Dr. Muhammad Sajid | Tsinghua University (original) (raw)

Videos by Dr. Muhammad Sajid

In this lecture different use of computer for maintenance management system is described. The use... more In this lecture different use of computer for maintenance management system is described. The use of freely available programs and their application for maintenance planning and record keep with auto update has been described comprehensively. This talk was delivered at Maintenance workshop organized by Arab Fertilizers Association at Muscat Oman in 2015.

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This is about the importance of Quality Assurance (QA) in maintenance and its impact on productio... more This is about the importance of Quality Assurance (QA) in maintenance and its impact on production management and plant life. This talk was delivered in Quality Assurance and Management in Maintenance organized by Arab Fertilizers Association at Muscat Oman in 2015.

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Turnaround is a broad term but in production plants it means the annual maintenance plant of a pl... more Turnaround is a broad term but in production plants it means the annual maintenance plant of a plant. This plan is dedicated plant with plant shutdown. efforts are made to keep the shutdown minimum. This talk was delivered in Quality Assurance in Maintenance organized by Arab Fertilizers Association (AFA) at Muscat Oman in October 2015.

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Predictive maintenance and its impact on reliability. This talk was delivered at Quality Assuranc... more Predictive maintenance and its impact on reliability.
This talk was delivered at Quality Assurance in Maintenance Management Workshop organized by Arab Fertilizers Association (AFA) Muscat Oman in 2015.

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Talks by Dr. Muhammad Sajid

Papers by Dr. Muhammad Sajid

Journal of Mathematics, 2022

Conversion of fructose to furan aldehydes is a rapidly developing concept considering the emergen... more Conversion of fructose to furan aldehydes is a rapidly developing concept considering the emergent scenario of the replacement of fossil-derived components to biomass-derived green precursors. 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and levulinic acid (LA) are the two most important bio-precursors with expanded downstream utilization in modern industries. eir production from biomassderived sugars is a complex reaction due to competitive side reactions with a variety of byproducts. erefore, their simulated optimization is an important tool that can help for process optimization in an economical way. In this article, we have developed a mathematical solution for fructose conversion, HMF production, and levulinic acid (LA) formation in a reactive environment. e accuracy of the developed model is further veri ed through experiments and found satisfactory with high accuracy. erefore, the developed model can be used to simulate the reaction environment and product optimization under a given set of conditions.

Green Chemistry, 2021

Levulinic acid (LA) is one of the most promising biomass-derived platform chemicals owing to its ... more Levulinic acid (LA) is one of the most promising biomass-derived platform chemicals owing to its wider convertibility to a large number of commodity chemicals. Numerous LA derivatives have paramount importance in the global economy. In this article, we have comprehensively reviewed various processes that have been developed to produce LA and its derivatives from different sugars and cellulosic feedstocks. These designs are discussed in order to provide comparative information on their chemical mechanisms, process merits, demerits, and scale-up potentials. Monosaccharides such as fructose, glucose, and xylose, and disaccharides such as sucrose are good feedstocks for LA production with Brønsted or Lewis acids as the catalysts in either homogenous or heterogeneous reaction systems. LA yield is in the range of 2-90%, which is greatly dependent on the reaction conditions. Polysaccharides such as cellulose and even lignocellulose are also employed for LA production. Brønsted acids, especially mineral acids, appear to be more efficient than Lewis acids to catalyze the conversion of polysaccharides and lignocellulosic biomass to LA. The important LA derivatives and their preparation reactions such as aminolevulinic acid, diphenolic acid, γ-valerolactone, various alkyl esters, and valerate have also been reviewed. These derivatives have extended utilization in modern industries due to the emergent environmental concerns. Furthermore, the challenges arising during these lab-scale processes are critically unveiled to pave the way for process selection and scale-up study for the production of LA and different derived chemicals. It has been recommended that to improve the production efficiency of LA and its derivatives, efforts should be made to develop robust catalysts and reaction systems in order to improve the reaction selectivity. The mechanisms of LA formation from various feedstocks are also significantly important to guide the intensification of the process. Reactors with potential of industrial application are one of the crucial steps for the scaling up of LA production.

