Tsunatu Danlami | Taraba State University, Jalingo (original) (raw)

Papers by Tsunatu Danlami

This study aimed to assess the current status of physico-chemical characteristics of Nukkai River... more This study aimed to assess the current status of physico-chemical characteristics of Nukkai River and its tributaries as it relates to human activities. Triplicate samples were collected from four sampling points. Triplicate samples were collected within two months (September and October, 2015) within the span of the rivers along the municipality. Physico-chemical and trace metal analyses of the samples were carried out using standard methods. The physico-chemical values recorded were within World Health Organization limits compared with drinking water standards of Nigeria Industrial Standard, (NIS 554:2007) for portability except Dissolved Oxygen (D.O), TDS along river Lamurde, and turbidity. The mean concentrations of the trace metals that include chromium (0.08 mg/l) and copper (0.0075 mg/l) in the surface water samples are well below WHO permissible limits for portability. The study shows that the river water may be suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes with treatment along the River Lamurde. The compromised water quality could be influenced by anthropogenic activities such as human activities which include laundry, bathing, irrigation farming and solid waste disposal by the riverside that has increased the concentration of pollutants in the samples with mostly (95.5%) of solid waste encountered to be recyclable. The quality of river water can be improved if monitoring authorities' step-up their activities.

TechnoScience Academy, Dec 30, 2015

This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO... more This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO2 from a based Cement Plant using a physical absorption solvent called Dimethyl Ether Polyethylene Glycol-DEPG (Selexol). The low cost Selexol absorption unit captured 97% of the CO2 with 98% purity by mole of the CO2 through absorption into a 0.37 mole CO2/mole Selexol lean loading of the physical solvent. A detailed cost estimation of the CO2 post-combustion unit of the plant was carried out in order to evaluate the economic performance of the process and cost of CO2 captured, the additional utility costs associated with this technology. The CO2 capture cost per tonne of CO2 captured was found to be 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat58 (₦9,333). The Total Operating Cost was estimated at 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat27,542,469 (₦4.5Billion) and the Total Capital cost was estimated at 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,222,886 (₦3.08 Billion). The raw material cost was the highest cost in the CO2 capture process with a value of 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,500,000 (₦3.1 Billion) representing 71% of the total operating cost. Sensitivity analysis cases of the impact of absorber temperature, pressure and absorber inlet gas temperature on liquid and vapour flow, percentage CO2 recovery, energy consumption, annual operating and capital costs and cost of CO2 captured were studied. The overall result of the analysis shows that Selexol has proven to be thermally, chemically stable and commercially justifiable under the operating conditions used.
Keywords: Absorption, Carbon Capture, Costs, Post-Combustion, Selexol, Sensitivity.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, Aug 11, 2015

The growing concern over the severe impact on the global climate change of the buildup of CO2 in ... more The growing concern over the severe impact on the global climate change of the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere has resulted in the quest to capture or avoid the release of CO2 at large point sources into Nigeria environment. The study uses data obtained for various cement plants on design capacity from cement plant production database, Nigeria. The data were analyzed using the “Generic CO2 Capture Retrofit” spreadsheet developed by SFA Pacific Inc. The results of the analysis obtained from the models shows that the ranges of the costs of CO2 captured and avoided per tonne CO2 were 27−47and27-47 and 27−47and34-60 respectively. With these values on a high side, will help the cement plants to decide whether to adopt the Carbon Credit option or consider Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). The demand for fossil energy in most of the cement plant appears to be one of the most significant issues to tackle if the problem of climate change mitigation in Nigeria has to be given serious attention. In light of the forgoing high costs of CO2 capture and avoided estimate for the cement plants, we recommend that Nigeria should invest in energy efficient technologies and should utilize less usage of fossil fuels.
Keywords: Carbon Capture, Generic Model, Climate Change, Cement Plant, Fossil Fuels, Mitigation Option.

