Kazbulat Shogenov | Tallinn University of Technology (original) (raw)

Papers by Kazbulat Shogenov

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jul 10, 2022

CO2 transport, storage and monitoring (TSM) cost for the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) scenari... more CO2 transport, storage and monitoring (TSM) cost for the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) scenario was estimated for Buzzi Unicem Vernasca Cement Plant (BUV СP) and HeidelbergCement Group Italcementi Calusco D'adda (HCICD) CP, located at 125 and 34 km via pipelines distance respectively from the Malossa storage site. Total emissions produced in 2020 by two CPs were 1.2 Mt CO2. About 1.1 Mt CO2 captured annually and 23 Mt during 20 years of the project duration could be transported and stored in the prospective for CO2 storage 83 m thick Upper Miocene Messinian Sergnano Gravel conglomerate Formation located at 1240 m depth in the Malossa structure. 3D geological static models of the storage reservoir in the Malossa structure (34 km 2 area) were constructed using 18 wells and PETREL software. Estimated TSM costs were the most economic for HCICD CP (4 €/t CO2 avoided), explained by the close location to the Malossa storage site and sharing of monitoring costs with BUV CP. TSM cost for BUV CP is higher (15.1 €/t CO2) explained by the longer pipeline distance (125 km) and the needed CO2 recompression. Total costs for the CCS scenario will depend on the final costs of Ca-looping CO2 capture at the BUV CP achieved by the CLEANKER project. The estimated maximum total CCS cost for BUV CP could be 73 €/t CO2 avoided, the maximum CCS cost for HCICD CP is 62 €/t CO2. These costs are already feasible considering 80-90 €/t CO2 price in EU ETS reached in 2021.

In this study we (1) selected and sampled two onshore and two offshore geological structures with... more In this study we (1) selected and sampled two onshore and two offshore geological structures within the Cambrian saline aquifer suitable for CO2 geological storage in the Latvian area of the Baltic Region, (2) determined reservoir quality of the Cambrian sandstones prospective for CO2 storage in four structures, (3) estimated storage capacity, (4) studied geochemical, mineralogical and petrophysical alterations of the host reservoir and cap rocks, induced by CO2 storage and (5) provided coupled perophysical and seismic numerical modelling of CO2 plume within one offshore storage site. Our study clearly shows effectiveness of applied time-lapse rock physics and seismic numerical modelling methodology to detect presence of injected CO2 and monitor its evolution in the E6 Baltic Sea offshore structure

83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition

SINTEF Academic Press eBooks, 2021

Much potential exists in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) regarding CC(U)S and at least on the researc... more Much potential exists in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) regarding CC(U)S and at least on the research side, there has been a steady stream of activities over the years. Potential storage sites are localized in the Baltic Basin within several countries such as Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Russia. However, the BSR is still lagging behind in deploying a large-scale CC(U)S due to the national policy and regulatory frameworks which create unfavorable conditions for the technology, as well as the low public awareness and acceptability in most of the countries in the region. Consequently, CO2 injection is forbidden in Lithuania, CO2 storage on an industrial scale is banned in Estonia, Latvia and Finland and some federal states of Germany, while in Denmark, Poland and Sweden is permitted with limitations. However, it should also be noted that some positive developments and attitudes towards CC(U)S have also taken place recently in some of the BSR countries. This paper provides an overview of the current CC(U)S status and development in the BS

Baltic Carbon Forum, Oct 12, 2023

CO 2 Capture, Transport, Use and Storage (CCUS) is one of the core technologies to mitigate clima... more CO 2 Capture, Transport, Use and Storage (CCUS) is one of the core technologies to mitigate climate change. New techno-economic and techno-ecological concept of a synergy of CO 2 geological storage (CGS), CO 2 use, hydrogen (H 2) production from different eco-friendly renewable energy recovery technologies and underground H 2 storage (UHS), which we call here Geological Power Bank (Geo-PB), in Cambrian Deimena Formation sandstones in different compartments of the E6 structure offshore Latvia is presented for the first time. A five-phase circular economy concept of E6 geological structure energy and CO 2 storage hub was developed in this study. The workflow is techno-ecological, eco-friendly, self-supporting, cost-competitive, and economically feasible. It consists of (1) CO 2 transport by ships to the rig, (2) CO 2 injection for CGS and CO 2 Plume Geothermal technology (CPG), (3) H 2 production, (4) Geo-PB, and (5) H 2 transport by the same ships to the customers. The concept is supporting a win 8 situation-innovative elements of techno-ecological synergy in one site: (1) CGS, (2) CPG, (3) solar energy, (4) wind energy, (5) sea currents energy, (6) H 2 production (7) Geo-PB and (8) H 2 transport to consumers. The proposed cycle is closed, demonstrating the principles of circular economy, which will increase the total efficiency of the concept. CGS and CPG are planned in the E6-A compartment of the E6 geological structure with an average CO 2 storage capacity of 365 Mt in an optimistic approach and Geo-PB is planned in E6-B with an H 2 storage capacity of 119 kt. The Baltic offshore scenario is ambitious and innovative, proposed new technologies, synergy with renewable energy (geothermal, solar, wind and sea current), large storage capacity, including CO 2 storage and use captured by a CCUS clusters of emission sources from energy production, cement industry and bio-emissions from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The concept aimed to decrease the artificial impact of climate change by avoiding CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere and implementing circular economy principles. It will increase public and policymakers' acceptance of new underground CO 2 and energy storage technologies. The proposed synergy solution for CGS and energy storage projects will make such a business economically feasible and attractive for investors. Our study demonstrates a new era, the next generation of cost-competitive, selfsupporting conceptual techno-ecological examples of a possible synergy of storage concepts with renewable energies combined using circular economy approaches.

