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Papers by Markus Bolhar-Nordenkampf

K. Kirtikara: 2nd …, 2003

ABSTRACT: The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical o... more ABSTRACT: The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical output of about 2 MWel with an electrical efficiency of about 25%. Wood chips with a water content of 20-30% are used as fuel for the FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating ...

The FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating Fluidised Bed) gasification process is an innovative process... more The FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating Fluidised Bed) gasification process is an innovative process to produce a high grade synthesis gas from solid fuels. The gasification zone is separated from the combustion zone using two fluidised bed reactors. The bed material circulates between these two zones to serve as a heat carrier for the gasification process. The necessary heat is obtained by burning remaining charcoal or additional fuel in the combustion zone. Steam is used as a gasification agent, to yield a nearly nitrogen free product gas with high calorific value of 12-14 MJ/Nm³ dry gas. The scale-up process with the aid of a cold model for the demonstration plant is given in this paper with results on circulation rate, bed material losses as well as on leakage measurements between the combustion and gasification zone.

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2004

A rate-based algorithm was used to yield a predictive tool for MDEA gas scrubbing processes. The ... more A rate-based algorithm was used to yield a predictive tool for MDEA gas scrubbing processes. The model adopts the two-film theory, assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium exists only at the gas–liquid interphase, but not in the boundary layers, where temperature and concentration gradients are present. Correspondingly chemical equilibrium among the reacting species in the liquid phase is assumed for the bulk phase, but not for the liquid boundary layer. Mass transfer is modelled using calculated mass transfer coefficients in combination with an enhancement model to account for the chemical reactions. Correlations for geometric data, like hold-up and interfacial area, and for reaction rates are provided to give reliable results. The latter correlations are also used to describe the desorption process, which is calculated with an equilibrium approach, considering the kinetics of CO2 desorption. The so obtained tool is tested against measurements done recently by Lurgi GmbH at a commercially operated selective MDEA plant in Germany. A closed absorption and desorption loop was build up using Aspen RATEFRAC™, capable of modelling the whole process with all necessary equipment.

Energy and the utilisation of biomass based residues is gaining more and more attention in pulp a... more Energy and the utilisation of biomass based residues is gaining more and more attention in pulp and paper industry to defend it`s cost competitive level. The pressure even increases due to high primary energy costs, the EU energy savings directive as well as increasing costs for residue disposal. Valmet has built several medium and large scale combustion plants based on fluidized-bed boiler or gasification technologies to utilize residues of pulp and paper industry. These advanced technologies have supported customers to reach their targets in high efficiency energy production from biogenic residues as well as matching the recycling waste policy. In addition low emission figures as well as profitable operation could be achieved. The paper outlines different technologies and demonstrates the combustion process with different type of boiler processes meeting at the same time tightest environmental requirements. Selected experiences from high efficient combustion commercial cases will ...

BWK: das Energie-Fachmagazin

Als CO 2 neutraler und nachhaltiger Brennstoff erhalten biogene Brennstoffe heute mehr und mehr B... more Als CO 2 neutraler und nachhaltiger Brennstoff erhalten biogene Brennstoffe heute mehr und mehr Beachtung. Wurde früher oft Biomasse in großen, fossil befeuerten kalorischen Kraftwerken zugefeuert, geht heute die Tendenz zu reinen Biomassekraftwerken, die speziell auf biogene Brennstoffe abgestimmt sind. In diesem Vortrag soll der Stand der Technik der Feuerung und des Dampfkraftprozesses aufgezeigt werden. Weiters werden die Kosten und die Wirtschaftlichkeit vorgestellt und anhand von ausgeführten Beispielen anschaulich demonstriert.

Gasification offers several advantages compared to the other possibilities for electricity genera... more Gasification offers several advantages compared to the other possibilities for electricity generation from biomass e. g. by a high technical potential and high achievable efficiency. Despite these advantages biomass gasification is still under development although lots of efforts have been carried out to integrate biomass gasification into the energy system. On that background an extensive evaluation of biomass gasification was carried out wherefrom new, improved concepts have been deducted. These concepts have been assessed on technical and economical parameters. From this the conclusion can be drawn that the gasification technology for electricity generation is competitive to combustion technology and will be available on commercial scale in the near future.

Biomass gasification offers the possibility to produce heat and power at a high efficiency. RENET... more Biomass gasification offers the possibility to produce heat and power at a high efficiency. RENET Austria, a framework of scientists, industry and operators, has set up two gasification demonstration plants in Austria. One plant uses the FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating Fluidized Bed) gasification process, an innovative process to produce a high grade synthesis gas from solid fuels. The product gas is cleaned and combusted in a gas engine. The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical output of about 2 MW el with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %. The other plant uses a fixed bed gasifier to produce a low calorific gas, which is converted into heat and electricity in a gas engine too. This CHP-plant has a fuel capacity of 2 MW and an electrical output of about 500 kW el with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %.

