Kimo Cavdar | University American College Skopje (original) (raw)
Papers by Kimo Cavdar
The regulation of professions that provide services to the public is necessary to ensure the qual... more The regulation of professions that provide services to the public is necessary to ensure the quality of their services and to protect the interests of their users. However, it can have some adverse effects such as eliminating or restricting competition and reducing transparency. Therefore, establishing a balance between the interest that is supposed to be achieved by regulation and the need to allow competition is becoming more obvious. This is particularly evident when applying regulatory standards in small economies. While the main principles of competition and regulation as developed in major economies are suitable for small economies, their application should be different due to the characteristics of small and limited markets. This chapter will cover three professions ‐ lawyers, accountants and architects, as the most numerous and longest present in the Macedonian market. In the review of the regulation of these professions in Macedonia, a comparison is made with those of the t...
Consumer protection is one of the core European Union values. The harmonization of consumer prote... more Consumer protection is one of the core European Union values. The harmonization of consumer protection legislation aims toward the improvement of the consumer's rights. Apart from EU member states, those countries with those countries who aspire to membership of the EU are also obliged to transpose this common legislation into their national legislation. The EU Directive on consumer rights and the Directive on the liability for defective products are an important part of common consumer protection. Macedonia and other countries of the Former Yugoslavia, on their way to approaching the EU have implemented the European Union's consumer protection legislation in a similar way. This paper tries to put more light on the process of the harmonization of consumer protection legislation in the countries of Former Yugoslavia. It focuses on the liability for defective products.
Mediation, as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method, represents the fastest, the most ac... more Mediation, as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method, represents the fastest, the most accessible, and the most cost‐effective way of resolving disputes. In the Republic of Macedonia, mediation is regulated by the Law on Mediation. It has been introduced in the Macedonian legal system as a counter‐measure to problems identified in the judiciary, such as the unreasonable length of proceedings and ineffectiveness. The authors of this chapter provide an analysis of the applicable European standards and principles, which have an impact on mediation regulation in the Macedonian legal system. Mediation legislation from Italy, France, Germany and the UK is analyzed in order to learn from their experience in the transposition of the EU cross‐border mediation directive. The scope and effectiveness of the Macedonian Law on Mediation is further analyzed, as well as the transposition of the EU cross‐border mediation directive in the Macedonian legislation. The results of this research s...
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
The advance of digital technology in the field of politics in the last 20 years has raised the ex... more The advance of digital technology in the field of politics in the last 20 years has raised the expectations about enhancing the potentials of the long dominant model of representative democracy. The need to reinvigorate the overall political process was talked about since the first signs of decline in the civic engagement in the second half of the past century. In the meantime, technological gadgets, and, especially the great versatility of Internet applicability have indeed contributed for better communication between the political elites and their people and for sharing the information on the unprecedented level. Yet, the key challenge still seems barely touched: how to provide meaningful participation of the politically awakened individuals in the decision-making processes within the states. In the article we offer a brief survey of the European and USA achievements in the field of e-voting and Internet-voting in order to show how the political, technical and security concerns ar...
European Scientific Journal, ESJ, Dec 31, 2017
Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, parti... more Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, particularly in the domain of the family communion. The influence of religion as a specific form of collective consciousness, and as a system of moral rights and norms, since their appearance until today, is particularly interesting for the Republic of Macedonia. In this small territory, despite the fact that a variety of different religious communities have coexisted throughout the centuries, yet there is a major difference in the approach of family planning customs. This is mostly evidenced in the cases of the population representing the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions. In this article we elaborate, firstly the viewpoints on family planning and reproduction of the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions as the dominant religions in the Republic of Macedonia and discuss viewpoints and attitudes towards family planning (abortion) among the Macedonian citizens.
