Shuhua SUN | Tulane University (original) (raw)

Papers by Shuhua SUN

Journal of Business and Psychology, 2022

ABSTRACT It is normal to pursue multiple goals at work and in our everyday life. Consider the cas... more ABSTRACT It is normal to pursue multiple goals at work and in our everyday life. Consider the case of college professors, who may set themselves several specific, difficult goals: publishing three articles in one year in high-impact journals with a high rejection rate, earning course evaluations from students of say 5.0 on a 7-point scale, and serving on two committees. Similarly, CEOs of business organizations have to pursue multiple goals, for example, market share, strategy implementation, innovation, customer service, cost control, ethical actions, the hiring and development of talent, legal issues, the organization’s profitability, and more. The issue of multiple goals had not been well researched at the time of Latham and Locke’s 1990 book; most goal setting studies at that time concentrated on the effect of single goals on various types of task performance (Latham & Locke, 2007 ). Recently, there has been a growing body of research examining multiple goals. In this chapter, we review the major findings generated from these studies spanning more than 20 years.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020

This study reports the physical health, mental health, anxiety, depression, distress, and job sat... more This study reports the physical health, mental health, anxiety, depression, distress, and job satisfaction of healthcare staff in Iran when the country faced its highest number of total active COVID-19 cases. In a sample of 304 healthcare staff (doctors, nurses, radiologists, technicians, etc.), we found a sizable portion reached the cutoff levels of disorders in anxiety (28.0%), depression (30.6%), and distress (20.1%). Age, gender, education, access to PPE (personal protective equipment), healthcare institutions (public vs. private), and individual status of COVID-19 infection each predicted some but not all the outcome variables of SF-12, PHQ-4, K6, and job satisfaction. The healthcare workers varied greatly in their access to PPE and in their status of COVID-19 infection: negative (69.7%), unsure (28.0%), and positive (2.3%). The predictors were also different from those identified in previous studies of healthcare staff during the COVID-19 crisis in China. This study helps to identify the healthcare staff in need to enable more targeted help as healthcare staff in many countries are facing peaks in their COVID-19 cases.

Academy of Management Proceedings, 2019

Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014

ABSTRACT We examine how leader and follower characteristics interactively influence follower proa... more ABSTRACT We examine how leader and follower characteristics interactively influence follower proactive behaviors, and argue that the influence of proactive personality on the proactive behaviors of learning and innovation will be strongest for employees who are supervised by humble leaders. Our results from a multi-wave, multi-source, multi-industry and multi-level sample of 205 employees and their 69 immediate supervisors largely confirms our hypotheses. Specifically, we found that the relationship of follower proactive personality to learning behavior and individual innovation was positive when leader humility was high, but was nonsignificant when leader humility was low. Moreover, mediated moderation tests showed that follower job satisfaction fully mediated the interactive effects between follower proactive personality and humble leadership on follower learning behavior, and partially mediated the interactive effects between follower proactive personality and humble leadership on follower individual innovation.

Oxford Handbooks Online, 2014

Unemployment is a major social issue in modern societies. Unemployed workers obtain reemployment ... more Unemployment is a major social issue in modern societies. Unemployed workers obtain reemployment mainly through their job-search activities. This chapter documents the literature on the uniqueness, antecedents, and outcomes of job-search behaviors of the unemployed. Because job-search behavior has recently been examined as a dynamic process, we summarize theoretical models, research designs, and analytical approaches in studying job-search dynamics, particularly with regard to unemployed job seekers. We further suggest conceptualizing and empirically examining job-search as behavioral episodes to enhance our understanding of job-search dynamics.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 2013

Taking a self-regulatory perspective, we develop a mediated moderation model explaining how withi... more Taking a self-regulatory perspective, we develop a mediated moderation model explaining how withinperson changes in job search efficacy and chronic regulatory focus interactively affect the number of job interview offers and whether job search effort mediates the cross-level interactive effects. A sample of 184 graduating college students provided monthly reports of their job search activities over a period of 8 months. Findings supported the hypothesized relationships. Specifically, at the within-person level, job search efficacy was positively related with the number of interview offers for job seekers with strong prevention focus and negatively related with the number of interview offers for job seekers with strong promotion focus. Results show that job search effort mediated the moderated relationships. Findings enhance understandings of the complex self-regulatory processes underlying job search.