International and national regulations related to CCUS technology and their national implementati... more International and national regulations related to CCUS technology and their national implementations are compared for five countries (Italy, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia) involved in the planned CCUS scenarios of the CLEANKER project.

In this study, for the first time, we analysed and compared adoption of e-learning by lecturers i... more In this study, for the first time, we analysed and compared adoption of e-learning by lecturers in three largest universities in Estonia and Turkey. Total number of students and academic staff in the Estonian universities is 39,259 and 3,991, respectively, and 1,194,735 and 9,076, respectively, in the Turkish universities. The extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2) was used to analyse results of acceptance and usage of e-learning by 923 lecturers (298 from Estonia and 625 from Turkey) or 22% from the sample subject, took part in the research from the studied universities. Total number of respondents subjected to the questionnaire distribution was 4,198 (1,423 in Estonia and 2,775 in Turkey). We found and analysed strong and weak sides of e-learning and main barriers, which hinder adoption of e-learning in Estonian and Turkish largest universities. Immediate measures to support development and improvement of e-learning system at higher education in these universities were sugges...

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019

Estonia is the largest CO2 emitter in three Baltic Basin (BB) countries due to use of local oil s... more Estonia is the largest CO2 emitter in three Baltic Basin (BB) countries due to use of local oil shale for energy production. Total fossil CO2 emissions produced in Estonia in 2016 were 22.4 Mt, which is higher than in Latvia and Lithuania together. Following the targets of the Paris Climate Agreement, Estonia is aiming to decrease greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in 2050 by nearly 80% compared to 1990. To reach these targets by 2030 about 70% of GHGE and by 2040 about 72% of GHGE should be reduced. GHGE have to be decreased by 2050 the most (67%) in the energy sector and industry. Previous studies show that the most prospective structures for CO2 geological storage (CGS) in the BB are available in Latvia represented by number of onshore and offshore anticline structures. Estonia is out of limits for CGS according to its shallow sedimentary basin and low salinity of aquifer waters. CGS as a part of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is an efficient tool to mitigate climate change and to continue use of fossil fuels in energy sector and industry. The combining Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology in the depleted oil reservoirs with CGS (CO2-EOR) is a well-known commercial practice. CO2-EOR increases effectively oil production and ensures permanent storage of large quantities of CO2 underground (EOR+). In order to reduce CO2 emissions in the Earth's atmosphere and achieve win-win situation, captured CO2 produced by power plants and industry should be used for EOR. Cambrian Deimena Formation deep saline aquifer in the Latvian offshore structure E6 in combination with located above the Upper Ordovician Saldus Formation limestone oil reservoir were previously estimated as prospective for CGS and CO2-EOR/EOR+, respectively. Total capacity of the E6 structure in Deimena and Saldus formations together at the end of CO2-EOR cycle by optimistic (average: 490 Mt) and by conservative approach was recently evaluated (average: 265 Mt). New e cost-competitive concept of the pilot project for combination of CGS, CO2-EOR/EOR+ and geothermal energy recovery during CO2 geological storage (GCS) in different geological formations of the E6 structure is proposed in this paper (Fig. 1). The proposed scenario considers (1) single CO2 injection well to the Cambrian Deimena Formation for CGS used also for CO2 injection via horizontal wells into located above the Upper Ordovician Saldus Formation limestone oil reservoir (for CO2-EOR/EOR+), (2) oil recovery well to the Saldus Formation and (3) geothermal energy recovery well to the Deimena Formation. Compared to the recently proposed scenarios of synergy of CGS and CO2-EOR/EOR+, we updated the concept by (1) adding the GCS and (2) proposed an extended idea for more economic scenario of CO2 injection. Profits of the synergy were analysed and possible risks analysis presented recently was updated for two possible cases of CO2 storage (upward CO2 leakage by faults from Deimena to Saldus Formation, and no-leakage case) in this study. The risks were

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019

The EU Horizon 2020 project CLEANKER is aimed on Ca-looping capture of CO2 emissions produced by ... more The EU Horizon 2020 project CLEANKER is aimed on Ca-looping capture of CO2 emissions produced by cement industry. For the first time capture-focused EU project includes the full CCUS value chain study. This study includes techno-economic modelling of CO2 transport, storage, and utilization scenarios; CCUS regulatory issues; definition of BUZZI and ITC-HCG cement plants suitable for first-of-a-kind CCS plant based on transport and storage opportunities; mineral trapping of CO2 from the demo system and testing the carbonated materials for reuse in concrete. Gaps in national regulations were analysed for Italy, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia involved in two planned CCUS scenarios (Italian and Baltic). Russia is one of the largest emitters and Estonia has one of the highest CO2 emissions per capita in the world. Russia has not ratified yet Paris Climate Agreement. Latvia, Lithuania and Russia are not parties of the London Protocol. CO2 use options in these countries include CO2 use for EOR, Geothermal Energy Recovery and mineral carbonation using waste materials. Additional CCUS regulations and political incentives are needed in these countries. Estonian burnt oil shale could be used as an effective sorbent in the proposed CO2-mineralization process, binding up to 0.18 kg CO2 per kg of waste. The onshore CCUS scenario was proposed for CO2 emissions produced and captured by Kunda Nordic Cement plant (KNC), Eesti and Balti power plants, and Latvenergo TEC-2, the largest CO2 emitters in Estonia and Latvia. CCUS scenario includes mineral carbonation of 1.2 mln tonnes CO2 and transport and storage of about 10 mln tonnes annually into North- Blidene and Blidene structures in the western Latvia. The average optimistic capacity of the structures (297 Mt CO2) will allow to store these emissions for at least 29.5 years. The share of the Estonian emissions stored in Latvia will be about 92.6%, including 5.6% by KNC. Latvian stored emissions will compose 7.4%. Such scenario will support Estonia and Latvia to reach their climate strategic targets. Techno-economic modelling of this scenario will be the next step of this study. Utilizing of the re-carbonated wastes in concrete application supports closing the CO2 cycle of Vernasca cement plant by trapping the carbon dioxide into a concrete that contains the cement of the same plant.

