Prakash Ghimire | Tribhuvan University (original) (raw)

Papers by Prakash Ghimire

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest domiciliary and nosocomial bacterial infect... more Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest domiciliary and nosocomial bacterial infections comprising of a variety of clinical conditions caused by microbial invasion of tissue lining of the urinary tract, which extends from renal cortex to the urethral meatus19. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most important causes of morbidity in the general population, and it is the second most common cause of hospital visits. Recurrent infections are common and can lead to

Additional file 1: Table S1. District wise cases of dengue in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 in Nepal.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Negative binomial regression for predictors of dengue fever case inc... more Additional file 2: Table S2. Negative binomial regression for predictors of dengue fever case incidence at the district level, stratified by year.

HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care, 2019

Introduction: Opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections are the major cause of morbidity and ... more Introduction: Opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among immune suppressed HIV-positive patients. The main objective of this study was to determine bacterial and fungal organisms causing respiratory infections and their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antimicrobials among HIV patients attending a tertiary infectious disease hospital in Kathmandu. Methods: Sputum samples were collected from the HIV-positive patients attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 100 sputum samples were cultured on conventional bacterial and fungal culture media. Bacterial and fungal isolates were identified based on their colony characteristics, microscopic morphology and various biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of bacterial isolates was performed by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 100 sputum samples cultured, 24% (n=24) showed bacterial growth, 42% (n=42) showed fungal growth and 10% (n=10) had both bacterial and fungal growth. Among bacteria, 91.6% (n=22) were monomicrobial and 8.4% (n=2) were polymicrobial in growth, of which, Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.5%) were predominant isolates, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.2%), and Escherichia coli (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) showed 68% (17/25) of bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and among them 41.2% (7/17) were found to be extended spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) producers. Fungal growth was observed in 42% of samples (42/100). A total of six different species of Candida and four different genera of molds were identified. On species differentiation, Candida albicans (20%) were followed by Candida parapsilosis (4%), and Candida dubliniensis (3%); and various molds were Aspergillus fumigatus (4%), Aspergillus flavus (2%), and Penicillium species (5%). CD4 count was inversely associated with bacterial and fungal infections. Fifty percent of the patients with the fungal infections had a CD4 count below 200. No fungal organisms were isolated from HIV-positive patients under antifungal drug treatment. Conclusion: HIV-positive patients with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/µL are more vulnerable to opportunistic infections of bacterial and fungal origin. Early isolation, identification and appropriate treatment can reduce mortality due to co-infections. Routine screening of opportunistic pathogens is critical to contain the disease progression.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Characteristics of infected patients and samples.

Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 2011

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been widely incorporated in can... more 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been widely incorporated in cancer management. Although, it has increased sensitivity, 18F-FDG is not tissue specific thus posing diagnostic dilemma in certain situations. False positivity in pulmonary nodules have been seen in various inflammatory, infective as well as post operative conditions while false negativity is common with adenomas, low grade lymphomas, bronchoalveolar carcinomas and carcinoid tumors. We present two cases of granulomatous diseases as pulmonary cryptococcosis and tuberculosis showing false positivity in a resected colorectal cancer patient and highlight the importance of recognition of this entity in an endemic region for granulomatous infections.

The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health

International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology, 2020

The primary aim of carrying out stability studies of drug products is to determine the expiration... more The primary aim of carrying out stability studies of drug products is to determine the expiration date and to promise the product standardized for efficacy, safety and elegance throughout its shelf-life. ICH, WHO, ASEAN and separate agencies issued the guidelines for stability studies, which are requisite to be demeanour in a deliberate way and are wise as prerequisite for regulatory fill and approval of any medicinal product. Stability investigating provides the collection on stability strikingness of drug product including the belief of various environmental factors, packaging method etc. ensuring that it remain within planted specification to hold its degree and present the desirable performance consistently and in a way comforting for the usefulness of its intentional use all finished the retest or expiry date. This canvas types of stability studies, guidelines issue for stability investigation and forecasting of shelf life of medicine products along with flowing trends in stability studies.

