Carlos Garay | Universidad Autonoma de Cd. Juarez (original) (raw)

Papers by Carlos Garay

Astroparticle Physics, 2006

A search has been performed for nearly vertically upgoing neutrino-induced muons with the Antarct... more A search has been performed for nearly vertically upgoing neutrino-induced muons with the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), using data taken over the three year period 1997-99. No excess above the expected atmospheric neutrino background has been found. Upper limits at 90% confidence level have been set on the annihilation rate of neutralinos at the center of the Earth, as well as on the muon flux at AMANDA induced by neutrinos created by the annihilation products.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1995

Nuclear Physics B, 2000

We present an updated global analysis of two-flavor MSW solutions to the solar neutrino problem. ... more We present an updated global analysis of two-flavor MSW solutions to the solar neutrino problem. We perform a fit to the full data set corresponding to the 825-day Super-Kamiokande data sample as well as to Chlorine, GALLEX and SAGE experiments. In our analysis we use all measured total event rates as well as all Super-Kamiokande data on the zenith angle dependence, energy spectrum and seasonal variation of the events. We compare the quality of the solutions of the solar neutrino anomaly in terms of conversions of ν e into active or sterile neutrinos. For the case of conversions into active neutrinos we find that, although the data on the total event rates favours the Small Mixing Angle (SMA) solution, once the full data set is included both SMA and Large Mixing Angle (LMA) solutions give an equally good fit to the data. We find that the best-fit points for the combined analysis are ∆m 2 = 3.6 × 10 −5 eV 2 and sin 2 2θ = 0.79 with χ 2 min = 35.4/30 d. o. f and ∆m 2 = 5.1 ×10 −6 eV 2 and sin 2 2θ = 5.5 × 10 −3 with χ 2 min = 37.4/30 d. o. f. In contrast with the earlier 504-day study of Bahcall-Krastev-Smirnov our results indicate that the LMA solution is not only allowed, but slightly preferred. On the other hand we show that seasonal effects, although small, may still reach 11% in the lower part of the LMA region, without conflict with the negative hints of a day-night variation (6% is due to the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit). In particular the best-fit LMA solution predicts a seasonal effect of 8.5%. For conversions into sterile neutrinos only the SMA solution is possible with best-fit point ∆m 2 = 5.0 × 10 −6 eV 2 and sin 2 2θ = 3. × 10 −3 and χ 2 min = 40.2/30 d. o. f. We also consider departures of the Standard Solar Model (SSM) of Bahcall and Pinsonneault 1998 (BP98) by allowing arbitrary 8 B and hep fluxes. These modifications do not alter significantly the oscillation parameters. The best fit is obtained for 8 B/ 8 B SSM = 0.61 and hep/hep SSM = 12 for the SMA solution both for conversions into active or sterile neutrinos and 8 B/ 8 B SSM = 1.37 and hep/hep SSM = 38 for the LMA solution.

Journal of High Energy Physics, 2003

We analyze all available solar and related reactor neutrino experiments, as well as simulated fut... more We analyze all available solar and related reactor neutrino experiments, as well as simulated future 7 Be, p − p, and pep solar neutrino experiments. We treat all solar neutrino fluxes as free parameters subject to the condition that the total luminosity represented by the neutrinos equals the observed solar luminosity (the 'luminosity constraint'). Existing experiments plus the luminosity constraint show that the p − p solar neutrino flux is 1.02 ± 0.02 (1σ) times the flux predicted by the BP00 standard solar model; the 7 Be neutrino flux is 0.93 +0.25 −0.63 the predicted flux; and the 8 B flux is 1.01 ± 0.04 the predicted flux. The CNO fluxes are very poorly determined. The neutrino oscillation parameters are: ∆m 2 = 7.3 +0.4 −0.6 × 10 −5 eV 2 and tan 2 θ 12 = 0.41 ± 0.04. We evaluate how accurate future experiments must be to determine more precisely neutrino oscillation parameters and solar neutrino fluxes, and to elucidate the transition from vacuum-dominated to matter-dominated oscillations at low energies. A future 7 Be ν − e scattering experiment accurate to ±10% can reduce the uncertainty in the experimentally determined 7 Be neutrino flux by a factor of four and the uncertainty in the p − p neutrino flux by a factor of 2.5 (to ±0.8%). A future p − p experiment must be accurate to better than ±3% to shrink the uncertainty in tan 2 θ 12 by more than 15%. The idea that the Sun shines because of nuclear fusion reactions can be tested accurately by comparing the observed photon luminosity of the Sun with the luminosity inferred from measurements of solar neutrino fluxes. Based upon quantitative analyses of present and simulated future experiments, we answer the question: Why perform low-energy solar neutrino experiments?

