information becomes available so the version number is included with each document. The information is not copyright and can free to use, but a credit to would be appreciated where it is used.
Latest version available at https://shipsproject.org/publications.html
This guide is about processing data from marine magnetic surveys undertaken to locate and map arc... more This guide is about processing data from marine magnetic surveys undertaken to locate and map archaeological sites underwater.
The aim of this guide is to show how to take a set of information recorded from a marine magnetometer survey, to explain what it means and to enable you to produce some useful results. The most usual requirement is to be able to identify any significant objects on the seabed, known as targets, within an area of seabed surveyed using a magnetometer. The targets can then be investigated using other remote sensing methods or directly by divers or an ROV. In this guide, data processing is explained from the basic principles to more advanced methods, followed by sections on producing reports and charts from the processed results.
Marine magnetic surveys that are undertaken to investigate shipwrecks and other archaeological sites usually cover a small area, but are done in great detail so the smallest iron (or steel) objects can be detected. Marine magnetic surveys for archaeology push the capabilities of the equipment and processing to the limit as the aim is to detect the smallest iron objects, despite often unfriendly environmental conditions and limited budgets.
Magnetometer surveys are also undertaken for other reasons, although the basic principles are the same the processing is done differently:
• Processing data from archaeology surveys on land requires different techniques. The data from this kind of survey is usually much more detailed and distance from the target to the magnetic sensor is small, so much smaller anomalies can be identified. Coverage of the site is usually greater so it is easier to produce meaningful contour and 3D surface plots.
• The processing method used for large scale geological surveys is different as the size of the geological features is usually much larger than the survey line spacing.
• One field where the data processing is similar is unexploded ordnance (UXO) detection as the targets are of a similar size and the environment is the same.
This guide provides only a little information about data collection for marine magnetic surveys and only that which affects data processing. It includes a very basic explanation about the different types of marine magnetometer currently available but only including details which affect the quality and quantity of measurements that each type collects. The rate at which measurements are made, the amount of noise in the data, the position of the towfish relative to the target and many other factors also are discussed.
Papers by Peter Holt
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 2003
The quality of a typical underwater archaeological survey using 3D trilateration with fibreglass ... more The quality of a typical underwater archaeological survey using 3D trilateration with fibreglass tape measures was established on an underwater test site. A precision of 25mm was calculated for tape measurements giving a position accuracy of 43mm. Of the 304 measurements that were made during the tests, 20% were found to be in error.
Congress on The Application of Recent Advances in …, 2004
The Sonardyne `Fusion' underwater acoustic positioning system was developed for the oil and gas i... more The Sonardyne `Fusion' underwater acoustic positioning system was developed for the oil and gas industry but has recently been used on a number of marine archaeological projects. This paper describes the use of the system for accurately positioning remotely operated vehicles and divers and the results that were achieved. The paper describes recent work undertaken on two sites; the wreck of the Mary Rose at 10m depth in the Solent and the remains of the WWII U Boat U-166 in 1500m depth in the Gulf of Mexico.
Introduction A number of significant problems have been identified in three example marine geophy... more Introduction A number of significant problems have been identified in three example marine geophysical surveys undertaken in advance of seabed dredging or disposal in English waters. The aim of the three surveys was to locate the presence of any significant cultural material lying on or within the seabed in the survey areas. One survey failed to detect large and modern cultural material that was known to be in the area and in another cultural material was found and disturbed later during the subsequent dredging work.
fastionline.org
In June 2009, ProMare and SBAToscana (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici per la Toscana) carr... more In June 2009, ProMare and SBAToscana (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici per la Toscana) carried out an archaeology project near the Island of Capraia, Italy. The project the entailed mapping, recording, and partial excavation of an underwater site that contains ...
Marine magnetic surveying has become a standard technique for mapping the location of ferrous mat... more Marine magnetic surveying has become a standard technique for mapping the location of ferrous material on the seabed. Existing guidance documents are concerned principally with data collection methods. The aim of the project was to acquire a better understanding of magnetic data and thus develop our ability to interpret these data with increased confidence.
