Robert M Cutler | University of Cincinnati (original) (raw)
Drafts by Robert M Cutler
Homer's Odyssey relates how the Mycenaean island of Ithaca suffers from the long absence of King ... more Homer's Odyssey relates how the Mycenaean island of Ithaca suffers from the long absence of King Odysseus or Ulysses. Suitors seek his throne, beleaguer Queen Penelope, and plot to ambush and kill heir-apparent Prince Telemachos near the island of Asteris. Homeric Ithaca's location is uncertain but is suggested by ancient coins of Krani and Pali to be on the Paliki peninsula of modern Kefalonia, Cephallenia, etc. This Ithaca can be reached by sailing into the Argostoli channel or strait. Based on this premise, we use many clues in the Odyssey to evaluate five ambush island candidates for Asteris. The result is that Vardiani Island off the south shore of Paliki is the best candidate. Dionisi Island and Paliostafida Bay and Beach appear next-best but have problematical deficiencies.
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“Thymbra” Coin Investigation by Numismatic Dispersion Modeling Robert M. Cutler, October 2023 ... more “Thymbra” Coin Investigation by
Numismatic Dispersion Modeling
Robert M. Cutler, October 2023
Abstract
Some scarce ancient Greek bronze coins inscribed with the apparent ethnic theta upsilon (ThY) have long been attributed to Thymbra mentioned in Homer‘s Iliad and believed to be in Troas. However, we now recognize that these coins have not been found in the Troad, but near the ancient Mysian ruins of Pergamon at modern Bergama in Turkey. Three ancient cities there, whose names began with theta upsilon, were considered as possible mints by Lenger, who chose Thyessos. The present paper extends his work by considering several additional cities. It also describes the development, validation and application of a simple numismatic dispersion model based on a coin census and transport times from their mints to Pergamon. The results point strongly to the likelihood of a Pergamene theta upsilon mint, conceivably named Thymbra.
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Mysterious Symbol on a Hierax-Era Cyzicus Coin Robert M. Cutler, May 2023 An ancient bronze coi... more Mysterious Symbol on a Hierax-Era Cyzicus Coin
Robert M. Cutler, May 2023
An ancient bronze coin with a mysterious symbol long eluded definite and detailed attribution. Although many mints were considered, it appeared to be most closely related to Propontic or Seleucid types. The coin was eventually determined to be an issue of Cyzicus in northern Mysia with an unusually interesting monogram. It may be tentatively dated to the second century BC, perhaps around the end of Antiochus Hierax’s rebellion. More speculatively, might the coin’s monogram be interpreted as preserving rare numismatic evidence of local mythology, such as the native Doliones’ encounters with Jason and the Argonauts?
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The Bible story in which Jesus is asked if a tribute coin should be "rendered unto Caesar" has re... more The Bible story in which Jesus is asked if a tribute coin should be "rendered unto Caesar" has resulted in many interpretations and ideas about the coin's type. Most commonly, the "Tribute Penny" has been taken to be a very common undated denarius of Roman Emperor Tiberius. However, these coins were minted in Gaul, now France, far away from Jesus in Jerusalem where such coins are found only rarely. Furthermore, about 80% of those denarii marketed as "Tribute Pennies" cannot be shown to have existed during Jesus's lifetime. In this paper, many alternative coin types minted in Rome's provinces are evaluated based on their compositions, designs, dates, frequencies of occurrence and mint distances from Jerusalem. The best candidates for further consideration are identified as having been minted in the ancient middle east at Alexandria, Antioch,
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This paper traces the late ancient coinage of Egyptian Alexandria, the home of the influential Ne... more This paper traces the late ancient coinage of Egyptian Alexandria, the home of the influential Neoplatonistic philosopher Hypatia. The coins name and depict the Eastern Roman Empire's rulers, reflecting their roles in the establishment of Christianity and efforts to eradicate paganism. Though most rulers were emperors, some empresses also exerted power during the conflict. Hypatia, though not a ruler, was a highly sophisticated and influential woman who would have been able to see evidence on her coins of evolving Christian-pagan tensions. Unfortunately, paganism was often confounded with Hypatia's Neoplatonism. Thus, the ultimate victory of rigidly enforced anti-pagan Christianity led to Hypatia's demise.
