Arnaud Lestremau | Université Paris Nanterre (original) (raw)

Papers by Arnaud Lestremau

Les titulatures reflètent l'étendue du pouvoir d'un roi, mais renvoient aussi l'image qu'il enten... more Les titulatures reflètent l'étendue du pouvoir d'un roi, mais renvoient aussi l'image qu'il entend donner de lui-même. Dans une période de mutation politique rapide dans le monde insulaire, il est donc logique que ces titulatures évoluent elles aussi, pour mettre en lumière les conquêtes ou les annexions, tout en signalant les revendications territoriales. Au début du IX e siècle, l'hégémonie mercienne se traduisait par l'utilisation de titres impériaux ; à compter de la fin du siècle, les victoires décisives remportées par le Wessex permettent à ses rois d'assumer une titulature de plus en plus audacieuse. Rendant d'abord compte de l'incorporation dans un même royaume d'Angles et de Saxons, le roi Alfred se présente comme roi d'un nouveau royaume, celui des « Anglo-Saxons ». Reprenant ensuite l'étiquette ethnique unificatrice et salvificatrice créée par Bède, lui et ses successeurs se présentent progressivement comme les rois des Anglais. Cette capacité à dominer plusieurs royaumes que tout séparait quelques décennies plus tôt, l'efficacité de la lutte contre les vikings, les conquêtes réalisées et l'influence croissante du roi en-dehors de son royaume lui permettent progressivement de passer une nouvelle étape, en adoptant des titres plus clinquants. Si l'on en croit la communication politique du Wessex aux X e-XI e siècles, le royaume est devenu un empire, a minima pendant le règne des souverains les plus puissants, comme AEthelstan, Edgar ou Cnut.

Regnal styles reflect how broad the power of a king is, but they also show the image that he wants to project. During a period of intense political change in the British isles, the regnal styles are intended to change too, so that conquests and annexations may be highlighted, and territorial claims asserted. At the beginning of the ninth century, the Mercian hegemony was manifested by the use of such titles; at the end of that century, the crucial victories of Wessex allow their kings to assume increasingly audacious styles. As he had incorporated Angles in a Saxon kingdom, King Alfred appeared as the king of a new kingdom, the kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons. Then, he and his successors took up an unifying and redeeming ethnic label forged by the Venerable Bede, and they progressively became the Kings of the English. Because they were able to rule several kingdoms, that were yet divided a few decades earlier, to fight efficiently against the Vikings, to achieve conquests and to have a growing influence outside the kingdom, the kings of Winchester chose even more daring and showy regnal styles. If one believes the political communication of Wessex during the tenth and eleventh centuries, the kingdom had become an empire, at the very least during the reign of its most powerful rulers, such as AEthelstan, Edgar or Cnut.

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Il s'agit de la version antérieure à la publication. L'article est publié dans Clio, 45 : Le nom ... more Il s'agit de la version antérieure à la publication. L'article est publié dans Clio, 45 : Le nom des femmes, 45, 2017, p. 199-221.

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Noms de lieux, noms de personnes. La question des sources

Dans le contexte de l'Angleterre médiévale, l'étude des noms de personnes constitue un passage ob... more Dans le contexte de l'Angleterre médiévale, l'étude des noms de personnes constitue un passage obligé pour étudier les dynamiques sociales et culturelles. Néanmoins, pour des raisons inhérentes à la période, au rôle de la culture écrite dans le royaume anglo-saxon et aux aléas de la conservation pendant les siècles ultérieurs, nous disposons d'une documentation rare et lacunaire, qui se prête peu aux exigences d'un discours scientifique sur les règles sous-jacents du système anthroponymique insulaire. Dans notre communication, nous souhaiterions établir une typologie des sources disponibles et utilisables, montrer les problèmes que ces sources soulèvent et proposer plusieurs solutions méthodologiques pour les exploiter.