This document describes a core recording schema that can be used to capture information about any... more This document describes a core recording schema that can be used to capture information about any maritime or intertidal archaeological site and the work done on it. The word core is crucial as the schema used by Site Recorder is only a subset of the data that could be recorded but it is a subset that may be shared by other recording systems. Use of a core standard allows the additional data to be recorded that are crucial to research databases yet still allows direct comparisons to be made between objects that are at the heart of intra-site analyses and generic analysis and rendering tools.
The current use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in maritime archaeology often emphasise t... more The current use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in maritime archaeology often emphasise their analytical capabilities however another major strength is their ability to integrate and manage large and diverse data sets. A GIS can therefore be used as a tool to aid the recording and preservation of cultural heritage sites by collecting together and presenting site information in an integrated and meaningful way. This paper describes the creation of a custom GIS with an object-oriented data model designed specifically for use in marine and intertidal archaeology projects. Development to date has concentrated on real-time spatial data collection, decision support, publication and archiving. An example is given showing the use of this GIS during the excavation of the Mary Rose in 2003 by the Mary Rose Trust. This paper identifies some of the benefits of applying an integrated digital data management system to these archaeological projects and identifies areas for further research.
The remains of the Cattewater wreck are completely buried beneath the seabed in the Cattewater, P... more The remains of the Cattewater wreck are completely buried beneath the seabed in the Cattewater, Plymouth, with no part of the wreck visible on the seabed to indicate its position. The precise location of the hull is currently unknown as is the actual depth of burial below current seabed level. As the location is unknown and the hull cannot be reliably detected by conventional remote sensing, how much of the hull still survives is a mystery. The position of the hull remains may be inferred from a number of different sources of information but none are definitive and all suffer from a significant degree of uncertainty. This document collates the information currently available and defines a current best estimate for the position and burial depth of the hull.
The only associated feature visible on the flat mud seabed that covers the Cattewater wreck is the top of a vertical steel scaffold pole. This pole was originally thought to be a long upright ‘leg’ from the scaffold grid frame that was set up for the main site excavation. However this may not be the case.
This report provides no background information about the Cattewater wreck or the work done previously on the site but this information can be found in the referenced documents and in the Redknap 1984 report in particular. The results of the recent sub-bottom profiler surveys over the site have also been omitted from this report as the data from these surveys has to be reprocessed in the light of conclusions from this document. The results of this work will be published in due course.
The annual report also suggests further work that could be done on the site to avoid losing the hull again once it has been relocated. It is interesting to note that this is the second time this site has been lost; the first was after the initial investigation when the site was first found; the team took a year to relocate the site as again it was buried with few clues visible on the seabed (Bax 1976).
This document describes the geophysical surveys undertaken on the site of the Cattewater wreck in... more This document describes the geophysical surveys undertaken on the site of the Cattewater wreck in the lower reaches of the Plym River, Plymouth, UK, between 1997 and 2007. The work is part of a long-term project to collect geophysical data and use it to help locate shipwrecks and other cultural remains within Plymouth Sound and its estuaries.
The intention of this survey is to locate the remains of HMS Whiting sunk on the Doom Bar at Pads... more The intention of this survey is to locate the remains of HMS Whiting sunk on the Doom Bar at Padstow in Cornwall on 15th September 1816. This document describes the geophysical survey methods to be used, records the estimates and assumptions made about the current state of the ship to be found then goes on to describe the search procedure in detail.
A number of significant problems have been identified in three example marine geophysical surveys... more A number of significant problems have been identified in three example marine geophysical surveys undertaken in advance of seabed dredging or disposal in English waters. The aim of the three surveys was to locate the presence of any significant cultural material lying on or within the seabed in the survey areas. One survey failed to detect large and modern cultural material that was known to be in the area and in another cultural material was found and disturbed later during the subsequent dredging work.
The JNAPC Code of Practice for Seabed Development states:
Where developers are undertaking marine surveys as part of their development, using for example geo-physical, geo-technical or visual techniques, it is advantageous for the methodologies and techniques employed to be approved by a curator (or consultant) as being appropriate for an archaeological investigation.
The issues identified in the three cases below raise questions about the suitability of the methodologies and techniques that were used.
Fozzati, L., Capulli, M., Castro, F., Atauz, A., Bartoli, D., Rose, K., Thomas, L., Yamafune, K.,... more Fozzati, L., Capulli, M., Castro, F., Atauz, A., Bartoli, D., Rose, K., Thomas, L., Yamafune, K., Holt, P., The Stella 1 Shipwreck, 44th Annual Meeting of the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Conference, Austin, Texas, January 2012.