Pravni Zapisi, Jan 25, 2013
Svrha ovog rada je da se prikaže kako je odredbama Zakona o trgovačkim društvima u Republici Make... more Svrha ovog rada je da se prikaže kako je odredbama Zakona o trgovačkim društvima u Republici Makedoniji regulisan pojam "trgovac" i kako se taj pojam odražava na odredbe Zakona o obligacionim odnosima kojima je regulisan trgovinski ugovor, bez pretenzija da se uđe u dublja teorijska razmatranja koja se odnose na to zbog čega je prihvaćen takav pristup kod regulisanja tih pojmova. Posebno se u radu ukazuje na unifikaciju opšteg obligacionog prava i prava kojim se regulišu trgovinski ugovori u Republici Makedoniji, kao odraz tendencija koje su u nauci obligacionog prava poznate pod nazivom "komercijalizacija građanskog prava", čime se zadovoljavaju potrebe regulative trgovačkog poslovanja i problematike koja se pojavljuje prilikom sklapanja ostalih obligacionih ugovora. Pri tome, ukazuje se na to da opšta učenja o obligacijama i institutima koja važe u obligacionom pravu i koja su regulisana Zakonom o obligacionim odnosima, važe i kod odnosa koji nastaju u trgovinskom poslovanju, tako da nije potrebno donositi poseban trgovački zakonik kojim bi bili regulisani trgovačka društva i trgovinski ugovori. U zaključku se konstatuje da je Zakon o obligacionim odnosima u Republici Makedoniji na savremeni način uredio pitanja koja su predmet obrade u ovom radu. Ključne reči: trgovac, trgovinski ugovor, komercijalizacija građanskog prava, kaznena (zatezna) kamata, referentna stopa, izvori obligacionog prava, imenovani ugovori, trgovačka društva.
Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, parti... more Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, particularly in the domain of the family communion. The influence of religion as a specific form of collective consciousness, and as a system of moral rights and norms, since their appearance until today, is particularly interesting for the Republic of Macedonia. In this small territory, despite the fact that a variety of different religious communities have coexisted throughout the centuries, yet there is a major difference in the approach of family planning customs. This is mostly evidenced in the cases of the population representing the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions. In this article we elaborate, firstly the viewpoints on family planning and reproduction of the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions as the dominant religions in the Republic of Macedonia and discuss viewpoints and attitudes towards family planning (abortion) among the Macedonian citizens.
Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, parti... more Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, particularly in the domain of the family communion. The influence of religion as a specific form of collective consciousness, and as a system of moral rights and norms, since their appearance until today, is particularly interesting for the Republic of Macedonia. In this small territory, despite the fact that a variety of different religious communities have coexisted throughout the centuries, yet there is a major difference in the approach of family planning customs. This is mostly evidenced in the cases of the population representing the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions. In this article we elaborate, firstly the viewpoints on family planning and reproduction of the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions as the dominant religions in the Republic of Macedonia and discuss viewpoints and attitudes towards family planning (abortion) among the Macedonian citizens.
The advance of digital technology in the field of politics in the last 20 years has raised the ex... more The advance of digital technology in the field of politics in the last 20 years has raised the expectations about enhancing the potentials of the long dominant model of representative democracy. The need to reinvigorate the overall political process was talked about since the first signs of decline in the civic engagement in the second half of the past century. In the meantime, technological gadgets, and, especially the great versatility of Internet applicability have indeed contributed for better communication between the political elites and their people and for sharing the information on the unprecedented level. Yet, the key challenge still seems barely touched: how to provide meaningful participation of the politically awakened individuals in the decision-making processes within the states. In the article we offer a brief survey of the European and USA achievements in the field of e-voting and Internet-voting in order to show how the political, technical and security concerns are still prevailing in the debates thus undermining the trust in the new modes of casting the votes. Also, we present the results of the survey done with 120 students in the Republic of Macedonia and their considerations about the eventual Internet voting in the country. Applying the descriptive and analytical methods we would argue that the immense possibilities for using Internet in politics are far from being exploited, so the initial miscalculation and failures should not discourage the communities from observing new pathways for improving the unavoidable digital component of democracy.