BWK: das Energie-Fachmagazin

ABSTRACT

Die Stromerzeugung über den Weg der Biomassevergasung wird seit geraumer Zeit verfolgt, jedoch ko... more Die Stromerzeugung über den Weg der Biomassevergasung wird seit geraumer Zeit verfolgt, jedoch konnte bis heute der kommerzielle Durchbruch noch nicht erreicht werden. Die Gründe dafür sind technischer, ökonomischer, legistischer und nicht-technischer Art.

The conversion of solid fuels such as biomass into a combustible gas provides the opportunity to ... more The conversion of solid fuels such as biomass into a combustible gas provides the opportunity to enhance the efficiency of biomass based power systems. It allows solid fuels to be used in high efficiency power generation processes such as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). However, the raw gas exiting the gasifier requires conditioning before fed into the gas utilisation devices, like in a gas engine or a gas turbine. In this paper the performance of gasification processes with different gas cleanings and gas utilisations are assessed using a process simulation tool. The original tool has been extended to model gasification processes and includes the calculation of exergetic balances of the total gasification plant. In this paper different gasification concepts are assessed energetically and exergetically. From this analysis conclusions can be drawn about the suitability coupling different technologies and asses their effect in terms of residues and performance.

Biomass gasification offers the possibility to produce heat and power at a high efficiency. RENET... more Biomass gasification offers the possibility to produce heat and power at a high efficiency. RENET Austria, a framework of scientists, industry and operators, has set up two gasification demonstration plants in Austria. One plant uses the FICFB (Fast Internal Circu-lating Fluidised Bed) gasification process, an innovative process to produce a high grade syn-thesis gas from solid fuels. The product gas is cleaned and combusted in a gas engine. The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical output of about 2 MW el with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %. The other plant uses a fixed bed gasifier to produce a low calorific gas, which is converted into heat and electricity in a gas engine too. This CHP-plant has a fuel capacity of 2 MW and an electrical output of about 500 kW el with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %.

The conversion of biomass into liquid biofuels is considered to play an important role in the fut... more The conversion of biomass into liquid biofuels is considered to play an important role in the future supply of liquid fuels, since the supply is based on a CO 2 -neutral and sustainable technology. The aim of this assess-ment is the identification of suitable gasification techniques for the production of synthesis gas from biomass suitable for Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis. Hence Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis is analysed concerning technological specifications and requirements to yield a suitable synthesis gas from biomass. On that background suitable gasification technologies were assessed on techni-cal, economical and ecological basis. From that evaluation conclusions can be drawn for the deduction of new overall systems for the coupling of gasification and Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis as well as further development strategies for this technology.

K. Kirtikara: 2nd …, 2003

ABSTRACT: The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical o... more ABSTRACT: The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical output of about 2 MWel with an electrical efficiency of about 25%. Wood chips with a water content of 20-30% are used as fuel for the FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating ...

The FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating Fluidised Bed) gasification process is an innovative process... more The FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating Fluidised Bed) gasification process is an innovative process to produce a high grade synthesis gas from solid fuels. The gasification zone is separated from the combustion zone using two fluidised bed reactors. The bed material circulates between these two zones to serve as a heat carrier for the gasification process. The necessary heat is obtained by burning remaining charcoal or additional fuel in the combustion zone. Steam is used as a gasification agent, to yield a nearly nitrogen free product gas with high calorific value of 12-14 MJ/Nm³ dry gas. The scale-up process with the aid of a cold model for the demonstration plant is given in this paper with results on circulation rate, bed material losses as well as on leakage measurements between the combustion and gasification zone.

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 2004

A rate-based algorithm was used to yield a predictive tool for MDEA gas scrubbing processes. The ... more A rate-based algorithm was used to yield a predictive tool for MDEA gas scrubbing processes. The model adopts the two-film theory, assuming that thermodynamic equilibrium exists only at the gas–liquid interphase, but not in the boundary layers, where temperature and concentration gradients are present. Correspondingly chemical equilibrium among the reacting species in the liquid phase is assumed for the bulk phase, but not for the liquid boundary layer. Mass transfer is modelled using calculated mass transfer coefficients in combination with an enhancement model to account for the chemical reactions. Correlations for geometric data, like hold-up and interfacial area, and for reaction rates are provided to give reliable results. The latter correlations are also used to describe the desorption process, which is calculated with an equilibrium approach, considering the kinetics of CO2 desorption. The so obtained tool is tested against measurements done recently by Lurgi GmbH at a commercially operated selective MDEA plant in Germany. A closed absorption and desorption loop was build up using Aspen RATEFRAC™, capable of modelling the whole process with all necessary equipment.

Energy and the utilisation of biomass based residues is gaining more and more attention in pulp a... more Energy and the utilisation of biomass based residues is gaining more and more attention in pulp and paper industry to defend it`s cost competitive level. The pressure even increases due to high primary energy costs, the EU energy savings directive as well as increasing costs for residue disposal. Valmet has built several medium and large scale combustion plants based on fluidized-bed boiler or gasification technologies to utilize residues of pulp and paper industry. These advanced technologies have supported customers to reach their targets in high efficiency energy production from biogenic residues as well as matching the recycling waste policy. In addition low emission figures as well as profitable operation could be achieved. The paper outlines different technologies and demonstrates the combustion process with different type of boiler processes meeting at the same time tightest environmental requirements. Selected experiences from high efficient combustion commercial cases will ...