Zygote, 2002

Potassium (K+) channels are believed to regulate mammalian sperm acquisition of fertilising capac... more Potassium (K+) channels are believed to regulate mammalian sperm acquisition of fertilising capacity. However, the molecular identity of these proteins in sperm has not been elucidated. In this report, using immunoconfocal and electron microscopy we show that a minimum of four different classes of K+ channels (Kvl.1, Kv1.2, Kv3.1 and GIRKl) are present and regionally distributed over the surface of mouse epididymal sperm. In addition, the use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on RNA from mouse spermatogenic cells allowed the amplification of multiple transcripts corresponding to the channels identified by immunocytochemistry. Consistent with this, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed the expression of at least two different outwardly rectifying K+ currents in spermatogenic cells.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-biomembranes, 2004

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins, in contrast to other pore-forming toxins, bind two putative ... more Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins, in contrast to other pore-forming toxins, bind two putative receptor molecules, aminopeptidase N (APN) and cadherin-like proteins. Here we show that Cry1Ab toxin binding to these two receptors depends on the toxins' oligomeric structure. Toxin monomeric structure binds to Bt-R1, a cadherin-like protein, that induces proteolytic processing and oligomerization of the toxin (Gomez, I., Sanchez, J., Miranda, R., Bravo A., Soberon, M., FEBS Lett. (2002) 513, 242-246), while the oligomeric structure binds APN, which drives the toxin into the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) microdomains causing pore formation. Cleavage of APN by phospholipase C prevented the location of Cry1Ab oligomer and Bt-R1 in the DRM microdomains and also attenuates toxin insertion into membranes despite the presence of Bt-R1. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that initial Cry1Ab toxin binding to Bt-R1 is followed by binding to APN. Also, immunoprecipitation of Cry1Ab toxin-binding proteins using pure oligomeric or monomeric structures showed that APN was more efficiently detected in samples immunoprecipitated with the oligomeric structure, while Bt-R1 was preferentially detected in samples immunoprecipitated with the monomeric Cry1Ab. These data agrees with the 200-fold higher apparent affinity of the oligomer than that of the monomer to an APN enriched protein extract. Our data suggest that the two receptors interact sequentially with different structural species of the toxin leading to its efficient membrane insertion.

Physical Review D, 2001

A global analysis of the solar, atmospheric and reactor neutrino data is presented in terms of th... more A global analysis of the solar, atmospheric and reactor neutrino data is presented in terms of three-neutrino oscillations. We include the most recent solar neutrino rates of Homestake, SAGE, GALLEX and GNO, as well as the recent 1117 day Super-Kamiokande data sample, including the recoil electron energy spectrum both for day and night periods and we treat in a unified way the full parameter space for oscillations, correctly accounting for the transition from the matter enhanced (MSW) to the vacuum oscillations regime. Likewise, we include in our description conversions with theta12>pi/4\theta_{12} > \pi/4theta12>pi/4. For the atmospheric data we perform our analysis of the contained events and the upward-going nu\nunu-induced muon fluxes, including the previous data samples of Frejus, IMB, Nusex, and Kamioka experiments as well as the full 71 kton-yr (1144 days) Super-Kamiokande data set, the recent 5.1 kton-yr contained events of Soudan2 and the results on upgoing muons from the MACRO detector. We first present the allowed regions of solar and atmospheric oscillation parameters theta12\theta_{12}theta12, Deltam221\Delta m^2_{21}Deltam221 and theta23\theta_{23}theta23, Deltam232\Delta m^2_{32}Deltam232, respectively, as a function of theta13\theta_{13}theta13 and determine the constraints from atmospheric and solar data on the mixing angle theta13\theta_{13}theta13, common to solar and atmospheric analyses. We also obtain the allowed ranges of parameters from the full five-dimensional combined analysis of the solar, atmospheric and reactor data.