Human Relations, 2021

It is of growing concern that supervisors sometimes engage in destructive leadership behavior to ... more It is of growing concern that supervisors sometimes engage in destructive leadership behavior to undermine their subordinates, which exacts a psychological toll on these employees. How can employees mitigate and overcome the adverse psychological effects of supervisor undermining? Invoking theories of personal agency and social competencies, this study addresses this important question by examining the effectiveness of employee voice in buffering the adverse effects of supervisor undermining on employee work-related well-being and turnover intention. Through a three-wave field study, we found that voice plays a buffering role in the relationship between supervisor undermining and these outcome variables only when employees possess high levels of political skill (i.e., three-way interactions), and that this buffering effect is realized through mitigating the adverse effects of supervisor undermining on employee psychological empowerment. In contrast, when employees possess low levels...

Stress and Health, 2021

There is little research examining how individuals' daily experience during a pandemic affects th... more There is little research examining how individuals' daily experience during a pandemic affects their daily mental health status and work performance. To address this knowledge gap, we invoke conservation of resources theory to propose a resource-based framework explaining how individuals' daily COVID-19 intrusive experience affects their daily mental health status (depression and anxiety) and work performance via its effect on daily psychosocial resource loss and gain; We further examine whether their supervisors' daily visionary leadership behaviour alleviates the adverse impacts of daily COVID-19 intrusive experience. Results, based on daily diary data from 139 football players (or soccer players) at 15 professional football clubs over 5 days during the COVID-19 pandemic, provided support for our predictions. Our study extends the literature by providing previously undocumented evidence on daily within-person variations in mental health status and work performance during a pandemic and by offering theory-driven insights into the mediating and moderating mechanisms involved in within-person variations.

Human Resource Management, 2020

People are more creative on some days than others. Studying how individuals generate creative ide... more People are more creative on some days than others. Studying how individuals generate creative ideas from day to day could contribute to knowledge regarding the causes of such within-person variations and have practical implications for improving employee creativity across time. By adopting a dynamic resource allocation perspective and a repeated-measure diary design, we developed and examined a theoretical model focusing on the within-person processes of employee creativity. Specifically, we hypothesized that momentary role-breadth self-efficacy predicts daily changes in increasing job challenges, which, in turn, predicts daily changes in employee creativity, and that the latter relationship is accentuated by decreasing hindering demands. Results, based on 818 pairs of matched morning-afternoon observations from 91 employees over 10 workdays, provided support for our predictions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results for improving employee daily creativity.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers work under high workload with resource constrain... more During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers work under high workload with resource constraints and virus exposure, and hence the support to healthcare workers is crucial to lower anxiety. Based on a recently published 8-point framework of COVID-19 specific organization support, we deducted a measure of COVID-19 Organizational Support (COVID-OS) of healthcare workers. We tested the new measure with 712 healthcare workers in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru from April 10th to May 2nd, 2020. Our studies suggest the new measure of COVID-19 Organizational Support (COVID-OS) formed 3 factors to predict healthcare workers’ anxiety and life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal support and work support each predicted anxiety at different levels. Risk support did not play a significant role in our sample. We call further studies testing the COVID-OS in other countries and settings.

This study provides the first attempt to identify people at greater risk of COVID-19 infection, e... more This study provides the first attempt to identify people at greater risk of COVID-19 infection, enabling more targeted infectious disease prevention and control, which are especially important in the ongoing shortage of COVID-19 testing. We conducted a primary survey of 521 adults on April 1-10, 2020 in Iran, where the official infection rate was 0.08%. In our sample, 3% reported being COVID-19 positive and 15% were unsure of their status. This relatively high positive rate enabled us to conduct the analysis at the 5% significance level. At the time of the survey, 44% of the adults worked from home; 26% still went to work in their workplaces; 27% had stopped working due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3% were unemployed. Adults who exercised more were more likely to be COVID-19 negative. Each additional hour of exercise per day predicted a 78% increase in the likelihood of being COVID-19 negative. Adults with chronic medical illnesses were 48% more likely to be COVID-19 negative. In t...

