azhar ali | University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan (original) (raw)

Papers by azhar ali

Journal of Biomechanics, 2014

Hip fracture remains a major health problem for the elderly. Clinical studies have assessed fract... more Hip fracture remains a major health problem for the elderly. Clinical studies have assessed fracture risk based on bone quality in the aging population and cadaveric testing has quantified bone strength and fracture loads. Prior modeling has primarily focused on quantifying the strain distribution in bone as an indicator of fracture risk. Recent advances in the extended finite element method (XFEM) enable prediction of the initiation and propagation of cracks without requiring a priori knowledge of the crack path. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to predict femoral fracture in specimen-specific models using the XFEM approach, to perform one-to-one comparisons of predicted and in vitro fracture patterns, and to develop a framework to assess the mechanics and load transfer in the fractured femur when it is repaired with an osteosynthesis implant. Five specimen-specific femur models were developed from in vitro experiments under a simulated stance loading condition. Predicted fracture patterns closely matched the in vitro patterns; however, predictions of fracture load differed by approximately 50% due to sensitivity to local material properties. Specimen-specific intertrochanteric fractures were induced by subjecting the femur models to a sideways fall and repaired with a contemporary implant. Under a post-surgical stance loading, model-predicted load sharing between the implant and bone across the fracture surface varied from 59%:41% to 89%:11%, underscoring the importance of considering anatomic and fracture variability in the evaluation of implants. XFEM modeling shows potential as a macro-level analysis enabling fracture investigations of clinical cohorts, including at-risk groups, and the design of robust implants.

Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 2014

This study was taken up to enhance the biogas plant efficiency by purifying the out coming raw bi... more This study was taken up to enhance the biogas plant efficiency by purifying the out coming raw biogas to increase the calorific value of methane (CH4) in biogas. For this purpose a functionally efficient wet scrubbing unit of PVC material was designed and developed, through which biogas was gone by, and then evaluated at different temperature, pressure and flow rates of water. Raw biogas resulted from the biogas plant consist of CH4, CO2 and H2S were 58%, 35% and 62% respectively. After treatment by newly developed wet scrubber the obtained results for CH4, CO2 and H2S were 65%, 25% and 50% respectively. This study led to advancement in biogas technology at agriculture, commercial as well as at common people level by removing the impurities of CO2 and H2S from biogas by means of pressurized water.

The drying kinetics of (Moringa Oleifera) leaves was investigated at different oven drying temper... more The drying kinetics of (Moringa Oleifera) leaves was investigated at different oven drying temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C) using
an established drying mathematical model. The experimental drying data of moringa leaves on the basis of reduced chi-square
(χ
2
) and coefficient of determination (R2
), the mathematical model exposed the best fit to the drying curves. The values of
coefficient of determination (R2
) and reduced chi-square (χ2
) at 50 °C temperature was (0.998 to 0.999) and (0.009 to 0.0002)
respectively. Oven dry at 40 °C reveled optimum colour values.

Generally industrial sector in Pakistan is impairing the surface as well as groundwater qualities... more Generally industrial sector in Pakistan is impairing the surface as well as groundwater qualities by indiscriminately routing
their effluents into streams, watercourses, agricultural fields, river, lakes and ocean that are invariably resulting in human
ailments apart from threatening the health of water. In Pakistan, little wastewater treatment facilities are available for the
municipal discharges. Consequently, the effluents are dumped into the water bodies causing surface and groundwater
pollution which is endangering biodiversity, health of the people and other ecosystems. Gujranwala waste effluents are no
exception either. The present study has, therefore, been planned to investigate quality status of the city effluents from
Gujranwala; a hub of several industries in Pakistan. A field survey was conducted to locate where effluent samples may be
collected from different industrial wastewater discharge outlets or locations. The study involved determination of water
quality parameters at different points. The values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, turbidity, electric conductivity (EC),
Carbonates (CO3
-1) and Bicarbonates (HCO3
-1) varied for the different industries as 337-617mgl-1, 115-301 mgl-1 , 385-820
mgl-1, 195-6537 mgl-1, 0.2-1.8 mgl-1, 5.63-8.8 mgl-1, 18-540FTU, 389-9950μs/cm, 0-390 mgl-1 and 60-750 mgl-1,
respectively. The measured values of different parameters were compared with those of National Environmental Quality
Standards (NEQS) for precise assessment of their quality. The analysis of the parameters showed that almost all of the
samples were unfit according to NEQS. This situation is indeed a serious threat for the environment and biodiversity and
hence policy makers in the region have to start wastewater monitoring program with the help of local wastewater
management authorities. Based upon the measured data, wastewater treatment plants should be installed to make the water
clean which latter can be used for other purposes e.g., agriculture. It is added that the highest amount of the industrial effluent
is coming from the leather and textile industries followed by ceramic and ghee industries, respectively. Excepting Ghee
industries, all other releases are extremely toxic and therefore demand immediate remedial action.