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy , 2021

Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a zoonosis that revised the global economic and societal pro... more Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a zoonosis that revised the global economic and societal progress since early 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 has been recognized as the responsible pathogen for COVID-19 with high infection and mortality rate potential. It has spread in 192 countries and infected about 1.5% of the world population, and still, a proper therapeutic approach is not unveiled. COVID-19 indication starts with fever to shortness of breathing, leading to ICU admission with the ventilation support in severe conditions. Besides the symptomatic mainstay clinical therapeutic approach, only Remdesivir has been approved by the FDA. Several pharmaceutical companies claimed different vaccines with exceptionally high efficacy (90-95%) against COVID-19; how long these vaccines can protect and long-term safety with the new variants are unpredictable. After the worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous clinical trials with different phases are being performed to find the most appropriate solution to this condition. Some of these trials with old FDA-approved drugs showed promising results. In this review, we have precisely compiled the efforts to curb the disease and discussed the clinical findings of Ivermectin, Doxycycline, Vitamin-D, Vitamin-C, Zinc, and cannabidiol and their combinations. Additionally, the correlation of these molecules on the prophylactic and diseased ministration against COVID-19 has been explored.

Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021

Normalized chaotic parameters examine the characterization of the particle production fluids prod... more Normalized chaotic parameters examine the characterization of the particle production fluids produced at unusual energies and investigate a remarkable behavior in quantum measurement. e analogous characterization can be analyzed to probe the chaotic systems of boson particles creating sources of extraordinary energy. We observe that the bosons appear to be the appropriate aspirants of chaos fractions, and the normalized chaotic parameters evaluate the presence of such conglomerate phases significantly. e core point of this manuscript is that we calculate and examine the normalized chaotic parameters by differential equations to analyze the characteristics of the chaotic systems and their applications in thermal as well as in mechanical engineering. With such an efficient and distinctive approach, we perceive significant consequences for the correlator at higher temperature regimes.

Complexity, 2021

e current study provides an analytical approach to analyze the blood flow through a stenosed arte... more e current study provides an analytical approach to analyze the blood flow through a stenosed artery by using the Carreau fluid model. e flow governing equations are derived under the consideration of mild stenosis. Mathematical analysis has been carried out by considering the blood as non-Newtonian nature. en, the analytical solution has been investigated by using the regular perturbation technique. e solutions obtained by this perturbation are up to the second-order in dimensionless Weissenberg number (We). e performed computations of various parameter values such as velocity, wall shear stress, shear stress, and resistance impedance at the stenotic throat are discussed in detail for different values of Weissenberg number (We). e obtained results demonstrate that for shear-thinning fluid, the fluid velocity increases with the increasing parameter m while opposite behavior is observed with the increase in We. Hence, the presented numerical analysis reveals many aspects of the flow by considering the blood as a non-Newtonian Carreau fluid model, and the presented model can be equally applicable to other biomathematical studies.

Scientific reports, 2021

The non-fullerene acceptors A1-A5 with diflourobenzene or quinoline core (bridge) unit, donor cyc... more The non-fullerene acceptors A1-A5 with diflourobenzene or quinoline core (bridge) unit, donor cyclopenta[1,2-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene unit and 2-(2-methylene-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene) malononitrile as acceptor unit with additional phenyl, fulvene or thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl 5-oxide groups have been designed through DFT calculations. The optimization of molecular geometries were performed with density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP 6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energies, band gap energies and dipole moments (ground and excited state) have been calculated to probe the photovoltaic properties. The band gap (1.42-2.01 eV) and dipole moment values (5.5-18. Debye) showed that these designed acceptors are good candidates for organic solar cells. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) results showed λ max (wave length at maximum absorption) value (611-837 nm), oscillator strength (f) and excitation energies (1.50-2.02 eV) in gas phase and in CHCl 3 solvent (1.48-1.89 eV) using integral equation formalism variant (IEFPCM) model. The λ max in CHCl 3 showed marginal red shift for all designed acceptors compared with gas phase absorption. The partial density of states (PDOS) has been plotted by using multiwfn which showed that all the designed molecules have more electronic distribution at the donor moiety and lowest at the central bridge. The reorganization energies of electron (λ e) (0.0007 eV to 0.017 eV), and the hole reorganization energy values (0.0003 eV to − 0.0403 eV) were smaller which suggested that higher charged motilities. The blends of acceptors A1-A5 with donor polymer D1 provided open circuit voltage (V oc) and ∆HOMO offset of the HOMO of donor and acceptors. These blends showed 1.04 to 1.5 eV values of V oc and 0 to 0.38 eV ∆HOMO off set values of the donoracceptor bends which indicate improved performance of the cell. Finally, the blend of D1-A4 was used for the study of distribution of HOMO and LUMO. The HOMO were found distributed on the donor polymer (D1) while the A4 acceptor was found with LUMO distribution. Based on λ max values, and band gap energies (E g), excitation energies (E x), reorganization energies; the A3 and A4 will prove good acceptor molecules for the development of organic solar cells. Presently, due to high demand of the energy and depletion of non-renewable resources, there has been great deal of focus on the alternate energy sources. The great advancement in the development of solar cells have been made 1. Among various types of solar cells, the organic solar cells (OSCs) have received great attention due to their easy process-ability, low cost, tuning of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (LUMO). In organic solar cells, usually a polymer is used as donor material along with well-known fullerene as an acceptor to build heterojunction between donor and acceptor. The fullerene