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Piscium quem vos haked nuncupatis. Communautés monastiques et imaginaire maritime dans l'Angleter... more Piscium quem vos haked nuncupatis. Communautés monastiques et imaginaire maritime dans l'Angleterre anglo-saxonne Withdrawal from the world and regular fasting have stimulated the foundation of monasteries in isolated and fishy areas, such as coastal regions, where land and sea mingle (islands, marshes, etc.). The economic expansion of several monasteries, like Ely or Ramsey, allowed them to cumulate rights and estates in places where they could control fishing activities and salt production. As a result, these religious institutions partly assumed the role of market for seafood, which made them central for interactions with the littoral communities. Thanks to this encounter between monks and littoral communities, elements from maritime culture were also preserved. Speeches about the sea and the littoral space, which had probably appeared in the maritime communities, were then the subject of original developments, whether in poetic collections, hagiographies, liturgical sources and even in the choice of personal names. It is this whole process that we wish to highlight in our communication, based on a varied documentation borrowing from both economic and cultural history.

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In Anglo-Saxon England, the building of a united kingdom was a complex process. After 954, the Da... more In Anglo-Saxon England, the building of a united kingdom was a complex process. After 954, the Danish kingdoms north of the Thames had all been defeated and annexed by the West Saxons. By their dismissal as a group, the Danes were the ferment of the Anglo-Saxon unity, but their integration as individuals was also necessary. Then, in the late 10th century, many laws were written whose concern seems to have been to set the identities of people so that everybody got a specific role. As such, the authorities insisted on the cultural aspects of the border to strengthen the unity of the kingdom, by blurring the political and military dimensions of that border.
However, language and culture are highly flexible identity markers, that can be manipulated when the actors have an interest in building or removing a border. As a consequence, we will question the use of the names in the Anglo-Scandinavian context. Was there any boundary between ethno-linguistic groups, made visible by the names? Was there comments on ethnicity when migrants with a heterogeneous onomastic capital crossed it? Conversely, could names be used to blur threshold effects between groups, if used as masks by populations of distinct origins?

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L’étude des formules introduisant le nom du bénéficiaire dans le corpus des chartes anglo-saxonne... more L’étude des formules introduisant le nom du bénéficiaire dans le corpus des chartes anglo-saxonnes, de 954 à 1066, révèle à la fois une variété des modèles documentaires et une assez grande concentration de la documentation conservée. Parmi les formules-vedettes, toutefois, aucune cohérence chronologique, spatiale ou institutionnelle ne semble perceptible. Cela confirme sans doute l’existence d’une chancellerie royale à cette période. L’usage de formules confirme par ailleurs la part des lettrés de l’époque dans ce processus de renforcement du pouvoir monarchique. À la solennité des chartes répond ainsi l’usage récurrent du style herméneutique. Entre normalisation à des fins juridiques, solennité à des fins de représentation sociale et variation à des fins stylistiques, la documentation laisse cependant affleurer certains usages culturels du nom.

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Regnal styles reflect how broad the power of a king is, but they also show the image of himself h... more Regnal styles reflect how broad the power of a king is, but they also show the image of himself he wants to project. During a period of intense political change in the British isles, the regnal styles are intended to change too, so that conquests and annexations may be highlighted, and territorial claims asserted. At the beginning of the ninth century, the Mercian hegemony was manifested by the use of such titles; at the end of that century, the crucial victories of Wessex allow their kings to assume increasingly audacious styles. As he had incorporated Angles in a Saxon kingdom, King Alfred appeared as the king of a new kingdom, the kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons. Then, he and his successors took up an unifying and redeeming ethnic label forged by the Venerable Bede, and they progressively became the Kings of the English. Because they were able to rule several kingdoms, that were yet divided a few decades earlier, to fight efficiently against the Vikings, to achieve conquests and to have a growing influence outside the kingdom, the kings of Winchester chose even more daring and showy regnal styles. If one believes the political communication of Wessex during the tenth and eleventh centuries, the kingdom had become an empire, at the very least during the reign of its most powerful rulers, such as Æthelstan, Edgar or Cnut.

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« Anglo-Saxons », « Mercie », « Wessex », « Northumbrie », « East Anglia », « Kent », « Cnut le Grand », « Danelaw », « Concile de Whitby », « Stamford Bridge », « Levée d’Offa », « Usage anglo-saxon », « Onomastique romaine/germanique »

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Talks by Arnaud Lestremau

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Reviews by Arnaud Lestremau

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Conference Presentations by Arnaud Lestremau

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Noms de lieux, noms de personnes. La question des sources

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