The Journal of applied psychology, Jan 22, 2017

We conduct a theory-driven empirical investigation on whether political behavior, as a coping str... more We conduct a theory-driven empirical investigation on whether political behavior, as a coping strategy to perceived organizational politics, creates resource trade-offs in moderating the relationship between perceived organizational politics and task performance. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we hypothesize that political behavior mitigates the adverse effect of perceived organizational politics on task performance via psychological empowerment, yet exacerbates its adverse effect on task performance via emotional exhaustion. Three-wave multisource data from a sample of 222 employees and their 75 supervisors were collected for hypothesis testing. Findings supported our hypotheses. Our study enhances understandings of the complex resource dynamics of using political behavior to cope with perceived organizational politics and highlights the need to move stress-coping research from a focus on the stress-buffering effect of coping on outcomes to a focus on the underlying c...

Human Performance, 2016

Studies examining within-person level self-efficacy effects on effort allocation have produced mi... more Studies examining within-person level self-efficacy effects on effort allocation have produced mixed results, ranging from positive, to null, to negative. Drawing on individual differences literature, we propose that the within-person relationship between self-efficacy and effort allocation depends on Conscientiousness, a personality trait reflecting the will to achieve and capacity to self-discipline. Individuals with higher levels of Conscientiousness will respond to lower self-efficacy with increased effort, resulting in an inverse relationship between self-efficacy and effort expenditure. In contrast, individuals with lower levels of Conscientiousness will need higher self-efficacy to stay task focused and sustain effort allocation, leading to a positive effect of self-efficacy on effort expenditure. Findings from a 3-week daily diary study generally support the hypothesized moderating effects of Conscientiousness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2014

Does proactive personality always enhance job success? The authors of this study draw on socioana... more Does proactive personality always enhance job success? The authors of this study draw on socioanalytic theory of personality and organizational political perspectives to study employees' political skill in moderating the effects of proactive personality on supervisory ratings of employee task performance, helping behaviors, and learning behaviors. Multisource data from 225 subordinates and their 75 immediate supervisors reveal that proactive personality is associated negatively with supervisory evaluations when political skill is low, and the negative relationship disappears when political skill is high. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 2011

This study examined the dynamic relationship of distress levels between spouses when one is unemp... more This study examined the dynamic relationship of distress levels between spouses when one is unemployed (and looking for a job) while the other is engaged in full-time employment. Using the diary survey method, we sampled 100 couples in China for 10 days and tested a model comprising three stress crossover mechanisms: the direct crossover, the mediating crossover, and the common stressor mechanisms. Results supported the direct crossover and common stressor mechanisms. Other stressors (e.g., work-family conflict and negative job search experience) were also related to distress of the unemployed individuals and their employed spouses. Additionally, we found a three-way interaction involving gender, marital satisfaction, and distress levels of employed spouses. We discuss how the study contributes to the unemployment and stress crossover literatures.

Journal of Business Venturing, 2017

Using two experience sampling studies, we examined the relationship between affect fluctuations (... more Using two experience sampling studies, we examined the relationship between affect fluctuations (i.e., affect spin) and goal orientation on psychological well-being and venture goal progress of early-stage startup entrepreneurs. We found that the entrepreneur's affect spin negatively related to well-being (Study 1) and venture goal progress (Study 2). Goal orientation moderated these relationships. Specifically, high performance-approach goal orientation weakened the negative relationship between affect spin and psychological well-being (Study 1) and venture goal progress (Study 2); high learning goal orientation strengthened the negative impact of affect spin on well-being (Study 1) but not on venture goal progress (Study 2). We discussed the theoretical and practical implications of our study to affect in entrepreneurship research.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2014

Expectancy and value have emerged as two major determinants of motivation. However, the exact nat... more Expectancy and value have emerged as two major determinants of motivation. However, the exact nature of their functioning is less clear given that previous research failed to test adequately different goal processes. Based on the recent nonmonotonic, discontinuous model of expectancy elaborated by Vancouver, More, and Yoder , two studies were conducted and found that expectancy and value functions in different forms during the goal choice versus goal planning processes. Specifically, the two constructs positively and jointly predicted one's goal choice, whereas they played independent and opposite roles in affecting the allocation of effort during the goal-planning process. These findings address gaps in theories of motivation, allow for more precise specifications of the roles for expectancy and value within such models, and further efforts toward integrating theories of motivation within a goal-centered, selfregulation framework.