Fractals, 2021

Boson intensity correlations were examined to explore the fluid characterization produced in the ... more Boson intensity correlations were examined to explore the fluid characterization produced in the collisions at the largest colliders and were perceived to have an astonishing curtailment during the computation of three-pion quantum interferences. Such analogous suppression can be probed to investigate the characteristics of particle production sources created during the collisions of heavy nuclei at unprecedented energies. We have demonstrated and analyzed the particle emissions from radiated sources with Bose-Einstein coherence that induces three-particle interferences to investigate the peculiarity of the particle emitted fluids. We are perspicacious that the bosons resemble the pertinent aspirant of coherence, and the normalized three-particle correlations evaluate the occurrence of such conglomerate fluid phases of chaotic and coherence significantly. Moreover, we also explored and analyzed the cumulant and the normalized correlations to examine the specific features of particle emission sources during the smashing of heavy nuclei. With such particular and pioneering approach, we have observed a consequential difference in the three-particle correlations and the normalized correlator at small temperature regimes.

Applied Geography , 2021

Selecting new suitable settlement sites is challenging in areas of high tectonic activity and mul... more Selecting new suitable settlement sites is challenging in areas of high tectonic activity and multiple geo-physical hazards. The present study was conducted in Muzaffarabad city, located in the active tectonic Himalayan region. The study is based on the integration of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with geographic information system (GIS) at local scale. Initially, six influencing factors/layers were considered inputs for geotechnical microzonation, distance from fault lines, distance from streams, soil bearing capacity, soil swelling potential, slope gradient, and elevation, whereas for suitable land availability analysis, existing land use was integrated with geotechnical microzonation map. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) algorithm was used to assign the weight and rank values to layers and classes to avoid uncertainty. The weighted overlay method (WOM) was used to integrate the weighted layers and ranked classes. The study's findings reveal that more than half of the study area is unsuitable for settlements, medium suitable areas (39%), and only 10% of the area is classified as properly suitable. In a suitable land availability map, 64% of the land area was found to occupy by partial available (23%) and available land (10.6%), respectively. Concluded that most of the settled areas were found in the unsuitable zone were at significant risk.

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the promising chemicals, which can serve as a platform ch... more 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one of the promising chemicals, which can serve as a platform chemical to produce various energy chemicals. HMF can be produced from different lignocellulosic biomass derived sugars employing different catalytic processes. In this study, the synthesis of HMF was investigated from excessively available sucrose using environment friendly and cost-effective technology. Among the various solvents applied, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was found as an efficient organic solvent medium. The results elucidated the