The SHIPS project CIC, 2023
The focus of this white paper is on the historic pollution that can be found in Plymouth Sound an... more The focus of this white paper is on the historic pollution that can be found in Plymouth Sound and its estuaries. Very little has been published about the effects of historic pollutants in the waterway so their impact on the ecosystem is largely unknown. This document looks at the sources of pollution in Plymouth Sound and its estuaries from historical records and then attempts to summarise the legacy of each in the ecosystem today. At the end of the document, the detrimental effect of historic pollution on marine life is discussed for fish species, native oysters, and seagrass.
Sonardyne International Ltd, 2014
This book describes the many acoustic positioning survey operations associated with the wreck of ... more This book describes the many acoustic positioning survey operations associated with the wreck of the Mary Rose between 1975 and 2005. This shipwreck was the location of the first use of underwater acoustic survey equipment on a historic site, acoustic positioning was a keystone technology used in the recovery of the ship hull and later the site became a test bed for new high precision underwater tracking systems. Precision mapping was crucial to the creation of the digital site plan of the site in 2004 which led to a reassessment of the site formation of the bow of the ship. The archaeological evidence on the seabed suggests that the bow was broken off during salvage attempts that occurred just after the Mary Rose sank, and this hypothesis is discussed in detail in chapter 8 of this book.
A book by Peter Holt and Nigel Kelland with contributions from Dr Alexzandra Hildred and John Partridge, with a foreword by John Lippiett, Chief Executive of the Mary Rose Trust. First published in paperback in 2014 by Sonardyne International Ltd.
The UNESCO Training Manual for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2021
The UNESCO Training Manual for the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in L... more The UNESCO Training Manual for the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Latin America and the Caribbean is published in co-operation between UNESCO and the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. Adapted from the first edition published in 2012 on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific, it aims to support capacity building and public awareness for heritage professionals, national authorities and universities on the protection and management of underwater archaeological sites in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The version on Academia is a reduced version, for full quality see:
https://english.cultureelerfgoed.nl/publications/publications/2021/01/01/unesco-training-manual-latin-america-and-the-caribbean
Camidge, K., P. Holt, C. Johns, L. Randall & A. Schmidt 2010. Developing magnetometer techniques to identify submerged archaeological sites (5671 DT). Historic Environment Service, Environment and Heritage, Cornwall County Council Report No: 2010R012. , 2010
Marine magnetic surveying has become a standard technique for mapping the location of ferrous mat... more Marine magnetic surveying has become a standard technique for mapping the location of ferrous material on the seabed. Existing guidance documents are concerned principally with data collection methods. The aim of the project was to acquire a better understanding of magnetic data and thus develop our ability to interpret these data with increased confidence.
In March 2009 English Heritage commissioned Historic Environment Projects, Cornwall Council to ca... more In March 2009 English Heritage commissioned Historic Environment Projects, Cornwall Council to carry out an initial theoretical study to result in an Updated Project Design (UPD) to inform field trials of different types of marine magnetometer in controlled conditions. The project was funded through the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF). The main part of the theoretical study was carried out by a team of external maritime and/or geophysics specialists.
This is a list of more than 100 wrecked or abandoned wooden-built Royal Navy ships that have been... more This is a list of more than 100 wrecked or abandoned wooden-built Royal Navy ships that have been located and investigated anywhere in the world. The list starts with the loss of the Mary Rose in 1545 and includes all RN losses in the age of sail. The list includes basic information about construction, armament, loss and location location for each ship, plus a list of publications about each shipwreck site.
The list is currently available as a searchable PDF document sorted by the date the ship was lost but other formats will be available in due course including an online database. The list will be updated as new information becomes available so the version number is included with each document. The information is not copyright and can free to use, but a credit to would be appreciated where it is used.
Latest version available at https://shipsproject.org/publications.html
This guide is about processing data from marine magnetic surveys undertaken to locate and map arc... more This guide is about processing data from marine magnetic surveys undertaken to locate and map archaeological sites underwater.