Energy Procedia, 2017

CO 2 geological storage (CGS) is an efficient tool to mitigate climate change and to continue use... more CO 2 geological storage (CGS) is an efficient tool to mitigate climate change and to continue use of fossil fuels for energy production. Renewable energy is becoming more popular to reduce impact of human activity on the Earth. However, oil is still the most profitable energy source and will remain the same in the future. Taking into account the development of CGS and profit of oil production, the combining Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology in the depleted oil reservoirs with CGS (CO 2-EOR) is well-known commercial practice and has been already successfully implemented during last decades. Use of CO 2 offers an attractive opportunity to increase effectively oil production in the depleted oil reservoirs. CO 2-EOR ensures permanent storage of large quantities of CO 2 underground (EOR+) reaching the goals to reduce the greenhouse gas effect on the Earth's atmosphere, achieving win-win situation [1]. Nevertheless, when using underground oil recovery usually has the highest priority and can cause a conflict of interest with other underground uses. Such a case in the Baltic Sea Region was studied for the first time. The E6 offshore structure was found by seismic exploration and explored in 1984 by one well E6-1 (depth 1068 m), located 37 km from coast of Latvia [2, 3]. The structure was estimated as prospective for oil in 10.5 m thick oil-bearing reservoir layer of the Saldus Formation in the Upper Ordovician Porkuni Stage. The fractured-porous reservoir is represented by carbonate rocks with average porosity 18% and gas permeability up to 39 mD. Oil flow was 2.7 m 3 per 24 hours [4]. Oil shows were found in the sandstones of the Cambrian Series 3 Deimena Formation and in the Devonian rocks. The E6 structure was licensed to the Odin oil company in 2008 for oil exploration and production. The Deimena Formation (53 m thick reservoir sandstones) in the E6 structure, located 135.5 m lower under the oil reservoir of Saldus Formation. It is covered by Lower Ordovician clayey primary cap rock and additionally covered by Ordovician and Silurian (in total 266 m thick) clayey carbonate rocks and Devonian siliciclastic and carbonate rocks [2, 3]. According to [5], fault system within the structure has led to the migration of hydrocarbons from the Cambrian reservoir to the upper Ordovician reservoir. The E6 structure was estimated as the most prospective for CO 2 storage in the Deimena Formation sandstones offshore Latvia [2, 3]. In our study we are discussing possibility of CGS in the Cambrian Deimena Formation and CO 2-EOR from the Upper Ordovician Saldus Formation. During exploration, the inflow of light oil was insignificant due to low pressure in the reservoir. Injection of CO 2 into the oil reservoir will significantly increase pressure and consequently oil extraction. CO 2-EOR method has been already tested for the Cambrian Deimena Formation ROZ (residual oil zone) in the Baltic Sea Region by the oil company. Two pilot injections have been made into Lithuanian onshore oil fields (about 2 km depth) for EOR-CCS in 2013, investigating potential of CO 2 to be used for EOR. The results

Energy Procedia, 2013

This study is focused on the investigation of four prospective structures for geological storage ... more This study is focused on the investigation of four prospective structures for geological storage of CO 2 in the Baltic region, specifically in the onshore structures South Kandava and Dobele, and offshore structures (E6 and E7) in Latvia. Using detailed petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses of the Middle Cambrian Deimena Formation sandstones in these structures, their CO 2 storage capacity was estimated with different levels of reliability. Different storage efficiency factors and porosities of the reservoir rocks were applied for optimistic and conservative estimates. Offshore structure E6 was estimated as the most prospective for CO 2 geological storage in the Baltic Region. Its optimistic CO 2 storage capacity was 264-631 Mt, and its average conservative capacity (158 Mt) is the largest among all the studied until now in Latvia onshore and offshore structures. Total capacity of four studied structures estimated using an optimistic approach was on average 630 Mt and using a conservative approach 210 Mt. Earlier capacity estimates made during the EU Geocapacity project of the Dobele and South Kandava onshore structures are in the range of our optimistic capacities.

Geological Quarterly, 2013

It has been in creas ingly real ised that geo log i cal stor age of CO 2 is a pro spec tive op ti... more It has been in creas ingly real ised that geo log i cal stor age of CO 2 is a pro spec tive op tion for re duc tion of CO 2 emis sions. The CO 2 geo log i cal stor age po ten tial of sed i men tary bas ins with the ter ri tory of Slovakia, the Czech Re pub lic, Po land and the Bal tic States is here as sessed, and dif fer ent stor age op tions have been con sid ered. The most pro spec tive tech nol ogy is hydro dy namic trap ping in the deep sa line aqui fers. The uti li sa tion of hy dro car bon (HC) fields is con sid ered as a ma ture tech nology; how ever, stor age ca pac i ties are lim ited in the re gion and are mainly re lated to en hanced oil (gas) re cov ery. Pro spec tive res er voirs and traps have been iden ti fied in the Dan ube, Vi enna and East Slovakian Neo gene bas ins, the Neo gene Carpathian Foredeep, the Bo he mian and Fore-Sudetic Up per Pa leo zoic bas ins, the Me so zoic Mid-Pol ish Ba sin and the pericratonic Pa leo zoic Bal tic Ba sin. The to tal stor age ca pac ity of the sed i men tary bas ins is es ti mated to be as much as 10,170 Mt of CO 2 in deep sa line aqui fer struc tures, and 938 Mt CO 2 in the de pleted HC fields. The uti li sa tion of coal seams for CO 2 stor age is re lated to the Up per Silesian Ba sin where CO 2 stor age could be com bined with en hanced re cov ery of coal-bed meth ane.