Journal of Business and Psychology, 2022

ABSTRACT It is normal to pursue multiple goals at work and in our everyday life. Consider the cas... more ABSTRACT It is normal to pursue multiple goals at work and in our everyday life. Consider the case of college professors, who may set themselves several specific, difficult goals: publishing three articles in one year in high-impact journals with a high rejection rate, earning course evaluations from students of say 5.0 on a 7-point scale, and serving on two committees. Similarly, CEOs of business organizations have to pursue multiple goals, for example, market share, strategy implementation, innovation, customer service, cost control, ethical actions, the hiring and development of talent, legal issues, the organization’s profitability, and more. The issue of multiple goals had not been well researched at the time of Latham and Locke’s 1990 book; most goal setting studies at that time concentrated on the effect of single goals on various types of task performance (Latham & Locke, 2007 ). Recently, there has been a growing body of research examining multiple goals. In this chapter, we review the major findings generated from these studies spanning more than 20 years.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2020

This study reports the physical health, mental health, anxiety, depression, distress, and job sat... more This study reports the physical health, mental health, anxiety, depression, distress, and job satisfaction of healthcare staff in Iran when the country faced its highest number of total active COVID-19 cases. In a sample of 304 healthcare staff (doctors, nurses, radiologists, technicians, etc.), we found a sizable portion reached the cutoff levels of disorders in anxiety (28.0%), depression (30.6%), and distress (20.1%). Age, gender, education, access to PPE (personal protective equipment), healthcare institutions (public vs. private), and individual status of COVID-19 infection each predicted some but not all the outcome variables of SF-12, PHQ-4, K6, and job satisfaction. The healthcare workers varied greatly in their access to PPE and in their status of COVID-19 infection: negative (69.7%), unsure (28.0%), and positive (2.3%). The predictors were also different from those identified in previous studies of healthcare staff during the COVID-19 crisis in China. This study helps to identify the healthcare staff in need to enable more targeted help as healthcare staff in many countries are facing peaks in their COVID-19 cases.

Academy of Management Proceedings, 2019

Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014

ABSTRACT We examine how leader and follower characteristics interactively influence follower proa... more ABSTRACT We examine how leader and follower characteristics interactively influence follower proactive behaviors, and argue that the influence of proactive personality on the proactive behaviors of learning and innovation will be strongest for employees who are supervised by humble leaders. Our results from a multi-wave, multi-source, multi-industry and multi-level sample of 205 employees and their 69 immediate supervisors largely confirms our hypotheses. Specifically, we found that the relationship of follower proactive personality to learning behavior and individual innovation was positive when leader humility was high, but was nonsignificant when leader humility was low. Moreover, mediated moderation tests showed that follower job satisfaction fully mediated the interactive effects between follower proactive personality and humble leadership on follower learning behavior, and partially mediated the interactive effects between follower proactive personality and humble leadership on follower individual innovation.

Oxford Handbooks Online, 2014

Unemployment is a major social issue in modern societies. Unemployed workers obtain reemployment ... more Unemployment is a major social issue in modern societies. Unemployed workers obtain reemployment mainly through their job-search activities. This chapter documents the literature on the uniqueness, antecedents, and outcomes of job-search behaviors of the unemployed. Because job-search behavior has recently been examined as a dynamic process, we summarize theoretical models, research designs, and analytical approaches in studying job-search dynamics, particularly with regard to unemployed job seekers. We further suggest conceptualizing and empirically examining job-search as behavioral episodes to enhance our understanding of job-search dynamics.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 2013

Taking a self-regulatory perspective, we develop a mediated moderation model explaining how withi... more Taking a self-regulatory perspective, we develop a mediated moderation model explaining how withinperson changes in job search efficacy and chronic regulatory focus interactively affect the number of job interview offers and whether job search effort mediates the cross-level interactive effects. A sample of 184 graduating college students provided monthly reports of their job search activities over a period of 8 months. Findings supported the hypothesized relationships. Specifically, at the within-person level, job search efficacy was positively related with the number of interview offers for job seekers with strong prevention focus and negatively related with the number of interview offers for job seekers with strong promotion focus. Results show that job search effort mediated the moderated relationships. Findings enhance understandings of the complex self-regulatory processes underlying job search.