remote sensing, 2022

Globally, natural hazards have become more destructive in recent times because of rapid urban dev... more Globally, natural hazards have become more destructive in recent times because of rapid urban development and exposure. Consequently, significant human life loss, the damage to property and infrastructure, and the collapse of the environment directed the attention of geoscientists to control the consequences and risk management in relation to geo-hazards. In this research, an effort was made to produce a compound map, geo-visualizing the susceptibility of multi-hazards, to select suitable sites for sustainable future development and other economic activities in the region. Muzaffarabad District was chosen as a case research area due to the high magnitude of hydro-meteorological and geological hazards. On the one hand, both selected geo-hazard inventories were developed using the field survey and remote sensing data. The subjective and objective weight of all the causative factors and their classes were calculated using the assembled geospatial techniques, such as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Frequency Ratio (FR) in the Geographic Information System (GIS). The results reveal that the most suitable areas are distributed in the southern and northwestern parts, which can be used for future sustainable development and other economic activities. In contrast, the eastern and western regions, including Muzaffarabad City, are within high and very susceptibility zones. Finally, more than 50% of the land area is located in very low and low susceptibility zones. The validation of the proposed model was checked by using three different techniques: the Receiver Operative Characteristic (ROC) curve, Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI), and Frequency Ratio (FR). Both ROCs, the Success Rate Curve (SRC) and the Predictive Rate Curve (PRC), showed the goodness of fit for both the selected geo-hazards: landslides (81.3%) and floods (93.2%), at 80.1% and 91.7%, respectively. All the validation techniques showed good fitness for both the individual and multi-hazard maps. The proposed model sets a baseline for policy implementation for all the stakeholders to minimize the risk and sustainable future development in areas of high frequent geo-hazards

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Journal of Mathematics, 2022

Green Chemistry, 2021

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy , 2021

Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021

Complexity, 2021

Scientific reports, 2021

Fractals, 2021

Applied Geography , 2021

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2022

remote sensing, 2022

Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2022

Drugs contamination to wastewater from health care facilities and the pharma industry is a growin... more Drugs contamination to wastewater from health care facilities and the pharma industry is a growing problem attracting scientific solution and engineering treatments. This study was performed for the adsorptive removal of paracetamol from water employing activated carbon (AC) prepared from Cannabis Sativum Hemp (CSH). The used CSH is spontaneously available lignocellulosic biomass that nurtures on the roadside and in uncultivated lands naturally. Process performance was optimized by studying the consequences of experimental features, such as pH, particle size, temperature, retention time, stirring speed, and adsorbent dose. Adsorption dynamics were studied employing Langmuir isotherms and Freundlich isotherms. Isothermal dynamics showed that the adsorption of paracetamol on the developed adsorbent was favorable. The kinetics analysis elucidated that the adsorption follows the pseudo second-order model preferably as the value of R 2 = 0.9893. The maximum adsorption capacity of developed activated carbon was found to be 16.18 mg/g. The study results proved that the CSH is an efficient, cheap, and sustainable feedstock for the manufacturing of AC to be used for the efficient removal of paracetamol from an aqueous system.

Alexandria Engineering Journal , 2022

Phosphorite mineral is the most important natural source of phosphorus (P) which has several appl... more Phosphorite mineral is the most important natural source of phosphorus (P) which has several applications in agriculture (as fertilizers), pottery, and animal feed. Phosphorite exploitation especially agricultural consumption majorly relies on the availability of phosphorous (P). Mostly, the plant availability of P in soil is influenced by associated mineral such as it depends on Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca) when soil has pH > 8 and by Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) when soil has pH < 5.5. Therefore, quality of phosphorite is defined by all these factors. However, high-quality reserves are depleting due to extensive utilization; compelling to the use medium to low grade phosphaorite reserves. Therefore, the beneficiation of phosphorite mineral is a key to explore the potential of these existing medium to low grade reserves. Numerous beneficiation processes have been explored extensively in order to achieve the desired quality index. The most widely used beneficiation techniques are flotation, direct carbonation, electrostatic up-gradation, calcination, and leaching/bioleaching. Bioleaching has environmental benefits and electrostatic up-gradation can achieve the highest quartz removal efficiency, although this is an energy-intensive process. Flotation technology is appropriate for large-scale production and has additional advantages of being economical and robust. However, it is a complex process and depends on the mineral’s superficial properties; therefore in-depth study of surface chemistry of particular resource and careful design of surface modifier is vital for its economical development. This manuscript is an attempt to explore the previous phosphorite beneficiation efforts with an attempt to discuss the future requirements.