Journal of Bioprocessing and Chemical Engineering, Jun 26, 2015

An optimal strategy of Crude Petroleum Distillation Unit (CDU) was developed to carry out process... more An optimal strategy of Crude Petroleum Distillation Unit (CDU) was developed to carry out process optimization for maximizing oil production and net profit for the plant. The optimization technique suggested the employment of Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) Method using ASPEN PLUS. The input operating variables of the CDU were properties of the crude oil obtained from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and manipulated variables such as the flow rates, reflux ratio, temperature and pressure. The objective function of the optimization was to maximize the net profit of the desired products using the SQP method. Variation of Bottom Oil flow rate and Reflux Ratio on Net Profit calculated in Naira per year on a molar flow rate and reflux ratio reflects the expected results which should increase the profit. The outcome should indicate and suggest whether the plant is operating efficiently and the model can provide an effective planning and operation tool.
Keywords: Optimization, ASPEN PLUS, Strategy, CDU, Net Profit, Variables, Model

American Chemical Science Journal, Jun 12, 2015

This research work was conducted in order to investigate the adsorption of cyanide ions by carbon... more This research work was conducted in order to investigate the adsorption of cyanide ions by carbon black developed from Shea Butter Seed Husk (SBSH) an eco-friendly bio-adsorbent. The experiments were carried out in batch reactors with optimum operating parameters at 100mg/l for the initial cyanide concentration, Temperature 30±2oC, pH value 10, Adsorbent Dosage (3.0mg/100ml) and Contact Time of 120 minutes with maximum percentage cyanide ion removal at 94.56%. The values for the amount of cyanide ions adsorbed at equilibrium (qe) and amount adsorbed at a given time (qt) of the experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir, Halsey – Taylor (Freundlich), Henry and Slygin – Frumkin (Temkin) isotherm models with Henry Adsorption Isotherm having R2 = 0.966, hence, best described the equilibrium model. Adsorption of cyanide ions by SBSH Carbon Black obeyed the Pseudo-Second Order Model rate equation with the values of Coefficient of Determination; R2 = 0.999. Qe = 3.257(mg/g) and k2 = 0.093(g/mg/min). Therefore, it was observed that Pseudo-Second Order Model was the best applicable model which described the bio-sorption of cyanide ions by SBSH Carbon Black, making Pseudo Second order kinetic reaction the rate limiting step for the batch reaction process.
Keywords: Cyanide ions, Kinetics, Shea Butter Seed Husk, Adsorption, effluent treatment, Monolayer

Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, May 1, 2013

Biogas digester operation depends majorly on C/N ratio, hydraulic retention time, pH, temperature... more Biogas digester operation depends majorly on C/N ratio, hydraulic retention time, pH, temperature, and mixing ratio of the domestic waste used. Temperature of 15 to 45°C, C/N ratio of 20 to 30, Hydraulic retention time of 1 to 30 days, mixing ratio of 10 to 20 %w/v and pH of 6.5 to 8 were considered for the analysis. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test whether there are statistically significant differences between two or more independent groups using Design Expert Software. The R-square values are 0.933, 0.943 and 0.919 for mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variance respectively. These values were found to be in reasonable agreement with standards. Retention time is the only factor that is not involved in the interactions among the four significant factors selected out of the five factors under consideration. The maximum biogas yield was 86.24% at retention time of 30 days, temperature of 45°C, pH value of 6.5, mixing ration of 10%w/v, and carbon to nitrogen ratio of 20 respectively. Key words: Biogas, experiment, analysis of variance (ANOVA), faeces, digester, yield.

Journal of Environment, Sep 2013

This research present finding of a study carried out in Jalingo Metropolis of Taraba State, Niger... more This research present finding of a study carried out in Jalingo Metropolis of Taraba State, Nigeria, with the current solid wastes management practices, problems, challenges and strategies. Prior to the assessment, field work studies indicated that current solid wastes generation rate in the metropolis is 0.34 kg/ca/day and total wastes generation is within the range of 54 tons/day. A detail investigation was made regarding the method of practices associated with source, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The data concerning Soldi Waste Management (SWM) in the metropolis was obtained through questionnaire, individual field visit and interviewing responsible persons/municipality. Photographic evidences were also made about generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. As a result of this study, sanitary landfills were suggested to replace the practice of open dumping and to reduce the reliance on wastes incineration, but yet have some obvious problems and challenges. The paper recommends that, the current method of wastes collection and disposal by the government should be immediately reversed to the new option been campaigned for in the recent time. This is wastes-to-wealth or trash-to-treasure through recycling and community participation to be the right measure in attaining sustainability and effective solid wastes management in study area.