Available approaches and data for economic modelling are used and updated according to the nation... more Available approaches and data for economic modelling are used and updated according to the national requirements for CO2 storage sites monitoring and with data required for CO2 use suitable for the selected CCUS scenarios. Version 10.6 of the ArcGIS software and MS Excel datasheets are designed for the spatial data collection and analysis.

Energy Procedia, 2017

Effective application of CO 2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to ensure efficient climate ch... more Effective application of CO 2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to ensure efficient climate change abatement needs estimation of reservoir properties of storage site and possible risks due to injection of CO 2 in supercritical state into the deep saline aquifer. To monitor behaviour of CO 2 plume in the deep geological trap a number of modelling routines could be applied. Previous studies show that the most prospective structures for CO 2 geological storage (CGS) in the Baltic region (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) are available in Latvia represented by number of onshore and offshore anticline structures . The offshore E6 structure, was assessed as the largest among all the studied in the Baltic Region structures . Prospective for CGS reservoir is represented by the Cambrian Series 3 Deimena Formation (848-901 m depth at the well E6-1/84) composed by quartz oil-impregnated sandstones. The structure is an anticline fold bounded on three sides by faults. The E6 structure consists of two different compartments divided by inner fault.

London 2013, 75th eage conference en exhibition incorporating SPE Europec, 2013

ABSTRACT This study is a part of CO2 geological storage research in the Baltic Region. Our resear... more ABSTRACT This study is a part of CO2 geological storage research in the Baltic Region. Our research shows the effectiveness of seismic numerical modelling methodology, in particular, synthetic plane-wave and difference sections, to detect the presence of CO2 in deep saline aquifer of Cambrian Deimena Sandstone Reservoir Formation in the E6 Baltic offshore structure for various saturation levels. Our results clearly show the applicability of seismic methods to monitor CO2 plume within the studied Baltic Sea offshore storage site E6. This study plays a crucial role in developing an optimal seismic monitoring plan in the studied area.

Energy Procedia, 2013

The EU CCS Directive transposition process and related issues in 26 European countries, comprisin... more The EU CCS Directive transposition process and related issues in 26 European countries, comprising 24 EU member -2012. By the end of 2011 the transposition of the Directive into national law had been approved by the European Commission (EC) in Spain only, but had been approved at national/jurisdictional level in 12 other countries (Austria,

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 2013

This study is focused on two structures in the Baltic offshore region (E6 and E7 structures in La... more This study is focused on two structures in the Baltic offshore region (E6 and E7 structures in Latvia) prospective for the geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2). Their CO 2 storage capacities were estimated recently with different levels of reliability. Petrophysical, geophysical, mineralogical and geochemical parameters of reservoir rocks represented by quartz sandstones of the Deimena Formation of Middle Cambrian in two wells and properties of Silurian and Ordovician cap rocks were additionally studied and interpreted in the present contribution. Extended methodology on rock measurements and estimation of conservative and optimistic storage capacity are presented. Uncertainties and risks of CO 2 storage in the offshore structure E6 estimated as the most prospective for CO 2 geological storage in the Baltic Region, and the largest among all onshore and offshore structures studied in Latvia, were discussed. We re-estimated the previous optimistic capacity of the E6 structure (265-630 Mt) to 251-602 Mt. Considering fault system within the E6 structure we estimated capacity of two compartments of the reservoir separately (E6-A and E6-B). Estimated by the optimistic approach CO 2 storage capacity of the E6-A part was 243-582 Mt (mean 365 Mt) and E6-B part 8-20 Mt (mean 12 Mt). Conservative capacity was 97-233 Mt (mean 146 Mt) in the E6-A, and 4-10 Mt (mean 6 Mt) in the E6-B. The conservative average capacity of the E6-B part was in the same range as this capacity in the E7 structure (6 and 7 Mt respectively). The total capacity of the two structures E6 and E7, estimated using the optimistic approach was on average 411 Mt, and using the conservative approach, 159 Mt.

Social Science Research Network, 2021

There is a large theoretical capacity to store CO2 in the Palaeozoic sedimentary succession of th... more There is a large theoretical capacity to store CO2 in the Palaeozoic sedimentary succession of the Baltic Basin (BB). The most prospective areas for CO2 storage within the BB border several countries such as Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Russia, and include large saline aquifers and oil and gas fields. In recent years, a significant amount of research has been completed in fields related to CCUS in some of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) countries. The main drivers for implementation of CCUS technology in the BSR are (1) a need to decrease the high CO2 emissions of the region; (2) obligations taken under the Paris Climate Agreement and national strategies up to 2050; (3) European requirements for low-carbon and circular economy; (4) the fact that the BSR has a large potential storage capacity; (5) London Protocol (LP) Parties in October 2019 adopted a resolution to allow provisional application of an amendment to article 6 of the LP to allow sub-seabed geological formations for ...