A comprehensive study was carried out to find the effect of power (Batteries), swath width, disch... more A comprehensive study was carried out to find the effect of power (Batteries), swath width, discharge rate and wind speed on droplet size and density of locally available ULV sprayer with the objective to minimize the application rate, drift and wastage of pesticides while increasing insects mortality. Conventional tractor mounted boom sprayers apply spray on the upper side of the leaves. Most of the sucking insect (whitefly, aphid, jassid, thrips, etc.) have there kitchen houses on the lower side of leaves of the upper half portion of cotton plant which not only get protection from sprays but also enjoy the shadow of leaves as of umbrella coverage. Therefore, the spray chemicals by conventional sprayer do not hit the actual target and cause wastage of the spray material to the ground and air. Different pests and insects required different number of droplets per cm 2 . The test bench consists of a rectangular frame, 2 rollers, variable speed motor, ULV stand, and canvas belt with some accessories. Test bench facilitates the mounting of ULV sprayer at different heights. It has a variable speed motor to rotate the canvas belt is actually to simulate the swath width of spray while speed of belt simulates the traveling speed of a man, effect of voltage supplies, discharge rate and wind speed on droplet size and density. Droplet distribution was obtained on water sensitive papers fixed on rotating belt. A variable speed gear motor was used for power supply to the rotating belt. A bracket fan was used to create required wind speed.

Journal of Biomechanics, 2014

Hip fracture remains a major health problem for the elderly. Clinical studies have assessed fract... more Hip fracture remains a major health problem for the elderly. Clinical studies have assessed fracture risk based on bone quality in the aging population and cadaveric testing has quantified bone strength and fracture loads. Prior modeling has primarily focused on quantifying the strain distribution in bone as an indicator of fracture risk. Recent advances in the extended finite element method (XFEM) enable prediction of the initiation and propagation of cracks without requiring a priori knowledge of the crack path. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to predict femoral fracture in specimen-specific models using the XFEM approach, to perform one-to-one comparisons of predicted and in vitro fracture patterns, and to develop a framework to assess the mechanics and load transfer in the fractured femur when it is repaired with an osteosynthesis implant. Five specimen-specific femur models were developed from in vitro experiments under a simulated stance loading condition. Predicted fracture patterns closely matched the in vitro patterns; however, predictions of fracture load differed by approximately 50% due to sensitivity to local material properties. Specimen-specific intertrochanteric fractures were induced by subjecting the femur models to a sideways fall and repaired with a contemporary implant. Under a post-surgical stance loading, model-predicted load sharing between the implant and bone across the fracture surface varied from 59%:41% to 89%:11%, underscoring the importance of considering anatomic and fracture variability in the evaluation of implants. XFEM modeling shows potential as a macro-level analysis enabling fracture investigations of clinical cohorts, including at-risk groups, and the design of robust implants.

Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 2014

This study was taken up to enhance the biogas plant efficiency by purifying the out coming raw bi... more This study was taken up to enhance the biogas plant efficiency by purifying the out coming raw biogas to increase the calorific value of methane (CH4) in biogas. For this purpose a functionally efficient wet scrubbing unit of PVC material was designed and developed, through which biogas was gone by, and then evaluated at different temperature, pressure and flow rates of water. Raw biogas resulted from the biogas plant consist of CH4, CO2 and H2S were 58%, 35% and 62% respectively. After treatment by newly developed wet scrubber the obtained results for CH4, CO2 and H2S were 65%, 25% and 50% respectively. This study led to advancement in biogas technology at agriculture, commercial as well as at common people level by removing the impurities of CO2 and H2S from biogas by means of pressurized water.