Biogas production from agricultural wastes (Groundnut shell, Maize Cobs, Rice Straw and Bagasse) ... more Biogas production from agricultural wastes (Groundnut shell, Maize Cobs, Rice Straw and Bagasse) inoculated with cattle dung/poultry droppings was investigated. These substrates were charged into batch digesters and labeled sample A-D with the ratio of amount of total solids to water in each of the bio-digester being the same and were subjected to Anaerobic Mesophilic conditions. The biogas produced was collected by the saline water displacement method and subsequently measured. Results obtained showed that, Sample C (Rice Straw) has the highest cumulative biogas generation of 692.9ml, followed by Sample B, A and D with cumulative biogas generation of 468.7ml, 325.5ml and 185.9ml respectively, with a pH range of 6.5 – 7.7. It could be concluded that, the inoculation of agricultural wastes with methanogenic bacteria sources have an important role and efficacy in the biogas generation quantity. Wastes recycling and biogas production requires strong governmental support to be successful in terms of environmental pollution control and management that might have resulted from the domestic disposal of these agricultural wastes.

International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, Feb 2014

Agricultural wastes (groundnut shell, maize cobs and rice straw) which are relatively found in ab... more Agricultural wastes (groundnut shell, maize cobs and rice straw) which are relatively found in abundance due to increase agricultural activities contain mainly of organic content, which decomposes under anaerobic conditions. Various total solids (TS) concentrations of these wastes influence on the amount of biogas generated was studied in order to determine the conditions for optimum gas generation. Five (5) sets of bio-digesters were utilized, each contains varying amount of the total solids, and biogas production was measured indirectly by the saline water displacement method. It was observed that, the amount of gas generated from these substrates decreases with decreasing and increasing the percentage total solid concentration below and above the optimum value of 9% Total Solids which gave the maximum volume of biogas generated for the three substrates to be 325ml, 468ml and 680ml respectively. The result shows that bio-digester C (Rice Straw) at PTS concentration 9% had the highest yield of biogas with cumulative volume of 680ml. Therefore, the efficiency of gas production could be seen decreased with increasing total solid concentration yielding approximately 43.2% more gas/gTS at 9% TS than 12% TS.

IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) , Feb 2014

Anaerobic Digestion of agricultural wastes; animal wastes, energy crops and industrial wastes is ... more Anaerobic Digestion of agricultural wastes; animal wastes, energy crops and industrial wastes is a technology that produces biogas (Methane Rich Gas), a promising source of energy which is renewable as well as eco-friendly. This study was designed to determine the kinetics of agricultural wastes biogas production when inoculated with cow dung/poultry droppings under mesophilic conditions with 8% Total Solids and 55 days retention time. The modified first order kinetic model was developed to access the kinetics of the biodegradation of the digestion process. A plot of 1/t(ln(dyt/dt)) against 1/t from the model gives the rates of substrate biodegradability and removal of the biodegradable fractions of the substrate. The result shows that maize cobs (MC) has the highest short term biodegradability index of 1.5827 while bio-digester D (SB) has the lowest rate of the biodegradable fractions (k) of – 0.302 among all the substrates. Bio-digester C (Rice Straw) has the highest yield of biogas with cumulative volume of 692.9ml and an R2 value of 0.8424 while bio-digester D (Sugarcane Bagasse) has the least of 185.9ml and an R2 value of 0.6479.

British Journal of Environment & Climate Change, Apr 17, 2015

Cement industry accounts for the second largest emitter of anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the gl... more Cement industry accounts for the second largest emitter of anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the globe with 900 kg CO2 emitted into the atmosphere from producing one tonne of cement. Hence, the effort made to mitigate this issue seems not productive , which gives rise to the design of the carbon capture and sequestration [CCS] process which is one of the few ways obtained to greatly reduce CO2 production from the cement plant. The research work assessed the technology used for the cement plant by employing an old cement plant with post – combustion CO2 capture using physical solvent (Selexol). The Aspen Hysys simulation results show that the process can capture 97% of the CO2 and lean loading of 0.37. The Ashaka Cement Plant operates at maximum capacity of approx. 1 million tonnes cement /year with CO2 released at about 500,000 tonnes per year. The capture unit was able to reduce the CO2 released into the atmosphere from 4.86% to 0.13%. The overall result of the analysis shows that selexol has proven to be thermally and chemically stable under the operating conditions used. It is recommended that, the simulation results should be retrofitted into the Ashaka cement plant, in order to determine the best CO2 capture efficiency, performance which results to the choice of this capture technology.