The aim of this guide is to show how to take a set of information recorded from a marine magnetometer survey, to explain what it means and to enable you to produce some useful results. The most usual requirement is to be able to identify any significant objects on the seabed, known as targets, within an area of seabed surveyed using a magnetometer. The targets can then be investigated using other remote sensing methods or directly by divers or an ROV. In this guide, data processing is explained from the basic principles to more advanced methods, followed by sections on producing reports and charts from the processed results.
Marine magnetic surveys that are undertaken to investigate shipwrecks and other archaeological sites usually cover a small area, but are done in great detail so the smallest iron (or steel) objects can be detected. Marine magnetic surveys for archaeology push the capabilities of the equipment and processing to the limit as the aim is to detect the smallest iron objects, despite often unfriendly environmental conditions and limited budgets.
Magnetometer surveys are also undertaken for other reasons, although the basic principles are the same the processing is done differently:
• Processing data from archaeology surveys on land requires different techniques. The data from this kind of survey is usually much more detailed and distance from the target to the magnetic sensor is small, so much smaller anomalies can be identified. Coverage of the site is usually greater so it is easier to produce meaningful contour and 3D surface plots.
• The processing method used for large scale geological surveys is different as the size of the geological features is usually much larger than the survey line spacing.
• One field where the data processing is similar is unexploded ordnance (UXO) detection as the targets are of a similar size and the environment is the same.
This guide provides only a little information about data collection for marine magnetic surveys and only that which affects data processing. It includes a very basic explanation about the different types of marine magnetometer currently available but only including details which affect the quality and quantity of measurements that each type collects. The rate at which measurements are made, the amount of noise in the data, the position of the towfish relative to the target and many other factors also are discussed.
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 2003
The quality of a typical underwater archaeological survey using 3D trilateration with fibreglass ... more The quality of a typical underwater archaeological survey using 3D trilateration with fibreglass tape measures was established on an underwater test site. A precision of 25mm was calculated for tape measurements giving a position accuracy of 43mm. Of the 304 measurements that were made during the tests, 20% were found to be in error.
Congress on The Application of Recent Advances in …, 2004
The Sonardyne `Fusion' underwater acoustic positioning system was developed for the oil and gas i... more The Sonardyne `Fusion' underwater acoustic positioning system was developed for the oil and gas industry but has recently been used on a number of marine archaeological projects. This paper describes the use of the system for accurately positioning remotely operated vehicles and divers and the results that were achieved. The paper describes recent work undertaken on two sites; the wreck of the Mary Rose at 10m depth in the Solent and the remains of the WWII U Boat U-166 in 1500m depth in the Gulf of Mexico.
Introduction A number of significant problems have been identified in three example marine geophy... more Introduction A number of significant problems have been identified in three example marine geophysical surveys undertaken in advance of seabed dredging or disposal in English waters. The aim of the three surveys was to locate the presence of any significant cultural material lying on or within the seabed in the survey areas. One survey failed to detect large and modern cultural material that was known to be in the area and in another cultural material was found and disturbed later during the subsequent dredging work.
fastionline.org
In June 2009, ProMare and SBAToscana (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici per la Toscana) carr... more In June 2009, ProMare and SBAToscana (Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici per la Toscana) carried out an archaeology project near the Island of Capraia, Italy. The project the entailed mapping, recording, and partial excavation of an underwater site that contains ...
Marine magnetic surveying has become a standard technique for mapping the location of ferrous mat... more Marine magnetic surveying has become a standard technique for mapping the location of ferrous material on the seabed. Existing guidance documents are concerned principally with data collection methods. The aim of the project was to acquire a better understanding of magnetic data and thus develop our ability to interpret these data with increased confidence.
This document describes a core recording schema that can be used to capture information about any... more This document describes a core recording schema that can be used to capture information about any maritime or intertidal archaeological site and the work done on it. The word core is crucial as the schema used by Site Recorder is only a subset of the data that could be recorded but it is a subset that may be shared by other recording systems. Use of a core standard allows the additional data to be recorded that are crucial to research databases yet still allows direct comparisons to be made between objects that are at the heart of intra-site analyses and generic analysis and rendering tools.