The drying kinetics of (Moringa Oleifera) leaves was investigated at different oven drying temper... more The drying kinetics of (Moringa Oleifera) leaves was investigated at different oven drying temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C) using
an established drying mathematical model. The experimental drying data of moringa leaves on the basis of reduced chi-square
(χ
2
) and coefficient of determination (R2
), the mathematical model exposed the best fit to the drying curves. The values of
coefficient of determination (R2
) and reduced chi-square (χ2
) at 50 °C temperature was (0.998 to 0.999) and (0.009 to 0.0002)
respectively. Oven dry at 40 °C reveled optimum colour values.

Generally industrial sector in Pakistan is impairing the surface as well as groundwater qualities... more Generally industrial sector in Pakistan is impairing the surface as well as groundwater qualities by indiscriminately routing
their effluents into streams, watercourses, agricultural fields, river, lakes and ocean that are invariably resulting in human
ailments apart from threatening the health of water. In Pakistan, little wastewater treatment facilities are available for the
municipal discharges. Consequently, the effluents are dumped into the water bodies causing surface and groundwater
pollution which is endangering biodiversity, health of the people and other ecosystems. Gujranwala waste effluents are no
exception either. The present study has, therefore, been planned to investigate quality status of the city effluents from
Gujranwala; a hub of several industries in Pakistan. A field survey was conducted to locate where effluent samples may be
collected from different industrial wastewater discharge outlets or locations. The study involved determination of water
quality parameters at different points. The values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, turbidity, electric conductivity (EC),
Carbonates (CO3
-1) and Bicarbonates (HCO3
-1) varied for the different industries as 337-617mgl-1, 115-301 mgl-1 , 385-820
mgl-1, 195-6537 mgl-1, 0.2-1.8 mgl-1, 5.63-8.8 mgl-1, 18-540FTU, 389-9950μs/cm, 0-390 mgl-1 and 60-750 mgl-1,
respectively. The measured values of different parameters were compared with those of National Environmental Quality
Standards (NEQS) for precise assessment of their quality. The analysis of the parameters showed that almost all of the
samples were unfit according to NEQS. This situation is indeed a serious threat for the environment and biodiversity and
hence policy makers in the region have to start wastewater monitoring program with the help of local wastewater
management authorities. Based upon the measured data, wastewater treatment plants should be installed to make the water
clean which latter can be used for other purposes e.g., agriculture. It is added that the highest amount of the industrial effluent
is coming from the leather and textile industries followed by ceramic and ghee industries, respectively. Excepting Ghee
industries, all other releases are extremely toxic and therefore demand immediate remedial action.

A comprehensive study was carried out to find the effect of power (Batteries), swath width, disch... more A comprehensive study was carried out to find the effect of power (Batteries), swath width, discharge rate and wind speed on droplet size and density of locally available ULV sprayer with the objective to minimize the application rate, drift and wastage of pesticides while increasing insects mortality. Conventional tractor mounted boom sprayers apply spray on the upper side of the leaves. Most of the sucking insect (whitefly, aphid, jassid, thrips, etc.) have there kitchen houses on the lower side of leaves of the upper half portion of cotton plant which not only get protection from sprays but also enjoy the shadow of leaves as of umbrella coverage. Therefore, the spray chemicals by conventional sprayer do not hit the actual target and cause wastage of the spray material to the ground and air. Different pests and insects required different number of droplets per cm 2 . The test bench consists of a rectangular frame, 2 rollers, variable speed motor, ULV stand, and canvas belt with some accessories. Test bench facilitates the mounting of ULV sprayer at different heights. It has a variable speed motor to rotate the canvas belt is actually to simulate the swath width of spray while speed of belt simulates the traveling speed of a man, effect of voltage supplies, discharge rate and wind speed on droplet size and density. Droplet distribution was obtained on water sensitive papers fixed on rotating belt. A variable speed gear motor was used for power supply to the rotating belt. A bracket fan was used to create required wind speed.