The main unconventional energy technologies, including those aiming on fighting global climate ch... more The main unconventional energy technologies, including those aiming on fighting global climate change are considered for climate change mitigation and sustainable development. Research and development within five pillars of sustainability are required for implementation of these technologies. Economic, social, and environmental pillars were determined since 1987. Political support and technological development are additional pillars proposed here for sustainable development of underground resources. Integrated use of the underground resources is one of the possible ways for sustainable development, permitting to share geological information, perform common techno-economic feasibility studies, share infrastructure and labour costs, and to improve overall economics of exploration and exploitation of underground resources. Synergy of CO2 storage and CO2 use for enhanced recovery of energy resources and renewables can also reduce costs of these technologies. The underground can be used ...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jul 10, 2022

CO2 transport, storage and monitoring (TSM) cost for the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) scenari... more CO2 transport, storage and monitoring (TSM) cost for the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) scenario was estimated for Buzzi Unicem Vernasca Cement Plant (BUV СP) and HeidelbergCement Group Italcementi Calusco D'adda (HCICD) CP, located at 125 and 34 km via pipelines distance respectively from the Malossa storage site. Total emissions produced in 2020 by two CPs were 1.2 Mt CO2. About 1.1 Mt CO2 captured annually and 23 Mt during 20 years of the project duration could be transported and stored in the prospective for CO2 storage 83 m thick Upper Miocene Messinian Sergnano Gravel conglomerate Formation located at 1240 m depth in the Malossa structure. 3D geological static models of the storage reservoir in the Malossa structure (34 km 2 area) were constructed using 18 wells and PETREL software. Estimated TSM costs were the most economic for HCICD CP (4 €/t CO2 avoided), explained by the close location to the Malossa storage site and sharing of monitoring costs with BUV CP. TSM cost for BUV CP is higher (15.1 €/t CO2) explained by the longer pipeline distance (125 km) and the needed CO2 recompression. Total costs for the CCS scenario will depend on the final costs of Ca-looping CO2 capture at the BUV CP achieved by the CLEANKER project. The estimated maximum total CCS cost for BUV CP could be 73 €/t CO2 avoided, the maximum CCS cost for HCICD CP is 62 €/t CO2. These costs are already feasible considering 80-90 €/t CO2 price in EU ETS reached in 2021.

In this study we (1) selected and sampled two onshore and two offshore geological structures with... more In this study we (1) selected and sampled two onshore and two offshore geological structures within the Cambrian saline aquifer suitable for CO2 geological storage in the Latvian area of the Baltic Region, (2) determined reservoir quality of the Cambrian sandstones prospective for CO2 storage in four structures, (3) estimated storage capacity, (4) studied geochemical, mineralogical and petrophysical alterations of the host reservoir and cap rocks, induced by CO2 storage and (5) provided coupled perophysical and seismic numerical modelling of CO2 plume within one offshore storage site. Our study clearly shows effectiveness of applied time-lapse rock physics and seismic numerical modelling methodology to detect presence of injected CO2 and monitor its evolution in the E6 Baltic Sea offshore structure

83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition

SINTEF Academic Press eBooks, 2021

Much potential exists in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) regarding CC(U)S and at least on the researc... more Much potential exists in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) regarding CC(U)S and at least on the research side, there has been a steady stream of activities over the years. Potential storage sites are localized in the Baltic Basin within several countries such as Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Russia. However, the BSR is still lagging behind in deploying a large-scale CC(U)S due to the national policy and regulatory frameworks which create unfavorable conditions for the technology, as well as the low public awareness and acceptability in most of the countries in the region. Consequently, CO2 injection is forbidden in Lithuania, CO2 storage on an industrial scale is banned in Estonia, Latvia and Finland and some federal states of Germany, while in Denmark, Poland and Sweden is permitted with limitations. However, it should also be noted that some positive developments and attitudes towards CC(U)S have also taken place recently in some of the BSR countries. This paper provides an overview of the current CC(U)S status and development in the BS

Baltic Carbon Forum, Oct 12, 2023

CO 2 Capture, Transport, Use and Storage (CCUS) is one of the core technologies to mitigate clima... more CO 2 Capture, Transport, Use and Storage (CCUS) is one of the core technologies to mitigate climate change. New techno-economic and techno-ecological concept of a synergy of CO 2 geological storage (CGS), CO 2 use, hydrogen (H 2) production from different eco-friendly renewable energy recovery technologies and underground H 2 storage (UHS), which we call here Geological Power Bank (Geo-PB), in Cambrian Deimena Formation sandstones in different compartments of the E6 structure offshore Latvia is presented for the first time. A five-phase circular economy concept of E6 geological structure energy and CO 2 storage hub was developed in this study. The workflow is techno-ecological, eco-friendly, self-supporting, cost-competitive, and economically feasible. It consists of (1) CO 2 transport by ships to the rig, (2) CO 2 injection for CGS and CO 2 Plume Geothermal technology (CPG), (3) H 2 production, (4) Geo-PB, and (5) H 2 transport by the same ships to the customers. The concept is supporting a win 8 situation-innovative elements of techno-ecological synergy in one site: (1) CGS, (2) CPG, (3) solar energy, (4) wind energy, (5) sea currents energy, (6) H 2 production (7) Geo-PB and (8) H 2 transport to consumers. The proposed cycle is closed, demonstrating the principles of circular economy, which will increase the total efficiency of the concept. CGS and CPG are planned in the E6-A compartment of the E6 geological structure with an average CO 2 storage capacity of 365 Mt in an optimistic approach and Geo-PB is planned in E6-B with an H 2 storage capacity of 119 kt. The Baltic offshore scenario is ambitious and innovative, proposed new technologies, synergy with renewable energy (geothermal, solar, wind and sea current), large storage capacity, including CO 2 storage and use captured by a CCUS clusters of emission sources from energy production, cement industry and bio-emissions from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The concept aimed to decrease the artificial impact of climate change by avoiding CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere and implementing circular economy principles. It will increase public and policymakers' acceptance of new underground CO 2 and energy storage technologies. The proposed synergy solution for CGS and energy storage projects will make such a business economically feasible and attractive for investors. Our study demonstrates a new era, the next generation of cost-competitive, selfsupporting conceptual techno-ecological examples of a possible synergy of storage concepts with renewable energies combined using circular economy approaches.