Ficus lacor Linn. Is a large deciduous, fast-growing closely foliaceous tree approximately 20 m i... more Ficus lacor Linn. Is a large deciduous, fast-growing closely foliaceous tree approximately 20 m in height with a finely shaped crown distributing extensively in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. It has a wide variety of chemical constituents and traditionally it is used as remedies for many health problems such as gastric problems, ulcer, wound, typhoid, hay fever, dysentery, and leucorrhoea. Moreover, pharmacological activities like anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties were also reported lately. Phytochemical screening of plant exposed that they are rich in alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compound, sterols, glycosides, coumarins, triterpenoids, amino acids and carbohydrates. The main aim of this article is to draw attentiveness to the latest review on its pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, and detailed account on its scientifically proven pharmacological activities. Furthermore, this review provides the baseline fo...

Background Off-label use means the use, concerning dosage, indication, route of administration, o... more Background Off-label use means the use, concerning dosage, indication, route of administration, or age, of pharmaceutical products which are beyond the terms of the product license. For regulatory bodies and physicians, the global challenge is to achieve optimum pediatric drug therapy. Objective This prospective observational work was carried out in the paediatric department to evaluate the prescribing pattern of medicines and to identify the use of off-label drugs. Method A cross-sectional study was carried in 200 paediatric patients of ages between 0 and 12 years at the paediatric outpatient department of Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa. Data were collected by reviewing the prescription paper and the required information was recorded using a structured data collection sheet prepared for study. The prescribing pattern was assessed by using the World Health Organization (WHO) Prescription Indicators and off-label use was assessed using the WHO Children Formulary 20...

Malaria Journal, 2015

The Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN) is a collaboration of 18 country partners co... more The Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN) is a collaboration of 18 country partners committed to eliminating malaria from within their borders. Over the past 5 years, APMEN has helped to build the knowledge, tools and in-country technical expertise required to attain this goal. At its inaugural meeting in Brisbane in 2009, Plasmodium vivax infections were identified across the region as a common threat to this ambitious programme; the APMEN Vivax Working Group was established to tackle specifically this issue. The Working Group developed a four-stage strategy to identify knowledge gaps, build regional consensus on shared priorities, generate evidence and change practice to optimize malaria elimination activities. This case study describes the issues faced and the solutions found in developing this robust strategic partnership between national programmes and research partners within the Working Group. The success of the approach adopted by the group may facilitate similar applications in other regions seeking to deploy evidence-based policy and practice.

Background Bacterial opportunistic infections are quite common in HIV patients. Besides HIV-TB co... more Background Bacterial opportunistic infections are quite common in HIV patients. Besides HIV-TB coinfection, lower respiratory tract infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria cause significant morbidity and mortality among HIV patients. This study was done to evaluate the bacterial coinfection of LRT and detect plasmid-mediated blaTEM and blaCTX−M genes among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates from sputum samples in HIV patients. Methods A total of 263 sputum samples from HIV-positive cases were processed with standard microbiological methods to isolate and identify the possible pathogens. The identified bacterial isolates were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility pattern by using modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Plasmid DNA was extracted from multidrug-resistant and ESBL producers for screening of ESBL genes; blaCTX−M and blaTEM by conventional PCR method using specific primers. Res...

Additional file 2. Model selection criteria and model comparison.

Infectious Disease Reports, 2021

Introduction: Enteric fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and S. ente... more Introduction: Enteric fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and S. enterica Paratyphi is one of the most common infections in developing countries such as Nepal. Aside from irrational practices of antibiotic use, mutations in chromosomal genes encoding DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV and by plasmid mediated quinolone resistant (PMQR) genes are suggested mechanisms for the development of resistance to nalidixic acid and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Regardless of high endemicity of enteric fever in Nepal, there is paucity of studies on prevalence and drug-resistance of the pathogen. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin. Methods: A total of 1298 blood samples were obtained from patients with suspected enteric fever, attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) during March–August, 2019. Blood sampl...

Infectious Diseases, Feb 27, 2020

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species are the most common causative pathogens for most of the i... more Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species are the most common causative pathogens for most of the infections, especially in countries with poor health care system. 1 E. coli is a normal flora of human and animal gut but can also be found in water, soil, and vegetation. 2 Klebsiella species are considered as major opportunistic pathogens that can cause infections mostly in children. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of human infections among all Klebsiella species, followed by Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella ozaenae, and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. Several common bacterial infections such as gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection (UTI), septicemia, and neonatal meningitis are mainly caused by E. coli and Klebsiella spp in children. 3,4 Commonly used antimicrobial agents against these pathogens are tetracycline, β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and cotrimoxazole. However, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae has increased dramatically in recent years, limiting the therapeutic options. Isolates that are not susceptible to at least 3 or more groups of antimicrobials are known as multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. 5 Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are class A β-lactamases, a rapidly evolving group of β-lactamases with the ability to hydrolyze and cause resistance to the oxy-imino cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and cefepime) and monobactams (aztreonam). 6 ESBLproducing E. coli and K. pneumoniae are the predominant cause of childhood infections and present significant challenges 7 such as development of adverse outcomes, 8 treatment failure due to multidrug resistance, and high morbidity and mortality. 9 Empirical and symptomatic (without a diagnosis) use of antibiotics in resource poor settings is responsible for higher incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. 10