Background and purpose: Despite the advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, pati... more Background and purpose: Despite the advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, patients remain exposed to stigma, prejudice and discrimination, not only from a moral and ethical point of view but nonetheless in the eyes of the legal system. Namely, regardless of the enactment of the written declaration on epilepsy by the European Parliament, which had been intended to improve the quality of life of patients with epilepsy, many countries still face problems with the legal rights of these patients, such as in the domain of employment, social status, education and healthcare. The aim of our study is to investigate the relevant legal issues and social problems that this group of patients face by examining the ones admitted to our clinic in the past 5 years. Methods: In a 5 year prospective, open-labeled study, 281 patients were assessed, (150 of which male, and 131 female) previously diagnosed as having epilepsy and admitted to the Clinics of Neurology in Skopje, Macedonia. The primary endpoints were evaluation of employment problems, education, family problems and social discrimination, whereas secondary end points assessed were criminal justice, driver licensing, insurance and disability benefits, sports and pregnancy matters. Results: Overall 58 (20,6%) patients said to have experienced problems with employment and at the working place, 38 of which were due to frequent seizures and risk on the working place, and 20 had problems to get employed with their diagnosis.124 patients (44,1%) reported to have had social problems (28 claimed to have been rejected by their friends and social circles for their condition, 92 lacked acceptance from colleagues at work, and 4 experienced family problems and divorce). Difficulties with obtaining a driver's license, or it's renewal was reported by 38 (13,5%) patients, 20 out of which had worsening of the seizure frequency and 18 were rejected a driving permit for heavy vehicles. 48 patients (17%) were pregnant woman out of whom 42 had worsened seizure frequency due to change of AED treatment, and 6 had birth death or birth defects. Overall 12 patients reported to have had criminal law problems (4,2%) mostly connected with a seizure attack during a car accident, and none had violent behavior or evidence of any criminal conduct. One patient had a sport/activity related problem (whilst attending a ballet group) with recurrence of seizures after the performance. None of our patients had state insurance disability benefits. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that patients with epilepsy experience vast social problems and legal challenges in particularly in the domains of family life, education, employment and other social aspects such as driver's license concerns. It is therefore necessary to make reforms in the national health care system and empower the role of the National Epilepsy Foundation in resolving and putting foreword the social concerns of these patients, as well as implementing appropriate legislation to protect the rights of people with epilepsy, and at the same time improve the legal defense programs in resolving criminal law issues. The Epilepsy Declaration of the European Parliament and the rules and regulations of the International League Against Epilepsy, as well as the work by the foundations in the US and UK are a good framework for addressing the problem closer and improving the quality of life of these patients. Having in mind the legal and ethical implications that arise in these cases, together with the legal requirement of the country to align with the European aqui, it is inevitable to put foreword a proposal for a law or regulation that would take into account the European Directive, and put it in practice in our country.
Books by Kimo Cavdar
Most analysis show the fact that the GDP of the Republic of Macedonia (RM) would have noted sign... more Most analysis show the fact that the GDP of the Republic of Macedonia (RM) would have noted significantly higher amounts and rates of real growth, if the transitional development cycle and the numerous shocks that the Macedonian economy had in the past 18-19 years wouldn’t have caused big structural disorders in the economy, and be extremely manifested in the permanent growth of the number of unemployed people. Those people had to provide their existence in different possible manners, and primarily through inclusion in the different channels of the so – called „grey” economy.
There is a wide spread opinion in The Republic of Macedonia that “grey” economy is pretty high. According to some estimations it amounts about 35% of GDP. Such high “grey” economy has a direct influence to the main economic indicators, categories and instruments for macroeconomic regulation: GDP value can not be precisely measured, there are problems in formulating and realization of macroeconomic policy instruments (fiscal policy, monetary policy, social policy, foreign-trade policy) etc. Because of its high value, “grey“ economy is challenging and serious danger for macroeconomic planning and regulation.
By using qualitative, descriptive, statistic and comparative methodologies, this text attempts to locate causes, consequences and the scope of “grey“ economy in Republic of Macedonia. It also presents different ways for measurement of the size of “grey“ economy in the Republic of Macedonia and understands the basic characteristics of the Macedonian case in order to present well‐grounded policy recommendations.
The main finding (conclusion) of the paper is the fact that the “grey“ economy in The Republic of Macedonia is a multifaceted phenomenon and the most efficient manner to remove the causes for the occurrence and presence of the “grey“ economy is the improvement of the institutional frame in the country. There is a need for directly focused Government measures that would precipitate the integration of the “grey“ economy in the formal sector, once the right conditions are put in place.
The recommendations that this text promotes will head exactly in that direction. The main recommendation is directed towards activities and measures of the authorities for preventing and removing the reasons of “grey“ economy appearance and punishment of the consequences of this national economy “evil”. Another recommendation is for the Government to increase the speed for redefining (changing) its role on the market. Although there are noticeable signs that the situation has been changing, there is a need for widening the awareness of all business players for the necessity of playing by the rules as well as for enforcing the institutional framework, legal order, moral values and the motivators of the country’s functional economy.