Astroparticle Physics, 2006

Journal of High Energy Physics, 2003

We consider Non-Standard neutrino Interactions (NSI), described by four-fermion operators of the ... more We consider Non-Standard neutrino Interactions (NSI), described by four-fermion operators of the form (ναγν β )(f γf ), where f is an electron or first generation quark. We assume these operators are generated at dimension ≥ 8, so the related vertices involving charged leptons, obtained by an SU (2) transformation ν δ → e δ , do not appear at tree level. These related vertices necessarily arise at one loop, via W exchange. We catalogue current constraints from sin 2 θW measurements in neutrino scattering, from atmospheric neutrino observations, from LEP, and from bounds on the related charged lepton operators. We estimate future bounds from comparing KamLAND and solar neutrino data, and from measuring sin 2 θW at the near detector of a neutrino factory. Operators constructed with νµ and νe should not confuse the determination of oscillation parameters at a νfactory, because the processes we consider are more sensitive than oscillations at the far detector. For operators involving ντ , we estimate similar sensitivities at the near and far detector. * Reference [9] found that NSI induced in the R-parity violating MSSM could not explain the solar neutrino deficit. However, their operators were otherwise constrained to be at least an order of magnitude smaller than the solutions found in .

European Journal of Biochemistry, 1998

Potassium-channel-blocking scorpion toxins (A-K-toxins) have been shown to be valuable tools for ... more Potassium-channel-blocking scorpion toxins (A-K-toxins) have been shown to be valuable tools for the study of potassium channels. Here we report two toxins, cobatoxin 1 and 2, of 32 amino acids, containing three disulphide bridges, that were isolated from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius. Their primary sequences show less than 40% identity to other A-K-toxins. It is therefore proposed that they belong to subfamily 9. The cDNA of cobatoxin 1 encodes a putative signal peptide, a putative short propeptide, the mature peptide and two amino acids that are processed to leave cobatoxin 1 amidated at the C-terminus. In rat brain synaptosomal membranes cobatoxin 1 and cobatoxin 2 bind to a common binding site of A-K-toxins with K i values of 109 pM and 87 pM, respectively. Moreover, they block the Shaker and K V 1.1 K ϩ channels with moderate affinities, with K d values of around 0.7 µM and 4.1 µM (Shaker) and 0.5 µM and 1.0 µM (K V1.1), respectively. A three-dimensional model of cobatoxin 1 was generated and used to interpret the obtained functional data on a structural basis.

Urology, 2001

Objectives. To exploit the favorable dose intensity and safety profile of weekly paclitaxel, we c... more Objectives. To exploit the favorable dose intensity and safety profile of weekly paclitaxel, we conducted a Phase I trial of paclitaxel by 3-hour infusion in combination with estramustine phosphate (EM) in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). The antimicrotubule drug combination of paclitaxel by 96-hour infusion plus EM is active in HRPC. Methods. Twenty-four patients with metastatic HRPC and progressive tumor after antiandrogen withdrawal were enrolled in this study. Oral EM was taken at a dose of 600 mg/m 2 daily for the initial 21 patients and on a reduced schedule of 280 mg twice daily for the final 3 patients. Paclitaxel was escalated from 60 to 118 mg/m 2 . Results. The major toxicities were gastrointestinal and thromboembolic complications related to daily oral dosing of EM. Of the first 21 patients, one third (n ϭ 7) discontinued therapy within 4 weeks because of protracted nausea and/or thrombotic complications. Dose-limiting toxicities at 118 mg/m 2 paclitaxel were fatigue and hepatotoxicity. Of 13 patients with measurable soft-tissue lesions, 6 had objective partial regressions, and 9 (37.5%) of 24 patients (95% confidence interval 19.1% to 59.1%) with elevated prostate-specific antigen levels had a 50% or greater decline of at least 4 weeks' duration. Conclusions. Weekly paclitaxel at doses of 60 to 107 mg/m 2 were feasible in combination with oral EM, but daily oral EM produced unacceptable toxicity. On the basis of these results, a Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel with the reduced dose and schedule of EM was initiated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group to assess further the benefits and risks of this treatment in men with metastatic HRPC. UROLOGY 58: [59][60][61][62][63][64] 2001.

 Es un sistema a base de lamina de acero acanalada galvanizada que se fija a una estructura prim... more  Es un sistema a base de lamina de acero acanalada galvanizada que se fija a una estructura primaria, y su forma le permite tener adherencia con el concreto, trabajar como cimbra y contribuir como acero de refuerzo del concreto.