International and national regulations related to CCUS technology and their national implementati... more International and national regulations related to CCUS technology and their national implementations are compared for five countries (Italy, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia) involved in the planned CCUS scenarios of the CLEANKER project.

In this study, for the first time, we analysed and compared adoption of e-learning by lecturers i... more In this study, for the first time, we analysed and compared adoption of e-learning by lecturers in three largest universities in Estonia and Turkey. Total number of students and academic staff in the Estonian universities is 39,259 and 3,991, respectively, and 1,194,735 and 9,076, respectively, in the Turkish universities. The extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM2) was used to analyse results of acceptance and usage of e-learning by 923 lecturers (298 from Estonia and 625 from Turkey) or 22% from the sample subject, took part in the research from the studied universities. Total number of respondents subjected to the questionnaire distribution was 4,198 (1,423 in Estonia and 2,775 in Turkey). We found and analysed strong and weak sides of e-learning and main barriers, which hinder adoption of e-learning in Estonian and Turkish largest universities. Immediate measures to support development and improvement of e-learning system at higher education in these universities were sugges...

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019

Estonia is the largest CO2 emitter in three Baltic Basin (BB) countries due to use of local oil s... more Estonia is the largest CO2 emitter in three Baltic Basin (BB) countries due to use of local oil shale for energy production. Total fossil CO2 emissions produced in Estonia in 2016 were 22.4 Mt, which is higher than in Latvia and Lithuania together. Following the targets of the Paris Climate Agreement, Estonia is aiming to decrease greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in 2050 by nearly 80% compared to 1990. To reach these targets by 2030 about 70% of GHGE and by 2040 about 72% of GHGE should be reduced. GHGE have to be decreased by 2050 the most (67%) in the energy sector and industry. Previous studies show that the most prospective structures for CO2 geological storage (CGS) in the BB are available in Latvia represented by number of onshore and offshore anticline structures. Estonia is out of limits for CGS according to its shallow sedimentary basin and low salinity of aquifer waters. CGS as a part of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology is an efficient tool to mitigate climate change and to continue use of fossil fuels in energy sector and industry. The combining Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology in the depleted oil reservoirs with CGS (CO2-EOR) is a well-known commercial practice. CO2-EOR increases effectively oil production and ensures permanent storage of large quantities of CO2 underground (EOR+). In order to reduce CO2 emissions in the Earth's atmosphere and achieve win-win situation, captured CO2 produced by power plants and industry should be used for EOR. Cambrian Deimena Formation deep saline aquifer in the Latvian offshore structure E6 in combination with located above the Upper Ordovician Saldus Formation limestone oil reservoir were previously estimated as prospective for CGS and CO2-EOR/EOR+, respectively. Total capacity of the E6 structure in Deimena and Saldus formations together at the end of CO2-EOR cycle by optimistic (average: 490 Mt) and by conservative approach was recently evaluated (average: 265 Mt). New e cost-competitive concept of the pilot project for combination of CGS, CO2-EOR/EOR+ and geothermal energy recovery during CO2 geological storage (GCS) in different geological formations of the E6 structure is proposed in this paper (Fig. 1). The proposed scenario considers (1) single CO2 injection well to the Cambrian Deimena Formation for CGS used also for CO2 injection via horizontal wells into located above the Upper Ordovician Saldus Formation limestone oil reservoir (for CO2-EOR/EOR+), (2) oil recovery well to the Saldus Formation and (3) geothermal energy recovery well to the Deimena Formation. Compared to the recently proposed scenarios of synergy of CGS and CO2-EOR/EOR+, we updated the concept by (1) adding the GCS and (2) proposed an extended idea for more economic scenario of CO2 injection. Profits of the synergy were analysed and possible risks analysis presented recently was updated for two possible cases of CO2 storage (upward CO2 leakage by faults from Deimena to Saldus Formation, and no-leakage case) in this study. The risks were

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019

The EU Horizon 2020 project CLEANKER is aimed on Ca-looping capture of CO2 emissions produced by ... more The EU Horizon 2020 project CLEANKER is aimed on Ca-looping capture of CO2 emissions produced by cement industry. For the first time capture-focused EU project includes the full CCUS value chain study. This study includes techno-economic modelling of CO2 transport, storage, and utilization scenarios; CCUS regulatory issues; definition of BUZZI and ITC-HCG cement plants suitable for first-of-a-kind CCS plant based on transport and storage opportunities; mineral trapping of CO2 from the demo system and testing the carbonated materials for reuse in concrete. Gaps in national regulations were analysed for Italy, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia involved in two planned CCUS scenarios (Italian and Baltic). Russia is one of the largest emitters and Estonia has one of the highest CO2 emissions per capita in the world. Russia has not ratified yet Paris Climate Agreement. Latvia, Lithuania and Russia are not parties of the London Protocol. CO2 use options in these countries include CO2 use for EOR, Geothermal Energy Recovery and mineral carbonation using waste materials. Additional CCUS regulations and political incentives are needed in these countries. Estonian burnt oil shale could be used as an effective sorbent in the proposed CO2-mineralization process, binding up to 0.18 kg CO2 per kg of waste. The onshore CCUS scenario was proposed for CO2 emissions produced and captured by Kunda Nordic Cement plant (KNC), Eesti and Balti power plants, and Latvenergo TEC-2, the largest CO2 emitters in Estonia and Latvia. CCUS scenario includes mineral carbonation of 1.2 mln tonnes CO2 and transport and storage of about 10 mln tonnes annually into North- Blidene and Blidene structures in the western Latvia. The average optimistic capacity of the structures (297 Mt CO2) will allow to store these emissions for at least 29.5 years. The share of the Estonian emissions stored in Latvia will be about 92.6%, including 5.6% by KNC. Latvian stored emissions will compose 7.4%. Such scenario will support Estonia and Latvia to reach their climate strategic targets. Techno-economic modelling of this scenario will be the next step of this study. Utilizing of the re-carbonated wastes in concrete application supports closing the CO2 cycle of Vernasca cement plant by trapping the carbon dioxide into a concrete that contains the cement of the same plant.