BWK: das Energie-Fachmagazin

Als CO 2 neutraler und nachhaltiger Brennstoff erhalten biogene Brennstoffe heute mehr und mehr B... more Als CO 2 neutraler und nachhaltiger Brennstoff erhalten biogene Brennstoffe heute mehr und mehr Beachtung. Wurde früher oft Biomasse in großen, fossil befeuerten kalorischen Kraftwerken zugefeuert, geht heute die Tendenz zu reinen Biomassekraftwerken, die speziell auf biogene Brennstoffe abgestimmt sind. In diesem Vortrag soll der Stand der Technik der Feuerung und des Dampfkraftprozesses aufgezeigt werden. Weiters werden die Kosten und die Wirtschaftlichkeit vorgestellt und anhand von ausgeführten Beispielen anschaulich demonstriert.

Gasification offers several advantages compared to the other possibilities for electricity genera... more Gasification offers several advantages compared to the other possibilities for electricity generation from biomass e. g. by a high technical potential and high achievable efficiency. Despite these advantages biomass gasification is still under development although lots of efforts have been carried out to integrate biomass gasification into the energy system. On that background an extensive evaluation of biomass gasification was carried out wherefrom new, improved concepts have been deducted. These concepts have been assessed on technical and economical parameters. From this the conclusion can be drawn that the gasification technology for electricity generation is competitive to combustion technology and will be available on commercial scale in the near future.

Biomass gasification offers the possibility to produce heat and power at a high efficiency. RENET... more Biomass gasification offers the possibility to produce heat and power at a high efficiency. RENET Austria, a framework of scientists, industry and operators, has set up two gasification demonstration plants in Austria. One plant uses the FICFB (Fast Internal Circulating Fluidized Bed) gasification process, an innovative process to produce a high grade synthesis gas from solid fuels. The product gas is cleaned and combusted in a gas engine. The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical output of about 2 MW el with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %. The other plant uses a fixed bed gasifier to produce a low calorific gas, which is converted into heat and electricity in a gas engine too. This CHP-plant has a fuel capacity of 2 MW and an electrical output of about 500 kW el with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %.

BWK: das Energie-Fachmagazin

ABSTRACT

Die Stromerzeugung über den Weg der Biomassevergasung wird seit geraumer Zeit verfolgt, jedoch ko... more Die Stromerzeugung über den Weg der Biomassevergasung wird seit geraumer Zeit verfolgt, jedoch konnte bis heute der kommerzielle Durchbruch noch nicht erreicht werden. Die Gründe dafür sind technischer, ökonomischer, legistischer und nicht-technischer Art.

The conversion of solid fuels such as biomass into a combustible gas provides the opportunity to ... more The conversion of solid fuels such as biomass into a combustible gas provides the opportunity to enhance the efficiency of biomass based power systems. It allows solid fuels to be used in high efficiency power generation processes such as Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). However, the raw gas exiting the gasifier requires conditioning before fed into the gas utilisation devices, like in a gas engine or a gas turbine. In this paper the performance of gasification processes with different gas cleanings and gas utilisations are assessed using a process simulation tool. The original tool has been extended to model gasification processes and includes the calculation of exergetic balances of the total gasification plant. In this paper different gasification concepts are assessed energetically and exergetically. From this analysis conclusions can be drawn about the suitability coupling different technologies and asses their effect in terms of residues and performance.

Biomass gasification offers the possibility to produce heat and power at a high efficiency. RENET... more Biomass gasification offers the possibility to produce heat and power at a high efficiency. RENET Austria, a framework of scientists, industry and operators, has set up two gasification demonstration plants in Austria. One plant uses the FICFB (Fast Internal Circu-lating Fluidised Bed) gasification process, an innovative process to produce a high grade syn-thesis gas from solid fuels. The product gas is cleaned and combusted in a gas engine. The combined heat and power (CHP) plant has a fuel capacity of 8 MW and an electrical output of about 2 MW el with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %. The other plant uses a fixed bed gasifier to produce a low calorific gas, which is converted into heat and electricity in a gas engine too. This CHP-plant has a fuel capacity of 2 MW and an electrical output of about 500 kW el with an electrical efficiency of about 25 %.

The conversion of biomass into liquid biofuels is considered to play an important role in the fut... more The conversion of biomass into liquid biofuels is considered to play an important role in the future supply of liquid fuels, since the supply is based on a CO 2 -neutral and sustainable technology. The aim of this assess-ment is the identification of suitable gasification techniques for the production of synthesis gas from biomass suitable for Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis. Hence Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis is analysed concerning technological specifications and requirements to yield a suitable synthesis gas from biomass. On that background suitable gasification technologies were assessed on techni-cal, economical and ecological basis. From that evaluation conclusions can be drawn for the deduction of new overall systems for the coupling of gasification and Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis as well as further development strategies for this technology.