Human Relations, 2021

It is of growing concern that supervisors sometimes engage in destructive leadership behavior to ... more It is of growing concern that supervisors sometimes engage in destructive leadership behavior to undermine their subordinates, which exacts a psychological toll on these employees. How can employees mitigate and overcome the adverse psychological effects of supervisor undermining? Invoking theories of personal agency and social competencies, this study addresses this important question by examining the effectiveness of employee voice in buffering the adverse effects of supervisor undermining on employee work-related well-being and turnover intention. Through a three-wave field study, we found that voice plays a buffering role in the relationship between supervisor undermining and these outcome variables only when employees possess high levels of political skill (i.e., three-way interactions), and that this buffering effect is realized through mitigating the adverse effects of supervisor undermining on employee psychological empowerment. In contrast, when employees possess low levels...

Stress and Health, 2021

There is little research examining how individuals' daily experience during a pandemic affects th... more There is little research examining how individuals' daily experience during a pandemic affects their daily mental health status and work performance. To address this knowledge gap, we invoke conservation of resources theory to propose a resource-based framework explaining how individuals' daily COVID-19 intrusive experience affects their daily mental health status (depression and anxiety) and work performance via its effect on daily psychosocial resource loss and gain; We further examine whether their supervisors' daily visionary leadership behaviour alleviates the adverse impacts of daily COVID-19 intrusive experience. Results, based on daily diary data from 139 football players (or soccer players) at 15 professional football clubs over 5 days during the COVID-19 pandemic, provided support for our predictions. Our study extends the literature by providing previously undocumented evidence on daily within-person variations in mental health status and work performance during a pandemic and by offering theory-driven insights into the mediating and moderating mechanisms involved in within-person variations.

Human Resource Management, 2020

People are more creative on some days than others. Studying how individuals generate creative ide... more People are more creative on some days than others. Studying how individuals generate creative ideas from day to day could contribute to knowledge regarding the causes of such within-person variations and have practical implications for improving employee creativity across time. By adopting a dynamic resource allocation perspective and a repeated-measure diary design, we developed and examined a theoretical model focusing on the within-person processes of employee creativity. Specifically, we hypothesized that momentary role-breadth self-efficacy predicts daily changes in increasing job challenges, which, in turn, predicts daily changes in employee creativity, and that the latter relationship is accentuated by decreasing hindering demands. Results, based on 818 pairs of matched morning-afternoon observations from 91 employees over 10 workdays, provided support for our predictions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results for improving employee daily creativity.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers work under high workload with resource constrain... more During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers work under high workload with resource constraints and virus exposure, and hence the support to healthcare workers is crucial to lower anxiety. Based on a recently published 8-point framework of COVID-19 specific organization support, we deducted a measure of COVID-19 Organizational Support (COVID-OS) of healthcare workers. We tested the new measure with 712 healthcare workers in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru from April 10th to May 2nd, 2020. Our studies suggest the new measure of COVID-19 Organizational Support (COVID-OS) formed 3 factors to predict healthcare workers’ anxiety and life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal support and work support each predicted anxiety at different levels. Risk support did not play a significant role in our sample. We call further studies testing the COVID-OS in other countries and settings.

This study provides the first attempt to identify people at greater risk of COVID-19 infection, e... more This study provides the first attempt to identify people at greater risk of COVID-19 infection, enabling more targeted infectious disease prevention and control, which are especially important in the ongoing shortage of COVID-19 testing. We conducted a primary survey of 521 adults on April 1-10, 2020 in Iran, where the official infection rate was 0.08%. In our sample, 3% reported being COVID-19 positive and 15% were unsure of their status. This relatively high positive rate enabled us to conduct the analysis at the 5% significance level. At the time of the survey, 44% of the adults worked from home; 26% still went to work in their workplaces; 27% had stopped working due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3% were unemployed. Adults who exercised more were more likely to be COVID-19 negative. Each additional hour of exercise per day predicted a 78% increase in the likelihood of being COVID-19 negative. Adults with chronic medical illnesses were 48% more likely to be COVID-19 negative. In t...