Energy Procedia, 2017

CO 2 geological storage (CGS) is an efficient tool to mitigate climate change and to continue use... more CO 2 geological storage (CGS) is an efficient tool to mitigate climate change and to continue use of fossil fuels for energy production. Renewable energy is becoming more popular to reduce impact of human activity on the Earth. However, oil is still the most profitable energy source and will remain the same in the future. Taking into account the development of CGS and profit of oil production, the combining Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology in the depleted oil reservoirs with CGS (CO 2-EOR) is well-known commercial practice and has been already successfully implemented during last decades. Use of CO 2 offers an attractive opportunity to increase effectively oil production in the depleted oil reservoirs. CO 2-EOR ensures permanent storage of large quantities of CO 2 underground (EOR+) reaching the goals to reduce the greenhouse gas effect on the Earth's atmosphere, achieving win-win situation [1]. Nevertheless, when using underground oil recovery usually has the highest priority and can cause a conflict of interest with other underground uses. Such a case in the Baltic Sea Region was studied for the first time. The E6 offshore structure was found by seismic exploration and explored in 1984 by one well E6-1 (depth 1068 m), located 37 km from coast of Latvia [2, 3]. The structure was estimated as prospective for oil in 10.5 m thick oil-bearing reservoir layer of the Saldus Formation in the Upper Ordovician Porkuni Stage. The fractured-porous reservoir is represented by carbonate rocks with average porosity 18% and gas permeability up to 39 mD. Oil flow was 2.7 m 3 per 24 hours [4]. Oil shows were found in the sandstones of the Cambrian Series 3 Deimena Formation and in the Devonian rocks. The E6 structure was licensed to the Odin oil company in 2008 for oil exploration and production. The Deimena Formation (53 m thick reservoir sandstones) in the E6 structure, located 135.5 m lower under the oil reservoir of Saldus Formation. It is covered by Lower Ordovician clayey primary cap rock and additionally covered by Ordovician and Silurian (in total 266 m thick) clayey carbonate rocks and Devonian siliciclastic and carbonate rocks [2, 3]. According to [5], fault system within the structure has led to the migration of hydrocarbons from the Cambrian reservoir to the upper Ordovician reservoir. The E6 structure was estimated as the most prospective for CO 2 storage in the Deimena Formation sandstones offshore Latvia [2, 3]. In our study we are discussing possibility of CGS in the Cambrian Deimena Formation and CO 2-EOR from the Upper Ordovician Saldus Formation. During exploration, the inflow of light oil was insignificant due to low pressure in the reservoir. Injection of CO 2 into the oil reservoir will significantly increase pressure and consequently oil extraction. CO 2-EOR method has been already tested for the Cambrian Deimena Formation ROZ (residual oil zone) in the Baltic Sea Region by the oil company. Two pilot injections have been made into Lithuanian onshore oil fields (about 2 km depth) for EOR-CCS in 2013, investigating potential of CO 2 to be used for EOR. The results

Energy Procedia, 2013

This study is focused on the investigation of four prospective structures for geological storage ... more This study is focused on the investigation of four prospective structures for geological storage of CO 2 in the Baltic region, specifically in the onshore structures South Kandava and Dobele, and offshore structures (E6 and E7) in Latvia. Using detailed petrophysical, mineralogical and geochemical analyses of the Middle Cambrian Deimena Formation sandstones in these structures, their CO 2 storage capacity was estimated with different levels of reliability. Different storage efficiency factors and porosities of the reservoir rocks were applied for optimistic and conservative estimates. Offshore structure E6 was estimated as the most prospective for CO 2 geological storage in the Baltic Region. Its optimistic CO 2 storage capacity was 264-631 Mt, and its average conservative capacity (158 Mt) is the largest among all the studied until now in Latvia onshore and offshore structures. Total capacity of four studied structures estimated using an optimistic approach was on average 630 Mt and using a conservative approach 210 Mt. Earlier capacity estimates made during the EU Geocapacity project of the Dobele and South Kandava onshore structures are in the range of our optimistic capacities.

Geological Quarterly, 2013

It has been in creas ingly real ised that geo log i cal stor age of CO 2 is a pro spec tive op ti... more It has been in creas ingly real ised that geo log i cal stor age of CO 2 is a pro spec tive op tion for re duc tion of CO 2 emis sions. The CO 2 geo log i cal stor age po ten tial of sed i men tary bas ins with the ter ri tory of Slovakia, the Czech Re pub lic, Po land and the Bal tic States is here as sessed, and dif fer ent stor age op tions have been con sid ered. The most pro spec tive tech nol ogy is hydro dy namic trap ping in the deep sa line aqui fers. The uti li sa tion of hy dro car bon (HC) fields is con sid ered as a ma ture tech nology; how ever, stor age ca pac i ties are lim ited in the re gion and are mainly re lated to en hanced oil (gas) re cov ery. Pro spec tive res er voirs and traps have been iden ti fied in the Dan ube, Vi enna and East Slovakian Neo gene bas ins, the Neo gene Carpathian Foredeep, the Bo he mian and Fore-Sudetic Up per Pa leo zoic bas ins, the Me so zoic Mid-Pol ish Ba sin and the pericratonic Pa leo zoic Bal tic Ba sin. The to tal stor age ca pac ity of the sed i men tary bas ins is es ti mated to be as much as 10,170 Mt of CO 2 in deep sa line aqui fer struc tures, and 938 Mt CO 2 in the de pleted HC fields. The uti li sa tion of coal seams for CO 2 stor age is re lated to the Up per Silesian Ba sin where CO 2 stor age could be com bined with en hanced re cov ery of coal-bed meth ane.

