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Papers by Sarah-Myriam Martin-Brule
International Journal, Jun 1, 2018
In the wake of the Canadian government's pledge for a renewed role at the United Nations (UN) not... more In the wake of the Canadian government's pledge for a renewed role at the United Nations (UN) notably by reengaging in peacekeeping activities, this special issue focuses on Canada's added value to peace operations. Our aim is to identify the goals, challenges, and stakes for Canada's reengagement in peace operations as a central component of foreign and defence policy. One of the first questions to ask is how can Canada contribute to peace operations which are now characterized by more complex security environments, in a way that is consistent with its interests, resources, and capacity? The second question relates to Canada's engagement in peace missions in the context of a continuously evolving technological landscape. Finally, we address defence planning, equipping the Canadian Armed Forces, and managing personnel, as they relate to UN operations. The time is ripe to revitalize the debate on peace operations and analyze Canada's capacity in this area.
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Sep 4, 2020
Contemporary Security Studies, 2008
Somalia, Bosnia and Rwanda are considered milestones for United Nations (UN) peace operations 1 o... more Somalia, Bosnia and Rwanda are considered milestones for United Nations (UN) peace operations 1 occurring in civil war settings within failed or collapsed states (Durch, Holt, Earle and Shanahan 2003). The magnitude of investment in these operations yet of the resulting casualties has spurred much research on how to improve these enterprises. Numerous lessons learned have been drawn from what are now qualified as worst practices for peace operations in such context. 2 Intrastate wars within failed or collapsed states present particular challenges for interveners. The disintegration of state authority where clearly identified military or militias fight either to strengthen their own position within the state or to distance themselves from it; the absence of entities capable, on the one hand, of representing the state at the international level and, on the other, of being influenced by the outside world; the multiplicity of belligerents and of their interests; as well as the increased targeting of civilians and UN personnel, are all characteristics which contribute to the insecurity of 1 Peace operations aim to create and sustain the conditions necessary for peace to thrive. They comprise three types of activities: support to diplomacy (peacemaking, peace building, and preventive diplomacy), peacekeeping, and peace enforcement. Protection of humanitarian assistance, establishment of order and stability, enforcement of sanctions, guarantee and denial of movement, establishment of protected zones, and forcible separation of belligerents are part of peace operations activities. FM 100-23, 1994.
International Institutions and Power Politics, 2019
In this volume's introduction, Wivel and Paul invite us to revisit the multifaceted conne... more In this volume's introduction, Wivel and Paul invite us to revisit the multifaceted connections between the struggle for influence among states and the pervasive role played by international organizations (IOs) in contemporary world politics. This call is in line with a 2015 piece by Goddard and Nexon (2015, 1), who argue that power politics, "the struggle for influence among political communities, broadly understood," is not the preserve of realism in international relations (IR) theory. Focusing on the variety of resources and modalities of power that actors deploy on the world stage in their contestation for influence, the authors expand the scope of power politics to any instance of collective mobilization. To broaden the analytical category of power politics, Goddard and Nexon call for more attention to be paid to the different contexts in which these political dynamics take place. In this chapter we focus on IOs as a particular form that international institutions may take. Our specific locus of power politics is United Nations peace operations. Through this case, we address both key questions raised by the editors: First, how do states use international institutions to maximize influence? And second, how does the institutional setting affect how power is understood and exercised? As we move from New York City to actual theaters of intervention, we show how peace operations are not only sites but also tools of power politics. Great powers, troop contributors, regional actors, and host states make use of this core institution to advance their interests. In doing so, they adapt to the particular multilateral institutionalized form that peace operations take, which simultaneously constrains the exercise of power and allows its deployment.
Los mercados energeticos canadiense y estadounidense comenzaron su integracion desde los anos och... more Los mercados energeticos canadiense y estadounidense comenzaron su integracion desde los anos ochenta. Los autores estudian los cambios en la estructura del mercado energetico de Canada ocurridos tras la desregulacion de la inversion extranjera y la firma de los tratados comerciales norteamericanos. La nueva dinamica de integracion energetica Norte-Sur representa un ajuste en la jurisdiccion de facto entre los gobiernos federal y provincial. La autoridad exclusiva de la federacion sobre el comercio internacional y la oferta energetica nacional se ha erosionado frente a la autonomia comercial adquirida por las provincias productoras. Recientemente, el gobierno de Bush ha llamado a una profundizacion de la integracion energetica norteamericana; Faucher y Martin-Brule examinan las implicaciones de ello para Mexico.
This article seeks to explain why different dimensions of peace operations’ success are not alway... more This article seeks to explain why different dimensions of peace operations’ success are not always compatible. It puts forward a new typology for better assessing peace operations based on the accomplishment of the mandate and the establishment of order. It provides an explanation of outcomes based on the strategy and the type of interveners. The theoretical framework is applied to 11 peace operations. The analysis shows that mitigated cases are not isolated and result either from the absence of a major military power or from the adoption of a compellence rather than a deterrence strategy.
International Peacekeeping, 2012
This article seeks to explain why different dimensions of peace operations’ success are not alway... more This article seeks to explain why different dimensions of peace operations’ success are not always compatible. It puts forward a new typology for better assessing peace operations based on the accomplishment of the mandate and the establishment of order. It provides an explanation of outcomes based on the strategy and the type of interveners. The theoretical framework is applied to 11 peace operations. The analysis shows that mitigated cases are not isolated and result either from the absence of a major military power or from the adoption of a compellence rather than a deterrence strategy.