International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Mar 31, 2015

An investigation of the case study on Alternative Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW... more An investigation of the case study on Alternative Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Jalingo Metropolis of possible technologies and processes that are or can be utilized to convert post-consumers and post-recycled solid waste into useful end-products was conducted. This arises as MSW became a global problem; hence finding a clean method to convert this waste into an alternative renewable energy source became a major play in the resolution to fossil fuel dependency and reduction in quantity land filled. The paper captures a trend in the MSW conversion into alternative energy for Jalingo Metropolis – Taraba State, the energy recovery of the biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste was considered for both the Thermo-chemical and Bio-chemical conversion processes. Approximately 18,144 tons/year of waste was generated and disposed, out of which 15,930.43 tons/year was available for conversion into energy with bio-chemical and thermo-chemical conversion processes producing 62,596.80 kW and 151,016.14 kW Net Power Generation Potential respectively. Full conversion to electricity is unlikely and the resulting energy potential from the Metropolis MSW being substantial. The technologies for the recovery already exist and are being extensively utilized across the globe for various benefits, it is necessary for the success of these technologies in Taraba State to evolve an Integrated Waste Management System, coupled with necessary Legislative and Control measures. Detailed feasibility study, pollution control measures, Environmental Impact Assessment and cost analysis needs to be conducted in each case and relative assessment of the different waste disposal options.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Apr 20, 2015

Batch adsorption of cyanide ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon developed from Shea... more Batch adsorption of cyanide ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon developed from Shea Butter Seed Husk (SBSH) was investigated. The Shea butter seed husk was removed from the seed using mortar and pestle, it was then washed, dried and carbonized/Calcined at 450oC - 500oC and activated at 700oC using hydrochloric acid. The effect of adsorbent dose, initial cyanide concentration, contact time and pH were investigated and found to significantly affect the adsorption capacity with optimum adsorbent dose, contact time and initial cyanide concentration of 3.0g/100ml, 120mins and 100mg/l. The removal efficiency of cyanide ions by SBSH carbon black was 94.56% at lower concentration of 100mg/l and 58.7% was achieved at higher concentration of 600mg/l cyanide concentration. Keywords: Cyanide ion, Adsorbent Dosage, Calcination, Shea Butter Seed Husk, Activated Carbon.

Journal of Environmental Sciences and Resources Management , Oct 2014

Sustainable socioeconomic development advocates environmental sustainability through recycling of... more Sustainable socioeconomic development advocates environmental sustainability through recycling of chemical wastes. This paper captures the environmental benign processes/techniques involved in achieving these materials salvage. The basic phases in recycling are the collection, processing or manufacturing and the purchase of those products. The materials reused in recycling serve as substitutes for raw materials obtained from such increasing scarce natural resources as petroleum, natural gas, coal, mineral ores and trees. The recycling of chemical waste can serve as a channel of providing solutions to many environmental and socioeconomic problems and challenges such as increasing cost of waste disposal and depletion of natural resources. The field of chemical recycling techniques of Iron and Steel Scrap (ISS), Aluminium Cans and Glass Bottles, Polymers, Textile Wastes, Old Papers and Wood, Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), Automobile Exhaust, Animal and Fish Wastes (AFW), Domestic and Municipal Organic Waste is reviewed in this study. Highlighted also are the prospects and problems of this exercise. The study concludes that the recycling of chemical waste is of great importance especially in solving the numerous environmental problems and hence increases the nation’s economy and social well-being of mankind. It recommends more serious measures at national and international levels especially developing nations of the Sub-Sahara to encourage and sensitize the government and private sector educationally on the importance of chemical waste recycling and to enhance the regulation of its practice.

Volume 1, Issue 5 by Tsunatu Danlami

This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO... more This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO 2 from a based Cement Plant using a physical absorption solvent called Dimethyl Ether Polyethylene Glycol-DEPG (Selexol). The low cost Selexol absorption unit captured 97% of the CO 2 with 98% purity by mole of the CO 2 through absorption into a 0.37 mole CO 2 /mole Selexol lean loading of the physical solvent. A detailed cost estimation of the CO 2 post-combustion unit of the plant was carried out in order to evaluate the economic performance of the process and cost of CO 2 captured, the additional utility costs associated with this technology. The CO 2 capture cost per tonne of CO 2 captured was found to be 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat58 (₦9,333). The Total Operating Cost was estimated at 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat27,542,469 (₦4.5Billion) and the Total Capital cost was estimated at 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,222,886 (₦3.08 Billion). The raw material cost was the highest cost in the CO 2 capture process with a value of 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,500,000 (₦3.1 Billion) representing 71% of the total operating cost. Sensitivity analysis cases of the impact of absorber temperature, pressure and absorber inlet gas temperature on liquid and vapour flow, percentage CO 2 recovery, energy consumption, annual operating and capital costs and cost of CO 2 captured were studied. The overall result of the analysis shows that Selexol has proven to be thermally, chemically stable and commercially justifiable under the operating conditions used.