Available approaches and data for economic modelling are used and updated according to the nation... more Available approaches and data for economic modelling are used and updated according to the national requirements for CO2 storage sites monitoring and with data required for CO2 use suitable for the selected CCUS scenarios. Version 10.6 of the ArcGIS software and MS Excel datasheets are designed for the spatial data collection and analysis.

Energy Procedia, 2017

Effective application of CO 2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to ensure efficient climate ch... more Effective application of CO 2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology to ensure efficient climate change abatement needs estimation of reservoir properties of storage site and possible risks due to injection of CO 2 in supercritical state into the deep saline aquifer. To monitor behaviour of CO 2 plume in the deep geological trap a number of modelling routines could be applied. Previous studies show that the most prospective structures for CO 2 geological storage (CGS) in the Baltic region (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) are available in Latvia represented by number of onshore and offshore anticline structures . The offshore E6 structure, was assessed as the largest among all the studied in the Baltic Region structures . Prospective for CGS reservoir is represented by the Cambrian Series 3 Deimena Formation (848-901 m depth at the well E6-1/84) composed by quartz oil-impregnated sandstones. The structure is an anticline fold bounded on three sides by faults. The E6 structure consists of two different compartments divided by inner fault.

London 2013, 75th eage conference en exhibition incorporating SPE Europec, 2013

ABSTRACT This study is a part of CO2 geological storage research in the Baltic Region. Our resear... more ABSTRACT This study is a part of CO2 geological storage research in the Baltic Region. Our research shows the effectiveness of seismic numerical modelling methodology, in particular, synthetic plane-wave and difference sections, to detect the presence of CO2 in deep saline aquifer of Cambrian Deimena Sandstone Reservoir Formation in the E6 Baltic offshore structure for various saturation levels. Our results clearly show the applicability of seismic methods to monitor CO2 plume within the studied Baltic Sea offshore storage site E6. This study plays a crucial role in developing an optimal seismic monitoring plan in the studied area.

Energy Procedia, 2013

The EU CCS Directive transposition process and related issues in 26 European countries, comprisin... more The EU CCS Directive transposition process and related issues in 26 European countries, comprising 24 EU member -2012. By the end of 2011 the transposition of the Directive into national law had been approved by the European Commission (EC) in Spain only, but had been approved at national/jurisdictional level in 12 other countries (Austria,

Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 2013

This study is focused on two structures in the Baltic offshore region (E6 and E7 structures in La... more This study is focused on two structures in the Baltic offshore region (E6 and E7 structures in Latvia) prospective for the geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2). Their CO 2 storage capacities were estimated recently with different levels of reliability. Petrophysical, geophysical, mineralogical and geochemical parameters of reservoir rocks represented by quartz sandstones of the Deimena Formation of Middle Cambrian in two wells and properties of Silurian and Ordovician cap rocks were additionally studied and interpreted in the present contribution. Extended methodology on rock measurements and estimation of conservative and optimistic storage capacity are presented. Uncertainties and risks of CO 2 storage in the offshore structure E6 estimated as the most prospective for CO 2 geological storage in the Baltic Region, and the largest among all onshore and offshore structures studied in Latvia, were discussed. We re-estimated the previous optimistic capacity of the E6 structure (265-630 Mt) to 251-602 Mt. Considering fault system within the E6 structure we estimated capacity of two compartments of the reservoir separately (E6-A and E6-B). Estimated by the optimistic approach CO 2 storage capacity of the E6-A part was 243-582 Mt (mean 365 Mt) and E6-B part 8-20 Mt (mean 12 Mt). Conservative capacity was 97-233 Mt (mean 146 Mt) in the E6-A, and 4-10 Mt (mean 6 Mt) in the E6-B. The conservative average capacity of the E6-B part was in the same range as this capacity in the E7 structure (6 and 7 Mt respectively). The total capacity of the two structures E6 and E7, estimated using the optimistic approach was on average 411 Mt, and using the conservative approach, 159 Mt.

Social Science Research Network, 2021

There is a large theoretical capacity to store CO2 in the Palaeozoic sedimentary succession of th... more There is a large theoretical capacity to store CO2 in the Palaeozoic sedimentary succession of the Baltic Basin (BB). The most prospective areas for CO2 storage within the BB border several countries such as Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Russia, and include large saline aquifers and oil and gas fields. In recent years, a significant amount of research has been completed in fields related to CCUS in some of the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) countries. The main drivers for implementation of CCUS technology in the BSR are (1) a need to decrease the high CO2 emissions of the region; (2) obligations taken under the Paris Climate Agreement and national strategies up to 2050; (3) European requirements for low-carbon and circular economy; (4) the fact that the BSR has a large potential storage capacity; (5) London Protocol (LP) Parties in October 2019 adopted a resolution to allow provisional application of an amendment to article 6 of the LP to allow sub-seabed geological formations for ...

The main unconventional energy technologies, including those aiming on fighting global climate ch... more The main unconventional energy technologies, including those aiming on fighting global climate change are considered for climate change mitigation and sustainable development. Research and development within five pillars of sustainability are required for implementation of these technologies. Economic, social, and environmental pillars were determined since 1987. Political support and technological development are additional pillars proposed here for sustainable development of underground resources. Integrated use of the underground resources is one of the possible ways for sustainable development, permitting to share geological information, perform common techno-economic feasibility studies, share infrastructure and labour costs, and to improve overall economics of exploration and exploitation of underground resources. Synergy of CO2 storage and CO2 use for enhanced recovery of energy resources and renewables can also reduce costs of these technologies. The underground can be used ...