The regulation of professions that provide services to the public is necessary to ensure the qual... more The regulation of professions that provide services to the public is necessary to ensure the quality of their services and to protect the interests of their users. However, it can have some adverse effects such as eliminating or restricting competition and reducing transparency. Therefore, establishing a balance between the interest that is supposed to be achieved by regulation and the need to allow competition is becoming more obvious. This is particularly evident when applying regulatory standards in small economies. While the main principles of competition and regulation as developed in major economies are suitable for small economies, their application should be different due to the characteristics of small and limited markets. This chapter will cover three professions ‐ lawyers, accountants and architects, as the most numerous and longest present in the Macedonian market. In the review of the regulation of these professions in Macedonia, a comparison is made with those of the t...
Consumer protection is one of the core European Union values. The harmonization of consumer prote... more Consumer protection is one of the core European Union values. The harmonization of consumer protection legislation aims toward the improvement of the consumer's rights. Apart from EU member states, those countries with those countries who aspire to membership of the EU are also obliged to transpose this common legislation into their national legislation. The EU Directive on consumer rights and the Directive on the liability for defective products are an important part of common consumer protection. Macedonia and other countries of the Former Yugoslavia, on their way to approaching the EU have implemented the European Union's consumer protection legislation in a similar way. This paper tries to put more light on the process of the harmonization of consumer protection legislation in the countries of Former Yugoslavia. It focuses on the liability for defective products.
Mediation, as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method, represents the fastest, the most ac... more Mediation, as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) method, represents the fastest, the most accessible, and the most cost‐effective way of resolving disputes. In the Republic of Macedonia, mediation is regulated by the Law on Mediation. It has been introduced in the Macedonian legal system as a counter‐measure to problems identified in the judiciary, such as the unreasonable length of proceedings and ineffectiveness. The authors of this chapter provide an analysis of the applicable European standards and principles, which have an impact on mediation regulation in the Macedonian legal system. Mediation legislation from Italy, France, Germany and the UK is analyzed in order to learn from their experience in the transposition of the EU cross‐border mediation directive. The scope and effectiveness of the Macedonian Law on Mediation is further analyzed, as well as the transposition of the EU cross‐border mediation directive in the Macedonian legislation. The results of this research s...
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
The advance of digital technology in the field of politics in the last 20 years has raised the ex... more The advance of digital technology in the field of politics in the last 20 years has raised the expectations about enhancing the potentials of the long dominant model of representative democracy. The need to reinvigorate the overall political process was talked about since the first signs of decline in the civic engagement in the second half of the past century. In the meantime, technological gadgets, and, especially the great versatility of Internet applicability have indeed contributed for better communication between the political elites and their people and for sharing the information on the unprecedented level. Yet, the key challenge still seems barely touched: how to provide meaningful participation of the politically awakened individuals in the decision-making processes within the states. In the article we offer a brief survey of the European and USA achievements in the field of e-voting and Internet-voting in order to show how the political, technical and security concerns ar...
European Scientific Journal, ESJ, Dec 31, 2017
Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, parti... more Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, particularly in the domain of the family communion. The influence of religion as a specific form of collective consciousness, and as a system of moral rights and norms, since their appearance until today, is particularly interesting for the Republic of Macedonia. In this small territory, despite the fact that a variety of different religious communities have coexisted throughout the centuries, yet there is a major difference in the approach of family planning customs. This is mostly evidenced in the cases of the population representing the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions. In this article we elaborate, firstly the viewpoints on family planning and reproduction of the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions as the dominant religions in the Republic of Macedonia and discuss viewpoints and attitudes towards family planning (abortion) among the Macedonian citizens.