This study aimed to assess the current status of physico-chemical characteristics of Nukkai River... more This study aimed to assess the current status of physico-chemical characteristics of Nukkai River and its tributaries as it relates to human activities. Triplicate samples were collected from four sampling points. Triplicate samples were collected within two months (September and October, 2015) within the span of the rivers along the municipality. Physico-chemical and trace metal analyses of the samples were carried out using standard methods. The physico-chemical values recorded were within World Health Organization limits compared with drinking water standards of Nigeria Industrial Standard, (NIS 554:2007) for portability except Dissolved Oxygen (D.O), TDS along river Lamurde, and turbidity. The mean concentrations of the trace metals that include chromium (0.08 mg/l) and copper (0.0075 mg/l) in the surface water samples are well below WHO permissible limits for portability. The study shows that the river water may be suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes with treatment along the River Lamurde. The compromised water quality could be influenced by anthropogenic activities such as human activities which include laundry, bathing, irrigation farming and solid waste disposal by the riverside that has increased the concentration of pollutants in the samples with mostly (95.5%) of solid waste encountered to be recyclable. The quality of river water can be improved if monitoring authorities' step-up their activities.

TechnoScience Academy, Dec 30, 2015

This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO... more This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO2 from a based Cement Plant using a physical absorption solvent called Dimethyl Ether Polyethylene Glycol-DEPG (Selexol). The low cost Selexol absorption unit captured 97% of the CO2 with 98% purity by mole of the CO2 through absorption into a 0.37 mole CO2/mole Selexol lean loading of the physical solvent. A detailed cost estimation of the CO2 post-combustion unit of the plant was carried out in order to evaluate the economic performance of the process and cost of CO2 captured, the additional utility costs associated with this technology. The CO2 capture cost per tonne of CO2 captured was found to be 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat58 (₦9,333). The Total Operating Cost was estimated at 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat27,542,469 (₦4.5Billion) and the Total Capital cost was estimated at 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,222,886 (₦3.08 Billion). The raw material cost was the highest cost in the CO2 capture process with a value of 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,500,000 (₦3.1 Billion) representing 71% of the total operating cost. Sensitivity analysis cases of the impact of absorber temperature, pressure and absorber inlet gas temperature on liquid and vapour flow, percentage CO2 recovery, energy consumption, annual operating and capital costs and cost of CO2 captured were studied. The overall result of the analysis shows that Selexol has proven to be thermally, chemically stable and commercially justifiable under the operating conditions used.
Keywords: Absorption, Carbon Capture, Costs, Post-Combustion, Selexol, Sensitivity.

International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, Aug 11, 2015

The growing concern over the severe impact on the global climate change of the buildup of CO2 in ... more The growing concern over the severe impact on the global climate change of the buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere has resulted in the quest to capture or avoid the release of CO2 at large point sources into Nigeria environment. The study uses data obtained for various cement plants on design capacity from cement plant production database, Nigeria. The data were analyzed using the “Generic CO2 Capture Retrofit” spreadsheet developed by SFA Pacific Inc. The results of the analysis obtained from the models shows that the ranges of the costs of CO2 captured and avoided per tonne CO2 were 27−47and27-47 and 27−47and34-60 respectively. With these values on a high side, will help the cement plants to decide whether to adopt the Carbon Credit option or consider Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). The demand for fossil energy in most of the cement plant appears to be one of the most significant issues to tackle if the problem of climate change mitigation in Nigeria has to be given serious attention. In light of the forgoing high costs of CO2 capture and avoided estimate for the cement plants, we recommend that Nigeria should invest in energy efficient technologies and should utilize less usage of fossil fuels.
Keywords: Carbon Capture, Generic Model, Climate Change, Cement Plant, Fossil Fuels, Mitigation Option.

Journal of Bioprocessing and Chemical Engineering, Jun 26, 2015

An optimal strategy of Crude Petroleum Distillation Unit (CDU) was developed to carry out process... more An optimal strategy of Crude Petroleum Distillation Unit (CDU) was developed to carry out process optimization for maximizing oil production and net profit for the plant. The optimization technique suggested the employment of Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) Method using ASPEN PLUS. The input operating variables of the CDU were properties of the crude oil obtained from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and manipulated variables such as the flow rates, reflux ratio, temperature and pressure. The objective function of the optimization was to maximize the net profit of the desired products using the SQP method. Variation of Bottom Oil flow rate and Reflux Ratio on Net Profit calculated in Naira per year on a molar flow rate and reflux ratio reflects the expected results which should increase the profit. The outcome should indicate and suggest whether the plant is operating efficiently and the model can provide an effective planning and operation tool.
Keywords: Optimization, ASPEN PLUS, Strategy, CDU, Net Profit, Variables, Model