International Journal, Jun 1, 2018
In the wake of the Canadian government's pledge for a renewed role at the United Nations (UN) not... more In the wake of the Canadian government's pledge for a renewed role at the United Nations (UN) notably by reengaging in peacekeeping activities, this special issue focuses on Canada's added value to peace operations. Our aim is to identify the goals, challenges, and stakes for Canada's reengagement in peace operations as a central component of foreign and defence policy. One of the first questions to ask is how can Canada contribute to peace operations which are now characterized by more complex security environments, in a way that is consistent with its interests, resources, and capacity? The second question relates to Canada's engagement in peace missions in the context of a continuously evolving technological landscape. Finally, we address defence planning, equipping the Canadian Armed Forces, and managing personnel, as they relate to UN operations. The time is ripe to revitalize the debate on peace operations and analyze Canada's capacity in this area.
International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, Sep 4, 2020
Contemporary Security Studies, 2008
Somalia, Bosnia and Rwanda are considered milestones for United Nations (UN) peace operations 1 o... more Somalia, Bosnia and Rwanda are considered milestones for United Nations (UN) peace operations 1 occurring in civil war settings within failed or collapsed states (Durch, Holt, Earle and Shanahan 2003). The magnitude of investment in these operations yet of the resulting casualties has spurred much research on how to improve these enterprises. Numerous lessons learned have been drawn from what are now qualified as worst practices for peace operations in such context. 2 Intrastate wars within failed or collapsed states present particular challenges for interveners. The disintegration of state authority where clearly identified military or militias fight either to strengthen their own position within the state or to distance themselves from it; the absence of entities capable, on the one hand, of representing the state at the international level and, on the other, of being influenced by the outside world; the multiplicity of belligerents and of their interests; as well as the increased targeting of civilians and UN personnel, are all characteristics which contribute to the insecurity of 1 Peace operations aim to create and sustain the conditions necessary for peace to thrive. They comprise three types of activities: support to diplomacy (peacemaking, peace building, and preventive diplomacy), peacekeeping, and peace enforcement. Protection of humanitarian assistance, establishment of order and stability, enforcement of sanctions, guarantee and denial of movement, establishment of protected zones, and forcible separation of belligerents are part of peace operations activities. FM 100-23, 1994.
International Institutions and Power Politics, 2019
In this volume's introduction, Wivel and Paul invite us to revisit the multifaceted conne... more In this volume's introduction, Wivel and Paul invite us to revisit the multifaceted connections between the struggle for influence among states and the pervasive role played by international organizations (IOs) in contemporary world politics. This call is in line with a 2015 piece by Goddard and Nexon (2015, 1), who argue that power politics, "the struggle for influence among political communities, broadly understood," is not the preserve of realism in international relations (IR) theory. Focusing on the variety of resources and modalities of power that actors deploy on the world stage in their contestation for influence, the authors expand the scope of power politics to any instance of collective mobilization. To broaden the analytical category of power politics, Goddard and Nexon call for more attention to be paid to the different contexts in which these political dynamics take place. In this chapter we focus on IOs as a particular form that international institutions may take. Our specific locus of power politics is United Nations peace operations. Through this case, we address both key questions raised by the editors: First, how do states use international institutions to maximize influence? And second, how does the institutional setting affect how power is understood and exercised? As we move from New York City to actual theaters of intervention, we show how peace operations are not only sites but also tools of power politics. Great powers, troop contributors, regional actors, and host states make use of this core institution to advance their interests. In doing so, they adapt to the particular multilateral institutionalized form that peace operations take, which simultaneously constrains the exercise of power and allows its deployment.
Los mercados energeticos canadiense y estadounidense comenzaron su integracion desde los anos och... more Los mercados energeticos canadiense y estadounidense comenzaron su integracion desde los anos ochenta. Los autores estudian los cambios en la estructura del mercado energetico de Canada ocurridos tras la desregulacion de la inversion extranjera y la firma de los tratados comerciales norteamericanos. La nueva dinamica de integracion energetica Norte-Sur representa un ajuste en la jurisdiccion de facto entre los gobiernos federal y provincial. La autoridad exclusiva de la federacion sobre el comercio internacional y la oferta energetica nacional se ha erosionado frente a la autonomia comercial adquirida por las provincias productoras. Recientemente, el gobierno de Bush ha llamado a una profundizacion de la integracion energetica norteamericana; Faucher y Martin-Brule examinan las implicaciones de ello para Mexico.
This article seeks to explain why different dimensions of peace operations’ success are not alway... more This article seeks to explain why different dimensions of peace operations’ success are not always compatible. It puts forward a new typology for better assessing peace operations based on the accomplishment of the mandate and the establishment of order. It provides an explanation of outcomes based on the strategy and the type of interveners. The theoretical framework is applied to 11 peace operations. The analysis shows that mitigated cases are not isolated and result either from the absence of a major military power or from the adoption of a compellence rather than a deterrence strategy.
International Peacekeeping, 2012
This article seeks to explain why different dimensions of peace operations’ success are not alway... more This article seeks to explain why different dimensions of peace operations’ success are not always compatible. It puts forward a new typology for better assessing peace operations based on the accomplishment of the mandate and the establishment of order. It provides an explanation of outcomes based on the strategy and the type of interveners. The theoretical framework is applied to 11 peace operations. The analysis shows that mitigated cases are not isolated and result either from the absence of a major military power or from the adoption of a compellence rather than a deterrence strategy.