Astroparticle Physics, 2006

A search has been performed for nearly vertically upgoing neutrino-induced muons with the Antarct... more A search has been performed for nearly vertically upgoing neutrino-induced muons with the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), using data taken over the three year period 1997-99. No excess above the expected atmospheric neutrino background has been found. Upper limits at 90% confidence level have been set on the annihilation rate of neutralinos at the center of the Earth, as well as on the muon flux at AMANDA induced by neutrinos created by the annihilation products.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1995

Nuclear Physics B, 2000

We present an updated global analysis of two-flavor MSW solutions to the solar neutrino problem. ... more We present an updated global analysis of two-flavor MSW solutions to the solar neutrino problem. We perform a fit to the full data set corresponding to the 825-day Super-Kamiokande data sample as well as to Chlorine, GALLEX and SAGE experiments. In our analysis we use all measured total event rates as well as all Super-Kamiokande data on the zenith angle dependence, energy spectrum and seasonal variation of the events. We compare the quality of the solutions of the solar neutrino anomaly in terms of conversions of ν e into active or sterile neutrinos. For the case of conversions into active neutrinos we find that, although the data on the total event rates favours the Small Mixing Angle (SMA) solution, once the full data set is included both SMA and Large Mixing Angle (LMA) solutions give an equally good fit to the data. We find that the best-fit points for the combined analysis are ∆m 2 = 3.6 × 10 −5 eV 2 and sin 2 2θ = 0.79 with χ 2 min = 35.4/30 d. o. f and ∆m 2 = 5.1 ×10 −6 eV 2 and sin 2 2θ = 5.5 × 10 −3 with χ 2 min = 37.4/30 d. o. f. In contrast with the earlier 504-day study of Bahcall-Krastev-Smirnov our results indicate that the LMA solution is not only allowed, but slightly preferred. On the other hand we show that seasonal effects, although small, may still reach 11% in the lower part of the LMA region, without conflict with the negative hints of a day-night variation (6% is due to the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit). In particular the best-fit LMA solution predicts a seasonal effect of 8.5%. For conversions into sterile neutrinos only the SMA solution is possible with best-fit point ∆m 2 = 5.0 × 10 −6 eV 2 and sin 2 2θ = 3. × 10 −3 and χ 2 min = 40.2/30 d. o. f. We also consider departures of the Standard Solar Model (SSM) of Bahcall and Pinsonneault 1998 (BP98) by allowing arbitrary 8 B and hep fluxes. These modifications do not alter significantly the oscillation parameters. The best fit is obtained for 8 B/ 8 B SSM = 0.61 and hep/hep SSM = 12 for the SMA solution both for conversions into active or sterile neutrinos and 8 B/ 8 B SSM = 1.37 and hep/hep SSM = 38 for the LMA solution.

Journal of High Energy Physics, 2003

We analyze all available solar and related reactor neutrino experiments, as well as simulated fut... more We analyze all available solar and related reactor neutrino experiments, as well as simulated future 7 Be, p − p, and pep solar neutrino experiments. We treat all solar neutrino fluxes as free parameters subject to the condition that the total luminosity represented by the neutrinos equals the observed solar luminosity (the 'luminosity constraint'). Existing experiments plus the luminosity constraint show that the p − p solar neutrino flux is 1.02 ± 0.02 (1σ) times the flux predicted by the BP00 standard solar model; the 7 Be neutrino flux is 0.93 +0.25 −0.63 the predicted flux; and the 8 B flux is 1.01 ± 0.04 the predicted flux. The CNO fluxes are very poorly determined. The neutrino oscillation parameters are: ∆m 2 = 7.3 +0.4 −0.6 × 10 −5 eV 2 and tan 2 θ 12 = 0.41 ± 0.04. We evaluate how accurate future experiments must be to determine more precisely neutrino oscillation parameters and solar neutrino fluxes, and to elucidate the transition from vacuum-dominated to matter-dominated oscillations at low energies. A future 7 Be ν − e scattering experiment accurate to ±10% can reduce the uncertainty in the experimentally determined 7 Be neutrino flux by a factor of four and the uncertainty in the p − p neutrino flux by a factor of 2.5 (to ±0.8%). A future p − p experiment must be accurate to better than ±3% to shrink the uncertainty in tan 2 θ 12 by more than 15%. The idea that the Sun shines because of nuclear fusion reactions can be tested accurately by comparing the observed photon luminosity of the Sun with the luminosity inferred from measurements of solar neutrino fluxes. Based upon quantitative analyses of present and simulated future experiments, we answer the question: Why perform low-energy solar neutrino experiments?