American Chemical Science Journal, Jun 12, 2015

This research work was conducted in order to investigate the adsorption of cyanide ions by carbon... more This research work was conducted in order to investigate the adsorption of cyanide ions by carbon black developed from Shea Butter Seed Husk (SBSH) an eco-friendly bio-adsorbent. The experiments were carried out in batch reactors with optimum operating parameters at 100mg/l for the initial cyanide concentration, Temperature 30±2oC, pH value 10, Adsorbent Dosage (3.0mg/100ml) and Contact Time of 120 minutes with maximum percentage cyanide ion removal at 94.56%. The values for the amount of cyanide ions adsorbed at equilibrium (qe) and amount adsorbed at a given time (qt) of the experimental results were fitted to the Langmuir, Halsey – Taylor (Freundlich), Henry and Slygin – Frumkin (Temkin) isotherm models with Henry Adsorption Isotherm having R2 = 0.966, hence, best described the equilibrium model. Adsorption of cyanide ions by SBSH Carbon Black obeyed the Pseudo-Second Order Model rate equation with the values of Coefficient of Determination; R2 = 0.999. Qe = 3.257(mg/g) and k2 = 0.093(g/mg/min). Therefore, it was observed that Pseudo-Second Order Model was the best applicable model which described the bio-sorption of cyanide ions by SBSH Carbon Black, making Pseudo Second order kinetic reaction the rate limiting step for the batch reaction process.
Keywords: Cyanide ions, Kinetics, Shea Butter Seed Husk, Adsorption, effluent treatment, Monolayer

Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, May 1, 2013

Biogas digester operation depends majorly on C/N ratio, hydraulic retention time, pH, temperature... more Biogas digester operation depends majorly on C/N ratio, hydraulic retention time, pH, temperature, and mixing ratio of the domestic waste used. Temperature of 15 to 45°C, C/N ratio of 20 to 30, Hydraulic retention time of 1 to 30 days, mixing ratio of 10 to 20 %w/v and pH of 6.5 to 8 were considered for the analysis. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test whether there are statistically significant differences between two or more independent groups using Design Expert Software. The R-square values are 0.933, 0.943 and 0.919 for mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variance respectively. These values were found to be in reasonable agreement with standards. Retention time is the only factor that is not involved in the interactions among the four significant factors selected out of the five factors under consideration. The maximum biogas yield was 86.24% at retention time of 30 days, temperature of 45°C, pH value of 6.5, mixing ration of 10%w/v, and carbon to nitrogen ratio of 20 respectively. Key words: Biogas, experiment, analysis of variance (ANOVA), faeces, digester, yield.

Journal of Environment, Sep 2013

This research present finding of a study carried out in Jalingo Metropolis of Taraba State, Niger... more This research present finding of a study carried out in Jalingo Metropolis of Taraba State, Nigeria, with the current solid wastes management practices, problems, challenges and strategies. Prior to the assessment, field work studies indicated that current solid wastes generation rate in the metropolis is 0.34 kg/ca/day and total wastes generation is within the range of 54 tons/day. A detail investigation was made regarding the method of practices associated with source, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The data concerning Soldi Waste Management (SWM) in the metropolis was obtained through questionnaire, individual field visit and interviewing responsible persons/municipality. Photographic evidences were also made about generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. As a result of this study, sanitary landfills were suggested to replace the practice of open dumping and to reduce the reliance on wastes incineration, but yet have some obvious problems and challenges. The paper recommends that, the current method of wastes collection and disposal by the government should be immediately reversed to the new option been campaigned for in the recent time. This is wastes-to-wealth or trash-to-treasure through recycling and community participation to be the right measure in attaining sustainability and effective solid wastes management in study area.

Biogas production from agricultural wastes (Groundnut shell, Maize Cobs, Rice Straw and Bagasse) ... more Biogas production from agricultural wastes (Groundnut shell, Maize Cobs, Rice Straw and Bagasse) inoculated with cattle dung/poultry droppings was investigated. These substrates were charged into batch digesters and labeled sample A-D with the ratio of amount of total solids to water in each of the bio-digester being the same and were subjected to Anaerobic Mesophilic conditions. The biogas produced was collected by the saline water displacement method and subsequently measured. Results obtained showed that, Sample C (Rice Straw) has the highest cumulative biogas generation of 692.9ml, followed by Sample B, A and D with cumulative biogas generation of 468.7ml, 325.5ml and 185.9ml respectively, with a pH range of 6.5 – 7.7. It could be concluded that, the inoculation of agricultural wastes with methanogenic bacteria sources have an important role and efficacy in the biogas generation quantity. Wastes recycling and biogas production requires strong governmental support to be successful in terms of environmental pollution control and management that might have resulted from the domestic disposal of these agricultural wastes.