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infection has been a significant problem in HIV patients, worl... more Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infection has been a significant problem in HIV patients, worldwide. In this study, we aimed to measure the prevalence and identify the factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection in people infected with HIV and attending National Public Health Laboratory in Kathmandu, Nepal, for CD4 T-cell count. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study in 745 HIV-infected people attending for CD4 T-cell count was conducted. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 22.4 % (95 % CI 19.5 to 25.5). In univariate analysis, age, sex, longer time since

International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 2008

Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 2005

We studied predisposing factors of enteric parasitic infections in school children [n=340 (Boys: ... more We studied predisposing factors of enteric parasitic infections in school children [n=340 (Boys: 177 and Girls: 163)] in a rural area in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Fecal samples were examined by formal-ether concentration technique. A total of 71.2% children had parasite. Altogether nine types of parasites were recovered; Trichuris trichiura was the commonest one followed by hookworm and others. A structured questionnaire regarding various predisposing factors was used. No significant differences in the infection rate between the sexes, age groups (< or = 10 years, 11-14 years and > or = 15 years) and family sizes (< or = 5 and > or = 6) were observed (P>0.05). The positive rates were significantly low in children with the history of taking antihelminthic drugs in the past six months (P<0.05). A marginally higher positive rate was found among Dalits children compared to Tibeto-Burmans and Indo-Aryans (P>0.05) and children from farming family (P>0.05). No differ...

Background: CD4 T cell count is an useful tool for indication of the stage of the disease and the

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest domiciliary and nosocomial bacterial infect... more Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the commonest domiciliary and nosocomial bacterial infections comprising of a variety of clinical conditions caused by microbial invasion of tissue lining of the urinary tract, which extends from renal cortex to the urethral meatus19. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most important causes of morbidity in the general population, and it is the second most common cause of hospital visits. Recurrent infections are common and can lead to

Additional file 1: Table S1. District wise cases of dengue in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 in Nepal.

Additional file 2: Table S2. Negative binomial regression for predictors of dengue fever case inc... more Additional file 2: Table S2. Negative binomial regression for predictors of dengue fever case incidence at the district level, stratified by year.

HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care, 2019

Introduction: Opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections are the major cause of morbidity and ... more Introduction: Opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among immune suppressed HIV-positive patients. The main objective of this study was to determine bacterial and fungal organisms causing respiratory infections and their susceptibility to commonly prescribed antimicrobials among HIV patients attending a tertiary infectious disease hospital in Kathmandu. Methods: Sputum samples were collected from the HIV-positive patients attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 100 sputum samples were cultured on conventional bacterial and fungal culture media. Bacterial and fungal isolates were identified based on their colony characteristics, microscopic morphology and various biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) of bacterial isolates was performed by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 100 sputum samples cultured, 24% (n=24) showed bacterial growth, 42% (n=42) showed fungal growth and 10% (n=10) had both bacterial and fungal growth. Among bacteria, 91.6% (n=22) were monomicrobial and 8.4% (n=2) were polymicrobial in growth, of which, Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.5%) were predominant isolates, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29.2%), and Escherichia coli (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) showed 68% (17/25) of bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and among them 41.2% (7/17) were found to be extended spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) producers. Fungal growth was observed in 42% of samples (42/100). A total of six different species of Candida and four different genera of molds were identified. On species differentiation, Candida albicans (20%) were followed by Candida parapsilosis (4%), and Candida dubliniensis (3%); and various molds were Aspergillus fumigatus (4%), Aspergillus flavus (2%), and Penicillium species (5%). CD4 count was inversely associated with bacterial and fungal infections. Fifty percent of the patients with the fungal infections had a CD4 count below 200. No fungal organisms were isolated from HIV-positive patients under antifungal drug treatment. Conclusion: HIV-positive patients with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/µL are more vulnerable to opportunistic infections of bacterial and fungal origin. Early isolation, identification and appropriate treatment can reduce mortality due to co-infections. Routine screening of opportunistic pathogens is critical to contain the disease progression.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Characteristics of infected patients and samples.

Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 2011

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been widely incorporated in can... more 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been widely incorporated in cancer management. Although, it has increased sensitivity, 18F-FDG is not tissue specific thus posing diagnostic dilemma in certain situations. False positivity in pulmonary nodules have been seen in various inflammatory, infective as well as post operative conditions while false negativity is common with adenomas, low grade lymphomas, bronchoalveolar carcinomas and carcinoid tumors. We present two cases of granulomatous diseases as pulmonary cryptococcosis and tuberculosis showing false positivity in a resected colorectal cancer patient and highlight the importance of recognition of this entity in an endemic region for granulomatous infections.

The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health

International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology, 2020

The primary aim of carrying out stability studies of drug products is to determine the expiration... more The primary aim of carrying out stability studies of drug products is to determine the expiration date and to promise the product standardized for efficacy, safety and elegance throughout its shelf-life. ICH, WHO, ASEAN and separate agencies issued the guidelines for stability studies, which are requisite to be demeanour in a deliberate way and are wise as prerequisite for regulatory fill and approval of any medicinal product. Stability investigating provides the collection on stability strikingness of drug product including the belief of various environmental factors, packaging method etc. ensuring that it remain within planted specification to hold its degree and present the desirable performance consistently and in a way comforting for the usefulness of its intentional use all finished the retest or expiry date. This canvas types of stability studies, guidelines issue for stability investigation and forecasting of shelf life of medicine products along with flowing trends in stability studies.

Ficus lacor Linn. Is a large deciduous, fast-growing closely foliaceous tree approximately 20 m i... more Ficus lacor Linn. Is a large deciduous, fast-growing closely foliaceous tree approximately 20 m in height with a finely shaped crown distributing extensively in tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. It has a wide variety of chemical constituents and traditionally it is used as remedies for many health problems such as gastric problems, ulcer, wound, typhoid, hay fever, dysentery, and leucorrhoea. Moreover, pharmacological activities like anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties were also reported lately. Phytochemical screening of plant exposed that they are rich in alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compound, sterols, glycosides, coumarins, triterpenoids, amino acids and carbohydrates. The main aim of this article is to draw attentiveness to the latest review on its pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, and detailed account on its scientifically proven pharmacological activities. Furthermore, this review provides the baseline fo...

Background Off-label use means the use, concerning dosage, indication, route of administration, o... more Background Off-label use means the use, concerning dosage, indication, route of administration, or age, of pharmaceutical products which are beyond the terms of the product license. For regulatory bodies and physicians, the global challenge is to achieve optimum pediatric drug therapy. Objective This prospective observational work was carried out in the paediatric department to evaluate the prescribing pattern of medicines and to identify the use of off-label drugs. Method A cross-sectional study was carried in 200 paediatric patients of ages between 0 and 12 years at the paediatric outpatient department of Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa. Data were collected by reviewing the prescription paper and the required information was recorded using a structured data collection sheet prepared for study. The prescribing pattern was assessed by using the World Health Organization (WHO) Prescription Indicators and off-label use was assessed using the WHO Children Formulary 20...

Malaria Journal, 2015

The Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN) is a collaboration of 18 country partners co... more The Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network (APMEN) is a collaboration of 18 country partners committed to eliminating malaria from within their borders. Over the past 5 years, APMEN has helped to build the knowledge, tools and in-country technical expertise required to attain this goal. At its inaugural meeting in Brisbane in 2009, Plasmodium vivax infections were identified across the region as a common threat to this ambitious programme; the APMEN Vivax Working Group was established to tackle specifically this issue. The Working Group developed a four-stage strategy to identify knowledge gaps, build regional consensus on shared priorities, generate evidence and change practice to optimize malaria elimination activities. This case study describes the issues faced and the solutions found in developing this robust strategic partnership between national programmes and research partners within the Working Group. The success of the approach adopted by the group may facilitate similar applications in other regions seeking to deploy evidence-based policy and practice.