Zygote, 2002

Potassium (K+) channels are believed to regulate mammalian sperm acquisition of fertilising capac... more Potassium (K+) channels are believed to regulate mammalian sperm acquisition of fertilising capacity. However, the molecular identity of these proteins in sperm has not been elucidated. In this report, using immunoconfocal and electron microscopy we show that a minimum of four different classes of K+ channels (Kvl.1, Kv1.2, Kv3.1 and GIRKl) are present and regionally distributed over the surface of mouse epididymal sperm. In addition, the use of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on RNA from mouse spermatogenic cells allowed the amplification of multiple transcripts corresponding to the channels identified by immunocytochemistry. Consistent with this, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed the expression of at least two different outwardly rectifying K+ currents in spermatogenic cells.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta-biomembranes, 2004

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins, in contrast to other pore-forming toxins, bind two putative ... more Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A toxins, in contrast to other pore-forming toxins, bind two putative receptor molecules, aminopeptidase N (APN) and cadherin-like proteins. Here we show that Cry1Ab toxin binding to these two receptors depends on the toxins' oligomeric structure. Toxin monomeric structure binds to Bt-R1, a cadherin-like protein, that induces proteolytic processing and oligomerization of the toxin (Gomez, I., Sanchez, J., Miranda, R., Bravo A., Soberon, M., FEBS Lett. (2002) 513, 242-246), while the oligomeric structure binds APN, which drives the toxin into the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) microdomains causing pore formation. Cleavage of APN by phospholipase C prevented the location of Cry1Ab oligomer and Bt-R1 in the DRM microdomains and also attenuates toxin insertion into membranes despite the presence of Bt-R1. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that initial Cry1Ab toxin binding to Bt-R1 is followed by binding to APN. Also, immunoprecipitation of Cry1Ab toxin-binding proteins using pure oligomeric or monomeric structures showed that APN was more efficiently detected in samples immunoprecipitated with the oligomeric structure, while Bt-R1 was preferentially detected in samples immunoprecipitated with the monomeric Cry1Ab. These data agrees with the 200-fold higher apparent affinity of the oligomer than that of the monomer to an APN enriched protein extract. Our data suggest that the two receptors interact sequentially with different structural species of the toxin leading to its efficient membrane insertion.

Physical Review D, 2001

A global analysis of the solar, atmospheric and reactor neutrino data is presented in terms of th... more A global analysis of the solar, atmospheric and reactor neutrino data is presented in terms of three-neutrino oscillations. We include the most recent solar neutrino rates of Homestake, SAGE, GALLEX and GNO, as well as the recent 1117 day Super-Kamiokande data sample, including the recoil electron energy spectrum both for day and night periods and we treat in a unified way the full parameter space for oscillations, correctly accounting for the transition from the matter enhanced (MSW) to the vacuum oscillations regime. Likewise, we include in our description conversions with theta12>pi/4\theta_{12} > \pi/4theta12>pi/4. For the atmospheric data we perform our analysis of the contained events and the upward-going nu\nunu-induced muon fluxes, including the previous data samples of Frejus, IMB, Nusex, and Kamioka experiments as well as the full 71 kton-yr (1144 days) Super-Kamiokande data set, the recent 5.1 kton-yr contained events of Soudan2 and the results on upgoing muons from the MACRO detector. We first present the allowed regions of solar and atmospheric oscillation parameters theta12\theta_{12}theta12, Deltam221\Delta m^2_{21}Deltam221 and theta23\theta_{23}theta23, Deltam232\Delta m^2_{32}Deltam232, respectively, as a function of theta13\theta_{13}theta13 and determine the constraints from atmospheric and solar data on the mixing angle theta13\theta_{13}theta13, common to solar and atmospheric analyses. We also obtain the allowed ranges of parameters from the full five-dimensional combined analysis of the solar, atmospheric and reactor data.