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An ancient, barbarous, counterfeit (ABC) coin purchased as Carthaginian, with an obverse capricor... more An ancient, barbarous, counterfeit (ABC) coin purchased as Carthaginian, with an obverse capricorn and reverse horse, is described, and its likely origin is investigated. Official coins that may have served as our coin's prototypes are surveyed with a focus on those because capricorns being much less common on coins than horses. Coin issuing cities, periods, fabrics, styles, sizes, weights, design details, inscriptions, and frequencies of occurrence are considered. We find that our coin was likely to have been made in early Roman times in the area surrounding ancient Sabratha, approximately in the area of western Syrtica or southern Byzacium.
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In accordance with long-established physical principles, and leaving aside considerations such as... more In accordance with long-established physical principles, and leaving aside considerations such as dark energy and the expansion of space, the galaxies could revolve in orbit around their common center of mass. This paper explores that hypothesis. We provide an estimate of the rate of rotation that would be consistent with a closed circular orbit, while recognizing that a lesser orbital velocity could lead to inward spiraling, and a greater velocity to outward spiraling. This paper also provides estimates of the maximum expanse of the population of galaxies, and of the potentially observable rate of their transverse movement. The precision of data as obtained by the Gaia spacecraft may be sufficient to provide evidence of galactic rotation.
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A new solution is offered to a difficulty posed by Homer’s Iliad: Hippothoos, the leader of Troy’... more A new solution is offered to a difficulty posed by Homer’s Iliad: Hippothoos, the leader of Troy’s Pelasgian allies, fought against the Greeks and died far from his home in Larissa. However, soldiers from the distant Larissas familiar to us fought not for the Trojans but for the Greeks, if they fought at all. The approach herein is a thorough survey of 18 known and likely Larissa locations, considering Homeric, mythological, archaeological, and numismatic evidence. This survey is followed by a systematic evaluation with regard to seven criteria. It appears likely that there may be two widely-separated Larissas of Hippothoos and his Pelasgians. The Larissa of Iliad 17 is probably in the Greek homeland, most likely on the river Peneios in Thessaly. The Larissa of Iliad 2 may well be in the eastern Balkans. The Balkan location is probably on Thrake’s coast of the Sea of Marmara, perhaps at the west of Mygdonia. An alternative location is the west coast of the Black Sea, somewhere around Naulochos, Moisia where a little-known Larissa was mentioned by Strabo.
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Much research since ancient times has sought to locate Odysseus’ Ithaca, described by Homer as be... more Much research since ancient times has sought to locate Odysseus’ Ithaca, described by Homer as being west of an island group. Numismatic evidence seems to have been largely neglected, even though it preserves mythology and traditions from the distant past. This paper surveys the coins of the most commonly accepted region of Ithaca, the islands of the Ionian Sea west of Greece. Minting began there in about 500 BC, less than three centuries after Homer’s composition of the Odyssey as we know it. Coins that illustrate gods, characters, and symbols are selected and ranked by the significance of their associations with Ithaca as described in the Odyssey. The results seem to support the location of Ithaca in the area of western Kephalonia.
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Coin Tells Story of Late Roman Empire: Valentinian III, Honoria, Attila, Petronius, Licinia, and ... more Coin Tells Story of Late Roman Empire: Valentinian III, Honoria, Attila, Petronius, Licinia, and Gaiseric
An unusual small bronze coin or nummus is presented and evaluated. The coin may be a Vandalic imitation of a type issued at Rome for Emperor Valentinian III after AD 434. As such, the coin appears to have interesting connections to historical events that involved Valentinian and several others of high rank. They include his successor Petronius Maximus, the Vandal king Gaiseric, and Licinia Eudoxia who was married to the two emperors and then taken to Carthage, spending seven years with the king. The portrait on the coin could be generic or could represent a ruler such as one of those in the coin’s story.