The Journal of applied psychology, Jan 22, 2017

We conduct a theory-driven empirical investigation on whether political behavior, as a coping str... more We conduct a theory-driven empirical investigation on whether political behavior, as a coping strategy to perceived organizational politics, creates resource trade-offs in moderating the relationship between perceived organizational politics and task performance. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, we hypothesize that political behavior mitigates the adverse effect of perceived organizational politics on task performance via psychological empowerment, yet exacerbates its adverse effect on task performance via emotional exhaustion. Three-wave multisource data from a sample of 222 employees and their 75 supervisors were collected for hypothesis testing. Findings supported our hypotheses. Our study enhances understandings of the complex resource dynamics of using political behavior to cope with perceived organizational politics and highlights the need to move stress-coping research from a focus on the stress-buffering effect of coping on outcomes to a focus on the underlying c...

Human Performance, 2016

Studies examining within-person level self-efficacy effects on effort allocation have produced mi... more Studies examining within-person level self-efficacy effects on effort allocation have produced mixed results, ranging from positive, to null, to negative. Drawing on individual differences literature, we propose that the within-person relationship between self-efficacy and effort allocation depends on Conscientiousness, a personality trait reflecting the will to achieve and capacity to self-discipline. Individuals with higher levels of Conscientiousness will respond to lower self-efficacy with increased effort, resulting in an inverse relationship between self-efficacy and effort expenditure. In contrast, individuals with lower levels of Conscientiousness will need higher self-efficacy to stay task focused and sustain effort allocation, leading to a positive effect of self-efficacy on effort expenditure. Findings from a 3-week daily diary study generally support the hypothesized moderating effects of Conscientiousness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2014

Does proactive personality always enhance job success? The authors of this study draw on socioana... more Does proactive personality always enhance job success? The authors of this study draw on socioanalytic theory of personality and organizational political perspectives to study employees' political skill in moderating the effects of proactive personality on supervisory ratings of employee task performance, helping behaviors, and learning behaviors. Multisource data from 225 subordinates and their 75 immediate supervisors reveal that proactive personality is associated negatively with supervisory evaluations when political skill is low, and the negative relationship disappears when political skill is high. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Journal of Applied Psychology, 2011

This study examined the dynamic relationship of distress levels between spouses when one is unemp... more This study examined the dynamic relationship of distress levels between spouses when one is unemployed (and looking for a job) while the other is engaged in full-time employment. Using the diary survey method, we sampled 100 couples in China for 10 days and tested a model comprising three stress crossover mechanisms: the direct crossover, the mediating crossover, and the common stressor mechanisms. Results supported the direct crossover and common stressor mechanisms. Other stressors (e.g., work-family conflict and negative job search experience) were also related to distress of the unemployed individuals and their employed spouses. Additionally, we found a three-way interaction involving gender, marital satisfaction, and distress levels of employed spouses. We discuss how the study contributes to the unemployment and stress crossover literatures.

Journal of Business Venturing, 2017

Using two experience sampling studies, we examined the relationship between affect fluctuations (... more Using two experience sampling studies, we examined the relationship between affect fluctuations (i.e., affect spin) and goal orientation on psychological well-being and venture goal progress of early-stage startup entrepreneurs. We found that the entrepreneur's affect spin negatively related to well-being (Study 1) and venture goal progress (Study 2). Goal orientation moderated these relationships. Specifically, high performance-approach goal orientation weakened the negative relationship between affect spin and psychological well-being (Study 1) and venture goal progress (Study 2); high learning goal orientation strengthened the negative impact of affect spin on well-being (Study 1) but not on venture goal progress (Study 2). We discussed the theoretical and practical implications of our study to affect in entrepreneurship research.

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2014

Expectancy and value have emerged as two major determinants of motivation. However, the exact nat... more Expectancy and value have emerged as two major determinants of motivation. However, the exact nature of their functioning is less clear given that previous research failed to test adequately different goal processes. Based on the recent nonmonotonic, discontinuous model of expectancy elaborated by Vancouver, More, and Yoder , two studies were conducted and found that expectancy and value functions in different forms during the goal choice versus goal planning processes. Specifically, the two constructs positively and jointly predicted one's goal choice, whereas they played independent and opposite roles in affecting the allocation of effort during the goal-planning process. These findings address gaps in theories of motivation, allow for more precise specifications of the roles for expectancy and value within such models, and further efforts toward integrating theories of motivation within a goal-centered, selfregulation framework.