Pravni Zapisi, Jan 25, 2013
Svrha ovog rada je da se prikaže kako je odredbama Zakona o trgovačkim društvima u Republici Make... more Svrha ovog rada je da se prikaže kako je odredbama Zakona o trgovačkim društvima u Republici Makedoniji regulisan pojam "trgovac" i kako se taj pojam odražava na odredbe Zakona o obligacionim odnosima kojima je regulisan trgovinski ugovor, bez pretenzija da se uđe u dublja teorijska razmatranja koja se odnose na to zbog čega je prihvaćen takav pristup kod regulisanja tih pojmova. Posebno se u radu ukazuje na unifikaciju opšteg obligacionog prava i prava kojim se regulišu trgovinski ugovori u Republici Makedoniji, kao odraz tendencija koje su u nauci obligacionog prava poznate pod nazivom "komercijalizacija građanskog prava", čime se zadovoljavaju potrebe regulative trgovačkog poslovanja i problematike koja se pojavljuje prilikom sklapanja ostalih obligacionih ugovora. Pri tome, ukazuje se na to da opšta učenja o obligacijama i institutima koja važe u obligacionom pravu i koja su regulisana Zakonom o obligacionim odnosima, važe i kod odnosa koji nastaju u trgovinskom poslovanju, tako da nije potrebno donositi poseban trgovački zakonik kojim bi bili regulisani trgovačka društva i trgovinski ugovori. U zaključku se konstatuje da je Zakon o obligacionim odnosima u Republici Makedoniji na savremeni način uredio pitanja koja su predmet obrade u ovom radu. Ključne reči: trgovac, trgovinski ugovor, komercijalizacija građanskog prava, kaznena (zatezna) kamata, referentna stopa, izvori obligacionog prava, imenovani ugovori, trgovačka društva.
Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, parti... more Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, particularly in the domain of the family communion. The influence of religion as a specific form of collective consciousness, and as a system of moral rights and norms, since their appearance until today, is particularly interesting for the Republic of Macedonia. In this small territory, despite the fact that a variety of different religious communities have coexisted throughout the centuries, yet there is a major difference in the approach of family planning customs. This is mostly evidenced in the cases of the population representing the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions. In this article we elaborate, firstly the viewpoints on family planning and reproduction of the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions as the dominant religions in the Republic of Macedonia and discuss viewpoints and attitudes towards family planning (abortion) among the Macedonian citizens.
Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, parti... more Religions have been dominant for thousands of years in each and every aspect of human life, particularly in the domain of the family communion. The influence of religion as a specific form of collective consciousness, and as a system of moral rights and norms, since their appearance until today, is particularly interesting for the Republic of Macedonia. In this small territory, despite the fact that a variety of different religious communities have coexisted throughout the centuries, yet there is a major difference in the approach of family planning customs. This is mostly evidenced in the cases of the population representing the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions. In this article we elaborate, firstly the viewpoints on family planning and reproduction of the Orthodox Christian and Muslim religions as the dominant religions in the Republic of Macedonia and discuss viewpoints and attitudes towards family planning (abortion) among the Macedonian citizens.
The advance of digital technology in the field of politics in the last 20 years has raised the ex... more The advance of digital technology in the field of politics in the last 20 years has raised the expectations about enhancing the potentials of the long dominant model of representative democracy. The need to reinvigorate the overall political process was talked about since the first signs of decline in the civic engagement in the second half of the past century. In the meantime, technological gadgets, and, especially the great versatility of Internet applicability have indeed contributed for better communication between the political elites and their people and for sharing the information on the unprecedented level. Yet, the key challenge still seems barely touched: how to provide meaningful participation of the politically awakened individuals in the decision-making processes within the states. In the article we offer a brief survey of the European and USA achievements in the field of e-voting and Internet-voting in order to show how the political, technical and security concerns are still prevailing in the debates thus undermining the trust in the new modes of casting the votes. Also, we present the results of the survey done with 120 students in the Republic of Macedonia and their considerations about the eventual Internet voting in the country. Applying the descriptive and analytical methods we would argue that the immense possibilities for using Internet in politics are far from being exploited, so the initial miscalculation and failures should not discourage the communities from observing new pathways for improving the unavoidable digital component of democracy.