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Homer's Odyssey relates that Ithaca suffers from the long absence of King Odysseus, and from the ... more Homer's Odyssey relates that Ithaca suffers from the long absence of King Odysseus, and from the suitors who besiege Queen Penelope and plot to ambush and kill Prince Telemachus near the isle of Asteris. The locations of both Ithaca and to a much lesser extent Asteris have long been investigated but remain uncertain. In this paper, the author begins with his preferred location of Ithaca at modern Kefalonia, and proceeds to use various translations of passages in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey together with geographical information to support his view that modern Vardiani (rather than the alternative Argostoli peninsula) was the most likely place accepted by the ancients as being Asteris.
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Arab-Byzantine coinage typically refers to the issues between about AD 650 and 720, when familiar... more Arab-Byzantine coinage typically refers to the issues between about AD 650 and 720, when familiar Byzantine designs were copied by the early Muslims before they developed their own. This paper is about a much later “Arab-Byzantine” coin that does not seem to be listed in the most commonly used references on Byzantine or Islamic coins. The coin appears to have been copied by the Muslims around 1100 to 1150, during the age of the First and Second Crusades, a period of instability in the Arab world.
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Arab-Byzantine coinage typically refers to the issues between about AD 650 and 720, when familiar... more Arab-Byzantine coinage typically refers to the issues between about AD 650 and 720, when familiar Byzantine designs were copied by the early Muslims before they developed their own. This paper is about a much later “Arab-Byzantine” coin that does not seem to be listed in the most commonly used references on Byzantine or Islamic coins. The coin appears to have been copied by the Muslims around 1100 to 1150, during the age of the First and Second Crusades, a period of instability in the Arab world.
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A bronze coin dated to the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I the Great appears is of highly ... more A bronze coin dated to the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I the Great appears is of highly unusual appearance, and appears to be a contemporary imitation. Consideration of events subsequent to the coin’s date indicates a likelihood of its production during or not long after Byzantium’s wars against the Sasanians to the east or the Lombards to the west.
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This paper presents a survey of ancient Greek coins for appearances of the seldom seen goddesses ... more This paper presents a survey of ancient Greek coins for appearances of the seldom seen goddesses Iris and (not rare on Roman provincial coins) Leto. The emphasis is on mint locations that could reveal long histories of local mythology and worship. The locations range from the Greek homeland to Palestine, but most are in Asia Minor. Uncertainties of goddess identification are addressed, as are significant variations in design interpretations by different researchers.
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This paper presents a survey of archaic through early Classical Greek painted pottery for appeara... more This paper presents a survey of archaic through early Classical Greek painted pottery for appearances of the seldom seen goddesses Iris and Leto. Details that support identification of the two deities are noted and illustrated.
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This paper presents a survey of archaic and early Classical Greek sculpture for the first appeara... more This paper presents a survey of archaic and early Classical Greek sculpture for the first appearances of the seldom seen goddesses Iris and Leto. The results appear to indicate that the early messenger goddess Iris may have been confused with Nike at locations such as Delos and Delphi. On the other hand, the results provide a bit of confirmation that mother goddess Leto originated in southwestern Anatolia. However, attribution of the earliest Greek sculptures to specific deities remains uncertain.
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Iris and Leto are not as well-known as several of the other goddesses of ancient Greek mythology,... more Iris and Leto are not as well-known as several of the other goddesses of ancient Greek mythology, a situation which this paper is intended to help remedy. It provides geographical and other information, including city lists and a map, that may be useful for a variety of purposes including antiquity identification, interpretation, and dating.
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A small hoard of Celtic silver coins from the region of ancient southern Dacia, now southern Rom... more A small hoard of Celtic silver coins from the region of ancient southern Dacia, now southern Romania, reveals two different and interesting characteristics. The first is the apparent use of different designs, catalogued as separate types and series by CCCBM Vol. I, to indicate different denominations in the circulating group. The second is the occurrence on several of the coins of a monogram, a rare item on eastern Celtic coins, possibly used to represent the horse’s rider.