Ionic Liquid-Based Technologies for Environmental Sustainability, 2022

The catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added products, such as fuels and chemi... more The catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added products, such as fuels and chemicals, is an important aspect of sustainable energy conversion and storage. However, the efficiency of CO2 conversion and its selectivity toward a specific product has been proved to be challenging due to the chemical inertness and high energy required for CO2 conversion processes. Several aqueous and nonaqueous catalysts have been designed for the purpose of CO2 conversion. Ionic liquids have affinity for CO2 absorption and have recently received attention for their use as solvents, activating agents, electrolytes, and recyclable cocatalysts in CO2 conversion reactions due to their unique molecular structure and properties. Ionic liquids have been found to be active agents in catalyst systems employed in the thermochemical, electrochemical, and photochemical conversion of CO2 to fuels and valuable chemicals. This chapter particularly serves to highlight the important interaction between ILs and CO2, as well as provide an understanding of the role of ionic liquids as mediators in the conversion of CO2 via thermochemical, electrochemical, and photochemical conversion reactions.

$Research paper thumbnail of A remarkable chaotic analysis for coherence fraction order with its applications$

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals , 2022

Multi-particle quantum statistical correlations measured in the collisions of heavy nuclei at the... more Multi-particle quantum statistical correlations measured in the collisions of heavy nuclei at the unrivaled energies. Remarkable consequences have been observed and speculated that such significant repercussions may arise due to non-chaotic and granular nature particle emanated sources. To study such kind of chaotic fraction as well as the particles emission, we have demonstrated and analyzed the ejection of particles from the disseminated agglomeration of tiny droplets which produced quantum statistics multi-particle correlations which do not only reflect the size of the fluid droplets but also contribute the specific clues about the congenital properties of chaos-coherence matter produced during the collisions. Such correlations possess the existence of gesture of the mixed-phase of chaotic and coherent fractions in the considered collisions. The main object of this research is that we investigate the intrinsic properties of produced matter by intensity correlations to utilize it in engineering applications. The purpose of these findings is to analyze the meticulous correlations to expedite the nature of the particle ejecting sources and observe remarkable suppression in the cumulant correlations relative to the full three and four particles interferences in the granular nature sources.

$Research paper thumbnail of A new analytical approach to study chaos fraction characterization by using intensity interferometry$

Chaos, Solitons & Fractals , 2021

Multi particle intensity correlations measured to investigate the fluid debris produced during th... more Multi particle intensity correlations measured to investigate the fluid debris produced during the collisions at the world largest colliders and observed a remarkable suppression in the measurement of three and four pions interferences. The analogous suppression can be analyzed to explore the chaos and coherence fractions of particle production sources in the collisions of heavy nuclei at unprecedented energies. We illustrate and explore the particles emissions from radiated sources with Bose Einstein coherence which induce multi particle interferences to probe the peculiarity of the sources as well as the distinctions about the chaos fraction in the collisions at unrivalled energies. We perspicacious that pions seem to the pertinent aspirant of coherence and chaos fractions, and the normalized chaos weight factors evaluate the existence of such hybrid phases of chaos and coherence significantly. The key point of this research is that we analyze normalized chaos weight factors to examine the chaos and coherence fractions of pions during the collisions of heavy nuclei. With such distinctive and novel approach, we observe a significant difference in the normalized chaos weight factors at small temperature and large momenta regimes.

Thermal Science, 2014

In this article unsteady three dimensional MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer analysis wit... more In this article unsteady three dimensional MHD boundary layer flow and heat transfer analysis with constant temperature (CT) and constant heat flux (CH) in a porous medium is considered. The boundary layer flow is governed by a bidirectional stretching sheet. Similarity transformations are used to transform the governing non-linear partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations. Analytical solutions are constructed using homotopy analysis method (HAM). Convergence analysis is also presented through tabular data. The quantities of interest are the velocity, temperature, skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number. The obtained results are validated by comparisons with previously published work in special cases. The results of this parametric study are shown graphically and the physical aspects of the problem are discussed.