Background and purpose: Despite the advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, pati... more Background and purpose: Despite the advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, patients remain exposed to stigma, prejudice and discrimination, not only from a moral and ethical point of view but nonetheless in the eyes of the legal system. Namely, regardless of the enactment of the written declaration on epilepsy by the European Parliament, which had been intended to improve the quality of life of patients with epilepsy, many countries still face problems with the legal rights of these patients, such as in the domain of employment, social status, education and healthcare. The aim of our study is to investigate the relevant legal issues and social problems that this group of patients face by examining the ones admitted to our clinic in the past 5 years. Methods: In a 5 year prospective, open-labeled study, 281 patients were assessed, (150 of which male, and 131 female) previously diagnosed as having epilepsy and admitted to the Clinics of Neurology in Skopje, Macedonia. The primary endpoints were evaluation of employment problems, education, family problems and social discrimination, whereas secondary end points assessed were criminal justice, driver licensing, insurance and disability benefits, sports and pregnancy matters. Results: Overall 58 (20,6%) patients said to have experienced problems with employment and at the working place, 38 of which were due to frequent seizures and risk on the working place, and 20 had problems to get employed with their diagnosis.124 patients (44,1%) reported to have had social problems (28 claimed to have been rejected by their friends and social circles for their condition, 92 lacked acceptance from colleagues at work, and 4 experienced family problems and divorce). Difficulties with obtaining a driver's license, or it's renewal was reported by 38 (13,5%) patients, 20 out of which had worsening of the seizure frequency and 18 were rejected a driving permit for heavy vehicles. 48 patients (17%) were pregnant woman out of whom 42 had worsened seizure frequency due to change of AED treatment, and 6 had birth death or birth defects. Overall 12 patients reported to have had criminal law problems (4,2%) mostly connected with a seizure attack during a car accident, and none had violent behavior or evidence of any criminal conduct. One patient had a sport/activity related problem (whilst attending a ballet group) with recurrence of seizures after the performance. None of our patients had state insurance disability benefits. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that patients with epilepsy experience vast social problems and legal challenges in particularly in the domains of family life, education, employment and other social aspects such as driver's license concerns. It is therefore necessary to make reforms in the national health care system and empower the role of the National Epilepsy Foundation in resolving and putting foreword the social concerns of these patients, as well as implementing appropriate legislation to protect the rights of people with epilepsy, and at the same time improve the legal defense programs in resolving criminal law issues. The Epilepsy Declaration of the European Parliament and the rules and regulations of the International League Against Epilepsy, as well as the work by the foundations in the US and UK are a good framework for addressing the problem closer and improving the quality of life of these patients. Having in mind the legal and ethical implications that arise in these cases, together with the legal requirement of the country to align with the European aqui, it is inevitable to put foreword a proposal for a law or regulation that would take into account the European Directive, and put it in practice in our country.
Most analysis show the fact that the GDP of the Republic of Macedonia (RM) would have noted sign... more Most analysis show the fact that the GDP of the Republic of Macedonia (RM) would have noted significantly higher amounts and rates of real growth, if the transitional development cycle and the numerous shocks that the Macedonian economy had in the past 18-19 years wouldn’t have caused big structural disorders in the economy, and be extremely manifested in the permanent growth of the number of unemployed people. Those people had to provide their existence in different possible manners, and primarily through inclusion in the different channels of the so – called „grey” economy.
There is a wide spread opinion in The Republic of Macedonia that “grey” economy is pretty high. According to some estimations it amounts about 35% of GDP. Such high “grey” economy has a direct influence to the main economic indicators, categories and instruments for macroeconomic regulation: GDP value can not be precisely measured, there are problems in formulating and realization of macroeconomic policy instruments (fiscal policy, monetary policy, social policy, foreign-trade policy) etc. Because of its high value, “grey“ economy is challenging and serious danger for macroeconomic planning and regulation.
By using qualitative, descriptive, statistic and comparative methodologies, this text attempts to locate causes, consequences and the scope of “grey“ economy in Republic of Macedonia. It also presents different ways for measurement of the size of “grey“ economy in the Republic of Macedonia and understands the basic characteristics of the Macedonian case in order to present well‐grounded policy recommendations.
The main finding (conclusion) of the paper is the fact that the “grey“ economy in The Republic of Macedonia is a multifaceted phenomenon and the most efficient manner to remove the causes for the occurrence and presence of the “grey“ economy is the improvement of the institutional frame in the country. There is a need for directly focused Government measures that would precipitate the integration of the “grey“ economy in the formal sector, once the right conditions are put in place.
The recommendations that this text promotes will head exactly in that direction. The main recommendation is directed towards activities and measures of the authorities for preventing and removing the reasons of “grey“ economy appearance and punishment of the consequences of this national economy “evil”. Another recommendation is for the Government to increase the speed for redefining (changing) its role on the market. Although there are noticeable signs that the situation has been changing, there is a need for widening the awareness of all business players for the necessity of playing by the rules as well as for enforcing the institutional framework, legal order, moral values and the motivators of the country’s functional economy.