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Experts have recently reported false bronze nummi with large reverse monograms of late Roman Impe... more Experts have recently reported false bronze nummi with large reverse monograms of late Roman Imperial and Ostrogothic leaders. The experts include Alain Gennari and other members of Lamoneta.it, but not the present author. He is simply presenting this supplement to his paper “The Ricimer Monogram with Its Mysterious Additional A” and informing readers about the likelihood of spurious pieces thought to be of modern Serbian origin. His previous paper presented two Ricimer pieces, and here he presents two pieces with monograms interpreted as Eraric’s by some sources, but as mere fantasies by others. Some disagreement regarding authenticity appears to remain among some experts and dealers.
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Homer's Odyssey relates how the Mycenaean island of Ithaca suffers from the long absence of King ... more Homer's Odyssey relates how the Mycenaean island of Ithaca suffers from the long absence of King Odysseus or Ulysses. Suitors seek his throne, beleaguer Queen Penelope, and plot to ambush and kill heir-apparent Prince Telemachos near the island of Asteris. Homeric Ithaca's location is uncertain but is suggested by ancient coins of Krani and Pali to be on the Paliki peninsula of modern Kefalonia, Cephallenia, etc. This Ithaca can be reached by sailing into the Argostoli channel or strait. Based on this premise, we use many clues in the Odyssey to evaluate five ambush island candidates for Asteris. The result is that Vardiani Island off the south shore of Paliki is the best candidate. Dionisi Island and Paliostafida Bay and Beach appear next-best but have problematical deficiencies.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
“Thymbra” Coin Investigation by Numismatic Dispersion Modeling Robert M. Cutler, October 2023 ... more “Thymbra” Coin Investigation by
Numismatic Dispersion Modeling
Robert M. Cutler, October 2023
Abstract
Some scarce ancient Greek bronze coins inscribed with the apparent ethnic theta upsilon (ThY) have long been attributed to Thymbra mentioned in Homer‘s Iliad and believed to be in Troas. However, we now recognize that these coins have not been found in the Troad, but near the ancient Mysian ruins of Pergamon at modern Bergama in Turkey. Three ancient cities there, whose names began with theta upsilon, were considered as possible mints by Lenger, who chose Thyessos. The present paper extends his work by considering several additional cities. It also describes the development, validation and application of a simple numismatic dispersion model based on a coin census and transport times from their mints to Pergamon. The results point strongly to the likelihood of a Pergamene theta upsilon mint, conceivably named Thymbra.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Mysterious Symbol on a Hierax-Era Cyzicus Coin Robert M. Cutler, May 2023 An ancient bronze coi... more Mysterious Symbol on a Hierax-Era Cyzicus Coin
Robert M. Cutler, May 2023
An ancient bronze coin with a mysterious symbol long eluded definite and detailed attribution. Although many mints were considered, it appeared to be most closely related to Propontic or Seleucid types. The coin was eventually determined to be an issue of Cyzicus in northern Mysia with an unusually interesting monogram. It may be tentatively dated to the second century BC, perhaps around the end of Antiochus Hierax’s rebellion. More speculatively, might the coin’s monogram be interpreted as preserving rare numismatic evidence of local mythology, such as the native Doliones’ encounters with Jason and the Argonauts?