The current use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in maritime archaeology often emphasise t... more The current use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in maritime archaeology often emphasise their analytical capabilities however another major strength is their ability to integrate and manage large and diverse data sets. A GIS can therefore be used as a tool to aid the recording and preservation of cultural heritage sites by collecting together and presenting site information in an integrated and meaningful way. This paper describes the creation of a custom GIS with an object-oriented data model designed specifically for use in marine and intertidal archaeology projects. Development to date has concentrated on real-time spatial data collection, decision support, publication and archiving. An example is given showing the use of this GIS during the excavation of the Mary Rose in 2003 by the Mary Rose Trust. This paper identifies some of the benefits of applying an integrated digital data management system to these archaeological projects and identifies areas for further research.
The remains of the Cattewater wreck are completely buried beneath the seabed in the Cattewater, P... more The remains of the Cattewater wreck are completely buried beneath the seabed in the Cattewater, Plymouth, with no part of the wreck visible on the seabed to indicate its position. The precise location of the hull is currently unknown as is the actual depth of burial below current seabed level. As the location is unknown and the hull cannot be reliably detected by conventional remote sensing, how much of the hull still survives is a mystery. The position of the hull remains may be inferred from a number of different sources of information but none are definitive and all suffer from a significant degree of uncertainty. This document collates the information currently available and defines a current best estimate for the position and burial depth of the hull.
The only associated feature visible on the flat mud seabed that covers the Cattewater wreck is the top of a vertical steel scaffold pole. This pole was originally thought to be a long upright ‘leg’ from the scaffold grid frame that was set up for the main site excavation. However this may not be the case.
This report provides no background information about the Cattewater wreck or the work done previously on the site but this information can be found in the referenced documents and in the Redknap 1984 report in particular. The results of the recent sub-bottom profiler surveys over the site have also been omitted from this report as the data from these surveys has to be reprocessed in the light of conclusions from this document. The results of this work will be published in due course.
The annual report also suggests further work that could be done on the site to avoid losing the hull again once it has been relocated. It is interesting to note that this is the second time this site has been lost; the first was after the initial investigation when the site was first found; the team took a year to relocate the site as again it was buried with few clues visible on the seabed (Bax 1976).
This document describes the geophysical surveys undertaken on the site of the Cattewater wreck in... more This document describes the geophysical surveys undertaken on the site of the Cattewater wreck in the lower reaches of the Plym River, Plymouth, UK, between 1997 and 2007. The work is part of a long-term project to collect geophysical data and use it to help locate shipwrecks and other cultural remains within Plymouth Sound and its estuaries.
The intention of this survey is to locate the remains of HMS Whiting sunk on the Doom Bar at Pads... more The intention of this survey is to locate the remains of HMS Whiting sunk on the Doom Bar at Padstow in Cornwall on 15th September 1816. This document describes the geophysical survey methods to be used, records the estimates and assumptions made about the current state of the ship to be found then goes on to describe the search procedure in detail.
A number of significant problems have been identified in three example marine geophysical surveys... more A number of significant problems have been identified in three example marine geophysical surveys undertaken in advance of seabed dredging or disposal in English waters. The aim of the three surveys was to locate the presence of any significant cultural material lying on or within the seabed in the survey areas. One survey failed to detect large and modern cultural material that was known to be in the area and in another cultural material was found and disturbed later during the subsequent dredging work.
The JNAPC Code of Practice for Seabed Development states:
Where developers are undertaking marine surveys as part of their development, using for example geo-physical, geo-technical or visual techniques, it is advantageous for the methodologies and techniques employed to be approved by a curator (or consultant) as being appropriate for an archaeological investigation.
The issues identified in the three cases below raise questions about the suitability of the methodologies and techniques that were used.
An Educator's Handbook For Teaching about the Ancient World - Volume 1, 2020
With the right methods, studying the ancient world can be as engaging as it is informative. Many ... more With the right methods, studying the ancient world can be as engaging as it is informative. Many K-12 teachers, university instructors, and museum educators use hands-on, project-based, and experiential activities in their classes to increase student engagement and learning. This book aims to bring together such pedagogical methods and teaching activities about the ancient world for any educator to use. The teaching activities in this book are designed in a cookbook format so that educators can replicate these teaching "recipes” (which include materials, budget, preparation time, levels of students) in their ancient art, archaeology, social studies, and history classes. They can be implemented online or in-person, in schools, universities, libraries, museums, or at home.