International Research Journal of Environment Sciences, Feb 2014

Agricultural wastes (groundnut shell, maize cobs and rice straw) which are relatively found in ab... more Agricultural wastes (groundnut shell, maize cobs and rice straw) which are relatively found in abundance due to increase agricultural activities contain mainly of organic content, which decomposes under anaerobic conditions. Various total solids (TS) concentrations of these wastes influence on the amount of biogas generated was studied in order to determine the conditions for optimum gas generation. Five (5) sets of bio-digesters were utilized, each contains varying amount of the total solids, and biogas production was measured indirectly by the saline water displacement method. It was observed that, the amount of gas generated from these substrates decreases with decreasing and increasing the percentage total solid concentration below and above the optimum value of 9% Total Solids which gave the maximum volume of biogas generated for the three substrates to be 325ml, 468ml and 680ml respectively. The result shows that bio-digester C (Rice Straw) at PTS concentration 9% had the highest yield of biogas with cumulative volume of 680ml. Therefore, the efficiency of gas production could be seen decreased with increasing total solid concentration yielding approximately 43.2% more gas/gTS at 9% TS than 12% TS.

IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) , Feb 2014

Anaerobic Digestion of agricultural wastes; animal wastes, energy crops and industrial wastes is ... more Anaerobic Digestion of agricultural wastes; animal wastes, energy crops and industrial wastes is a technology that produces biogas (Methane Rich Gas), a promising source of energy which is renewable as well as eco-friendly. This study was designed to determine the kinetics of agricultural wastes biogas production when inoculated with cow dung/poultry droppings under mesophilic conditions with 8% Total Solids and 55 days retention time. The modified first order kinetic model was developed to access the kinetics of the biodegradation of the digestion process. A plot of 1/t(ln(dyt/dt)) against 1/t from the model gives the rates of substrate biodegradability and removal of the biodegradable fractions of the substrate. The result shows that maize cobs (MC) has the highest short term biodegradability index of 1.5827 while bio-digester D (SB) has the lowest rate of the biodegradable fractions (k) of – 0.302 among all the substrates. Bio-digester C (Rice Straw) has the highest yield of biogas with cumulative volume of 692.9ml and an R2 value of 0.8424 while bio-digester D (Sugarcane Bagasse) has the least of 185.9ml and an R2 value of 0.6479.

British Journal of Environment & Climate Change, Apr 17, 2015

Cement industry accounts for the second largest emitter of anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the gl... more Cement industry accounts for the second largest emitter of anthropogenic greenhouse gas in the globe with 900 kg CO2 emitted into the atmosphere from producing one tonne of cement. Hence, the effort made to mitigate this issue seems not productive , which gives rise to the design of the carbon capture and sequestration [CCS] process which is one of the few ways obtained to greatly reduce CO2 production from the cement plant. The research work assessed the technology used for the cement plant by employing an old cement plant with post – combustion CO2 capture using physical solvent (Selexol). The Aspen Hysys simulation results show that the process can capture 97% of the CO2 and lean loading of 0.37. The Ashaka Cement Plant operates at maximum capacity of approx. 1 million tonnes cement /year with CO2 released at about 500,000 tonnes per year. The capture unit was able to reduce the CO2 released into the atmosphere from 4.86% to 0.13%. The overall result of the analysis shows that selexol has proven to be thermally and chemically stable under the operating conditions used. It is recommended that, the simulation results should be retrofitted into the Ashaka cement plant, in order to determine the best CO2 capture efficiency, performance which results to the choice of this capture technology.