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The Bible story in which Jesus is asked if a tribute coin should be "rendered unto Caesar" has re... more The Bible story in which Jesus is asked if a tribute coin should be "rendered unto Caesar" has resulted in many interpretations and ideas about the coin's type. Most commonly, the "Tribute Penny" has been taken to be a very common undated denarius of Roman Emperor Tiberius. However, these coins were minted in Gaul, now France, far away from Jesus in Jerusalem where such coins are found only rarely. Furthermore, about 80% of those denarii marketed as "Tribute Pennies" cannot be shown to have existed during Jesus's lifetime. In this paper, many alternative coin types minted in Rome's provinces are evaluated based on their compositions, designs, dates, frequencies of occurrence and mint distances from Jerusalem. The best candidates for further consideration are identified as having been minted in the ancient middle east at Alexandria, Antioch,
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This paper traces the late ancient coinage of Egyptian Alexandria, the home of the influential Ne... more This paper traces the late ancient coinage of Egyptian Alexandria, the home of the influential Neoplatonistic philosopher Hypatia. The coins name and depict the Eastern Roman Empire's rulers, reflecting their roles in the establishment of Christianity and efforts to eradicate paganism. Though most rulers were emperors, some empresses also exerted power during the conflict. Hypatia, though not a ruler, was a highly sophisticated and influential woman who would have been able to see evidence on her coins of evolving Christian-pagan tensions. Unfortunately, paganism was often confounded with Hypatia's Neoplatonism. Thus, the ultimate victory of rigidly enforced anti-pagan Christianity led to Hypatia's demise.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
An ancient, barbarous, counterfeit (ABC) coin purchased as Carthaginian, with an obverse capricor... more An ancient, barbarous, counterfeit (ABC) coin purchased as Carthaginian, with an obverse capricorn and reverse horse, is described, and its likely origin is investigated. Official coins that may have served as our coin's prototypes are surveyed with a focus on those because capricorns being much less common on coins than horses. Coin issuing cities, periods, fabrics, styles, sizes, weights, design details, inscriptions, and frequencies of occurrence are considered. We find that our coin was likely to have been made in early Roman times in the area surrounding ancient Sabratha, approximately in the area of western Syrtica or southern Byzacium.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
In accordance with long-established physical principles, and leaving aside considerations such as... more In accordance with long-established physical principles, and leaving aside considerations such as dark energy and the expansion of space, the galaxies could revolve in orbit around their common center of mass. This paper explores that hypothesis. We provide an estimate of the rate of rotation that would be consistent with a closed circular orbit, while recognizing that a lesser orbital velocity could lead to inward spiraling, and a greater velocity to outward spiraling. This paper also provides estimates of the maximum expanse of the population of galaxies, and of the potentially observable rate of their transverse movement. The precision of data as obtained by the Gaia spacecraft may be sufficient to provide evidence of galactic rotation.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
A new solution is offered to a difficulty posed by Homer’s Iliad: Hippothoos, the leader of Troy’... more A new solution is offered to a difficulty posed by Homer’s Iliad: Hippothoos, the leader of Troy’s Pelasgian allies, fought against the Greeks and died far from his home in Larissa. However, soldiers from the distant Larissas familiar to us fought not for the Trojans but for the Greeks, if they fought at all. The approach herein is a thorough survey of 18 known and likely Larissa locations, considering Homeric, mythological, archaeological, and numismatic evidence. This survey is followed by a systematic evaluation with regard to seven criteria. It appears likely that there may be two widely-separated Larissas of Hippothoos and his Pelasgians. The Larissa of Iliad 17 is probably in the Greek homeland, most likely on the river Peneios in Thessaly. The Larissa of Iliad 2 may well be in the eastern Balkans. The Balkan location is probably on Thrake’s coast of the Sea of Marmara, perhaps at the west of Mygdonia. An alternative location is the west coast of the Black Sea, somewhere around Naulochos, Moisia where a little-known Larissa was mentioned by Strabo.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Much research since ancient times has sought to locate Odysseus’ Ithaca, described by Homer as be... more Much research since ancient times has sought to locate Odysseus’ Ithaca, described by Homer as being west of an island group. Numismatic evidence seems to have been largely neglected, even though it preserves mythology and traditions from the distant past. This paper surveys the coins of the most commonly accepted region of Ithaca, the islands of the Ionian Sea west of Greece. Minting began there in about 500 BC, less than three centuries after Homer’s composition of the Odyssey as we know it. Coins that illustrate gods, characters, and symbols are selected and ranked by the significance of their associations with Ithaca as described in the Odyssey. The results seem to support the location of Ithaca in the area of western Kephalonia.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Coin Tells Story of Late Roman Empire: Valentinian III, Honoria, Attila, Petronius, Licinia, and ... more Coin Tells Story of Late Roman Empire: Valentinian III, Honoria, Attila, Petronius, Licinia, and Gaiseric