Astroparticle Physics, 2006

Journal of High Energy Physics, 2003

We consider Non-Standard neutrino Interactions (NSI), described by four-fermion operators of the ... more We consider Non-Standard neutrino Interactions (NSI), described by four-fermion operators of the form (ναγν β )(f γf ), where f is an electron or first generation quark. We assume these operators are generated at dimension ≥ 8, so the related vertices involving charged leptons, obtained by an SU (2) transformation ν δ → e δ , do not appear at tree level. These related vertices necessarily arise at one loop, via W exchange. We catalogue current constraints from sin 2 θW measurements in neutrino scattering, from atmospheric neutrino observations, from LEP, and from bounds on the related charged lepton operators. We estimate future bounds from comparing KamLAND and solar neutrino data, and from measuring sin 2 θW at the near detector of a neutrino factory. Operators constructed with νµ and νe should not confuse the determination of oscillation parameters at a νfactory, because the processes we consider are more sensitive than oscillations at the far detector. For operators involving ντ , we estimate similar sensitivities at the near and far detector. * Reference [9] found that NSI induced in the R-parity violating MSSM could not explain the solar neutrino deficit. However, their operators were otherwise constrained to be at least an order of magnitude smaller than the solutions found in .

European Journal of Biochemistry, 1998

Potassium-channel-blocking scorpion toxins (A-K-toxins) have been shown to be valuable tools for ... more Potassium-channel-blocking scorpion toxins (A-K-toxins) have been shown to be valuable tools for the study of potassium channels. Here we report two toxins, cobatoxin 1 and 2, of 32 amino acids, containing three disulphide bridges, that were isolated from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius. Their primary sequences show less than 40% identity to other A-K-toxins. It is therefore proposed that they belong to subfamily 9. The cDNA of cobatoxin 1 encodes a putative signal peptide, a putative short propeptide, the mature peptide and two amino acids that are processed to leave cobatoxin 1 amidated at the C-terminus. In rat brain synaptosomal membranes cobatoxin 1 and cobatoxin 2 bind to a common binding site of A-K-toxins with K i values of 109 pM and 87 pM, respectively. Moreover, they block the Shaker and K V 1.1 K ϩ channels with moderate affinities, with K d values of around 0.7 µM and 4.1 µM (Shaker) and 0.5 µM and 1.0 µM (K V1.1), respectively. A three-dimensional model of cobatoxin 1 was generated and used to interpret the obtained functional data on a structural basis.

Urology, 2001

Objectives. To exploit the favorable dose intensity and safety profile of weekly paclitaxel, we c... more Objectives. To exploit the favorable dose intensity and safety profile of weekly paclitaxel, we conducted a Phase I trial of paclitaxel by 3-hour infusion in combination with estramustine phosphate (EM) in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). The antimicrotubule drug combination of paclitaxel by 96-hour infusion plus EM is active in HRPC. Methods. Twenty-four patients with metastatic HRPC and progressive tumor after antiandrogen withdrawal were enrolled in this study. Oral EM was taken at a dose of 600 mg/m 2 daily for the initial 21 patients and on a reduced schedule of 280 mg twice daily for the final 3 patients. Paclitaxel was escalated from 60 to 118 mg/m 2 . Results. The major toxicities were gastrointestinal and thromboembolic complications related to daily oral dosing of EM. Of the first 21 patients, one third (n ϭ 7) discontinued therapy within 4 weeks because of protracted nausea and/or thrombotic complications. Dose-limiting toxicities at 118 mg/m 2 paclitaxel were fatigue and hepatotoxicity. Of 13 patients with measurable soft-tissue lesions, 6 had objective partial regressions, and 9 (37.5%) of 24 patients (95% confidence interval 19.1% to 59.1%) with elevated prostate-specific antigen levels had a 50% or greater decline of at least 4 weeks' duration. Conclusions. Weekly paclitaxel at doses of 60 to 107 mg/m 2 were feasible in combination with oral EM, but daily oral EM produced unacceptable toxicity. On the basis of these results, a Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel with the reduced dose and schedule of EM was initiated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group to assess further the benefits and risks of this treatment in men with metastatic HRPC. UROLOGY 58: [59][60][61][62][63][64] 2001.

 Es un sistema a base de lamina de acero acanalada galvanizada que se fija a una estructura prim... more  Es un sistema a base de lamina de acero acanalada galvanizada que se fija a una estructura primaria, y su forma le permite tener adherencia con el concreto, trabajar como cimbra y contribuir como acero de refuerzo del concreto.