Journal of Saudi Chemical Society Volume 25, Issue 7, July 2021, 101260, 2021

Alkene is an attractive substrate for chemists due to its easy availability and reactivity toward... more Alkene is an attractive substrate for chemists due to its easy availability and reactivity towards large number of reactants affording diverse range of organic compounds. It reacts under ionic and free radical mechanisms including single electron transfer (SET). In this review, strategies used for CC and C-heteroatom functionalization of alkene has been discussed with emphasis on the regio, stereoselectivity, mechanistic detail and sustainability aspects. These strategies mainly follow the free radical mechanism, and the highly reactive carbon radicals show uncontrollable regioand stereoselectivities. Thus these strategies still need to be focused; especially in the asymmetric versions. The regio-and stereoselectivities of functionalization of alkenes have been highlighted and debated. In addition, the hazardous reagents such as Cl 2 , Br 2 I 2 , CO, peroxides, and benzene have also been discussed with the emphasis on their impact on the environment. Their plausible green alternatives have also been suggested, such as MX as halogen replacement; CO surrogates (formaldehyde etc.); sustainable aromatic solvents as benzene replacement. The non-green strategies relying on pre-formed silyl hydride and their green alternative strategies such as transfer hydrogena

Chemical Papers, 2021

Novel PVA/PEG cross-linked membranes were prepared with (0-20 wt. %) of silica nanoparticles. The... more Novel PVA/PEG cross-linked membranes were prepared with (0-20 wt. %) of silica nanoparticles. The presence of both the polymers and additive was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The thermal properties of the membranes were analyzed by TGA and DSC analysis. The morphological and mechanical properties of the membranes were studied by SEM analysis and tensile testing, respectively. The gas permeation performances of the membranes were examined using state-of-the-art gas permeability cell. It was found that permeability of all the gases increased with the increase of silica loading, whereas ideal selectivity of carbon dioxide with respect to nitrogen and methane increased up to 10 wt. % loading and then became nearly constant on further loading. 20 wt. % silica loaded membrane was found to be the best performance membrane. The gas permeability of CO 2 was also compared with different gas permeation models and was found to be in close agreement with Maxwell Model. The effect of temperature and pressure of feed gas pressure was also studied on permeation performances and optimum performances were achieved around 65 °C. The gas permeation performances were observed to decrease slightly with the increase in feed gas pressure up to 20 bar which confirms the absence of plasticization phenomenon up to 20 bar. Finally, gas permeation performances were compared with 2008 Robeson trade-off lines and it was found that at 20 wt. % loading, gas permeation performances surpassed the trade-off line for CO 2 /N 2, and for CO 2 /CH 4 , the gas permeation performances approached the trade-off line.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2021

In the present study, unmodified Melia azedarach (UMA) and magnetically modified Melia azedarach ... more In the present study, unmodified Melia azedarach (UMA) and magnetically modified Melia azedarach (MMA) were used as a low cost biosorbent for the adsorptive removal of oxyanion (chromate ion Cr2O4 2-) from aqueous solution. The UMA and MMA were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Batch biosorption process was used to check the effect of well-known process parameters including biosorbent dose, contact time and pH of solution. Experimental results revealed that MMA has more adsorption capacity as compared to UMA. Maximum % age removal (60.49%) was observed under acidic condition (pH=2) using MMA. The obtained experimental data was evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms as well as pseudo 1 st and 2nd order reaction kinetic models. Results showed that equilibrium mechanism can satisfactorily be explained by Langmuir model as depicted by the correlation factor (close to unity) and follows 2 nd order reaction kinetic models.

Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023

This chapter deals with the major applications of activated carbon (AC). AC applications range fr... more This chapter deals with the major applications of activated carbon (AC). AC applications range from laboratory-scale experiments to industrial-level applications because AC has exceptional adsorption capacity, high porosity, larger internal surface area, ease of modification, and recovery and reuse potential. Its purification and separation applications are economical and environmentally benign due to its structural superiority. AC has various adsorption, purification, and catalytic applications including food processing, pharmaceuticals, beverages, metal recovery, and environmental appliances. It has been used for the removal of colouring and odorous compounds during water purification of municipal supplies for underground and recycled water. Furthermore, the removal of toxic gases from flue gases, recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), removal of siloxane from engine exhaust gases, capture of landfill emitted gases, treatment of industrial wastewater, and recovery of precious metals are some typical industrial applications with high AC consumption. Mostly, for industrial applications, granular or structured AC is preferred over powdered AC. ACs in the form of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), and graphene have a high surface area and thus are excellent choices for use as the base materials for catalyst preparation.