Background Bacterial opportunistic infections are quite common in HIV patients. Besides HIV-TB co... more Background Bacterial opportunistic infections are quite common in HIV patients. Besides HIV-TB coinfection, lower respiratory tract infections by multidrug-resistant bacteria cause significant morbidity and mortality among HIV patients. This study was done to evaluate the bacterial coinfection of LRT and detect plasmid-mediated blaTEM and blaCTX−M genes among Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates from sputum samples in HIV patients. Methods A total of 263 sputum samples from HIV-positive cases were processed with standard microbiological methods to isolate and identify the possible pathogens. The identified bacterial isolates were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility pattern by using modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Plasmid DNA was extracted from multidrug-resistant and ESBL producers for screening of ESBL genes; blaCTX−M and blaTEM by conventional PCR method using specific primers. Res...

Additional file 2. Model selection criteria and model comparison.

Infectious Disease Reports, 2021

Introduction: Enteric fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and S. ente... more Introduction: Enteric fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enterica Typhi and S. enterica Paratyphi is one of the most common infections in developing countries such as Nepal. Aside from irrational practices of antibiotic use, mutations in chromosomal genes encoding DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV and by plasmid mediated quinolone resistant (PMQR) genes are suggested mechanisms for the development of resistance to nalidixic acid and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Regardless of high endemicity of enteric fever in Nepal, there is paucity of studies on prevalence and drug-resistance of the pathogen. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella isolates and determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin. Methods: A total of 1298 blood samples were obtained from patients with suspected enteric fever, attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) during March–August, 2019. Blood sampl...

Infectious Diseases, Feb 27, 2020

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species are the most common causative pathogens for most of the i... more Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species are the most common causative pathogens for most of the infections, especially in countries with poor health care system. 1 E. coli is a normal flora of human and animal gut but can also be found in water, soil, and vegetation. 2 Klebsiella species are considered as major opportunistic pathogens that can cause infections mostly in children. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important cause of human infections among all Klebsiella species, followed by Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella ozaenae, and Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. Several common bacterial infections such as gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection (UTI), septicemia, and neonatal meningitis are mainly caused by E. coli and Klebsiella spp in children. 3,4 Commonly used antimicrobial agents against these pathogens are tetracycline, β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and cotrimoxazole. However, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Enterobacteriaceae has increased dramatically in recent years, limiting the therapeutic options. Isolates that are not susceptible to at least 3 or more groups of antimicrobials are known as multidrug resistant (MDR) organisms. 5 Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are class A β-lactamases, a rapidly evolving group of β-lactamases with the ability to hydrolyze and cause resistance to the oxy-imino cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and cefepime) and monobactams (aztreonam). 6 ESBLproducing E. coli and K. pneumoniae are the predominant cause of childhood infections and present significant challenges 7 such as development of adverse outcomes, 8 treatment failure due to multidrug resistance, and high morbidity and mortality. 9 Empirical and symptomatic (without a diagnosis) use of antibiotics in resource poor settings is responsible for higher incidence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. 10

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infection has been a significant problem in HIV patients, worl... more Introduction: Intestinal parasitic infection has been a significant problem in HIV patients, worldwide. In this study, we aimed to measure the prevalence and identify the factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection in people infected with HIV and attending National Public Health Laboratory in Kathmandu, Nepal, for CD4 T-cell count. Methodology: An analytical cross-sectional study in 745 HIV-infected people attending for CD4 T-cell count was conducted. Results: The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was 22.4 % (95 % CI 19.5 to 25.5). In univariate analysis, age, sex, longer time since

International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 2008

Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ, 2005

We studied predisposing factors of enteric parasitic infections in school children [n=340 (Boys: ... more We studied predisposing factors of enteric parasitic infections in school children [n=340 (Boys: 177 and Girls: 163)] in a rural area in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Fecal samples were examined by formal-ether concentration technique. A total of 71.2% children had parasite. Altogether nine types of parasites were recovered; Trichuris trichiura was the commonest one followed by hookworm and others. A structured questionnaire regarding various predisposing factors was used. No significant differences in the infection rate between the sexes, age groups (< or = 10 years, 11-14 years and > or = 15 years) and family sizes (< or = 5 and > or = 6) were observed (P>0.05). The positive rates were significantly low in children with the history of taking antihelminthic drugs in the past six months (P<0.05). A marginally higher positive rate was found among Dalits children compared to Tibeto-Burmans and Indo-Aryans (P>0.05) and children from farming family (P>0.05). No differ...

Background: CD4 T cell count is an useful tool for indication of the stage of the disease and the