International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Mar 31, 2015

An investigation of the case study on Alternative Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW... more An investigation of the case study on Alternative Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Jalingo Metropolis of possible technologies and processes that are or can be utilized to convert post-consumers and post-recycled solid waste into useful end-products was conducted. This arises as MSW became a global problem; hence finding a clean method to convert this waste into an alternative renewable energy source became a major play in the resolution to fossil fuel dependency and reduction in quantity land filled. The paper captures a trend in the MSW conversion into alternative energy for Jalingo Metropolis – Taraba State, the energy recovery of the biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste was considered for both the Thermo-chemical and Bio-chemical conversion processes. Approximately 18,144 tons/year of waste was generated and disposed, out of which 15,930.43 tons/year was available for conversion into energy with bio-chemical and thermo-chemical conversion processes producing 62,596.80 kW and 151,016.14 kW Net Power Generation Potential respectively. Full conversion to electricity is unlikely and the resulting energy potential from the Metropolis MSW being substantial. The technologies for the recovery already exist and are being extensively utilized across the globe for various benefits, it is necessary for the success of these technologies in Taraba State to evolve an Integrated Waste Management System, coupled with necessary Legislative and Control measures. Detailed feasibility study, pollution control measures, Environmental Impact Assessment and cost analysis needs to be conducted in each case and relative assessment of the different waste disposal options.

JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES, Apr 20, 2015

Batch adsorption of cyanide ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon developed from Shea... more Batch adsorption of cyanide ions from aqueous solution using activated carbon developed from Shea Butter Seed Husk (SBSH) was investigated. The Shea butter seed husk was removed from the seed using mortar and pestle, it was then washed, dried and carbonized/Calcined at 450oC - 500oC and activated at 700oC using hydrochloric acid. The effect of adsorbent dose, initial cyanide concentration, contact time and pH were investigated and found to significantly affect the adsorption capacity with optimum adsorbent dose, contact time and initial cyanide concentration of 3.0g/100ml, 120mins and 100mg/l. The removal efficiency of cyanide ions by SBSH carbon black was 94.56% at lower concentration of 100mg/l and 58.7% was achieved at higher concentration of 600mg/l cyanide concentration. Keywords: Cyanide ion, Adsorbent Dosage, Calcination, Shea Butter Seed Husk, Activated Carbon.

Journal of Environmental Sciences and Resources Management , Oct 2014

Sustainable socioeconomic development advocates environmental sustainability through recycling of... more Sustainable socioeconomic development advocates environmental sustainability through recycling of chemical wastes. This paper captures the environmental benign processes/techniques involved in achieving these materials salvage. The basic phases in recycling are the collection, processing or manufacturing and the purchase of those products. The materials reused in recycling serve as substitutes for raw materials obtained from such increasing scarce natural resources as petroleum, natural gas, coal, mineral ores and trees. The recycling of chemical waste can serve as a channel of providing solutions to many environmental and socioeconomic problems and challenges such as increasing cost of waste disposal and depletion of natural resources. The field of chemical recycling techniques of Iron and Steel Scrap (ISS), Aluminium Cans and Glass Bottles, Polymers, Textile Wastes, Old Papers and Wood, Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), Automobile Exhaust, Animal and Fish Wastes (AFW), Domestic and Municipal Organic Waste is reviewed in this study. Highlighted also are the prospects and problems of this exercise. The study concludes that the recycling of chemical waste is of great importance especially in solving the numerous environmental problems and hence increases the nation’s economy and social well-being of mankind. It recommends more serious measures at national and international levels especially developing nations of the Sub-Sahara to encourage and sensitize the government and private sector educationally on the importance of chemical waste recycling and to enhance the regulation of its practice.

This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO... more This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO 2 from a based Cement Plant using a physical absorption solvent called Dimethyl Ether Polyethylene Glycol-DEPG (Selexol). The low cost Selexol absorption unit captured 97% of the CO 2 with 98% purity by mole of the CO 2 through absorption into a 0.37 mole CO 2 /mole Selexol lean loading of the physical solvent. A detailed cost estimation of the CO 2 post-combustion unit of the plant was carried out in order to evaluate the economic performance of the process and cost of CO 2 captured, the additional utility costs associated with this technology. The CO 2 capture cost per tonne of CO 2 captured was found to be 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat58 (₦9,333). The Total Operating Cost was estimated at 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat27,542,469 (₦4.5Billion) and the Total Capital cost was estimated at 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,222,886 (₦3.08 Billion). The raw material cost was the highest cost in the CO 2 capture process with a value of 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,500,000 (₦3.1 Billion) representing 71% of the total operating cost. Sensitivity analysis cases of the impact of absorber temperature, pressure and absorber inlet gas temperature on liquid and vapour flow, percentage CO 2 recovery, energy consumption, annual operating and capital costs and cost of CO 2 captured were studied. The overall result of the analysis shows that Selexol has proven to be thermally, chemically stable and commercially justifiable under the operating conditions used.