An unusual small bronze coin or nummus is presented and evaluated. The coin may be a Vandalic imitation of a type issued at Rome for Emperor Valentinian III after AD 434. As such, the coin appears to have interesting connections to historical events that involved Valentinian and several others of high rank. They include his successor Petronius Maximus, the Vandal king Gaiseric, and Licinia Eudoxia who was married to the two emperors and then taken to Carthage, spending seven years with the king. The portrait on the coin could be generic or could represent a ruler such as one of those in the coin’s story.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Homer's Odyssey relates that Ithaca suffers from the long absence of King Odysseus, and from the ... more Homer's Odyssey relates that Ithaca suffers from the long absence of King Odysseus, and from the suitors who besiege Queen Penelope and plot to ambush and kill Prince Telemachus near the isle of Asteris. The locations of both Ithaca and to a much lesser extent Asteris have long been investigated but remain uncertain. In this paper, the author begins with his preferred location of Ithaca at modern Kefalonia, and proceeds to use various translations of passages in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey together with geographical information to support his view that modern Vardiani (rather than the alternative Argostoli peninsula) was the most likely place accepted by the ancients as being Asteris.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Arab-Byzantine coinage typically refers to the issues between about AD 650 and 720, when familiar... more Arab-Byzantine coinage typically refers to the issues between about AD 650 and 720, when familiar Byzantine designs were copied by the early Muslims before they developed their own. This paper is about a much later “Arab-Byzantine” coin that does not seem to be listed in the most commonly used references on Byzantine or Islamic coins. The coin appears to have been copied by the Muslims around 1100 to 1150, during the age of the First and Second Crusades, a period of instability in the Arab world.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Arab-Byzantine coinage typically refers to the issues between about AD 650 and 720, when familiar... more Arab-Byzantine coinage typically refers to the issues between about AD 650 and 720, when familiar Byzantine designs were copied by the early Muslims before they developed their own. This paper is about a much later “Arab-Byzantine” coin that does not seem to be listed in the most commonly used references on Byzantine or Islamic coins. The coin appears to have been copied by the Muslims around 1100 to 1150, during the age of the First and Second Crusades, a period of instability in the Arab world.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
A bronze coin dated to the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I the Great appears is of highly ... more A bronze coin dated to the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I the Great appears is of highly unusual appearance, and appears to be a contemporary imitation. Consideration of events subsequent to the coin’s date indicates a likelihood of its production during or not long after Byzantium’s wars against the Sasanians to the east or the Lombards to the west.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This paper presents a survey of ancient Greek coins for appearances of the seldom seen goddesses ... more This paper presents a survey of ancient Greek coins for appearances of the seldom seen goddesses Iris and (not rare on Roman provincial coins) Leto. The emphasis is on mint locations that could reveal long histories of local mythology and worship. The locations range from the Greek homeland to Palestine, but most are in Asia Minor. Uncertainties of goddess identification are addressed, as are significant variations in design interpretations by different researchers.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This paper presents a survey of archaic through early Classical Greek painted pottery for appeara... more This paper presents a survey of archaic through early Classical Greek painted pottery for appearances of the seldom seen goddesses Iris and Leto. Details that support identification of the two deities are noted and illustrated.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
This paper presents a survey of archaic and early Classical Greek sculpture for the first appeara... more This paper presents a survey of archaic and early Classical Greek sculpture for the first appearances of the seldom seen goddesses Iris and Leto. The results appear to indicate that the early messenger goddess Iris may have been confused with Nike at locations such as Delos and Delphi. On the other hand, the results provide a bit of confirmation that mother goddess Leto originated in southwestern Anatolia. However, attribution of the earliest Greek sculptures to specific deities remains uncertain.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Iris and Leto are not as well-known as several of the other goddesses of ancient Greek mythology,... more Iris and Leto are not as well-known as several of the other goddesses of ancient Greek mythology, a situation which this paper is intended to help remedy. It provides geographical and other information, including city lists and a map, that may be useful for a variety of purposes including antiquity identification, interpretation, and dating.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
A small hoard of Celtic silver coins from the region of ancient southern Dacia, now southern Rom... more A small hoard of Celtic silver coins from the region of ancient southern Dacia, now southern Romania, reveals two different and interesting characteristics. The first is the apparent use of different designs, catalogued as separate types and series by CCCBM Vol. I, to indicate different denominations in the circulating group. The second is the occurrence on several of the coins of a monogram, a rare item on eastern Celtic coins, possibly used to represent the horse’s rider.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Experts have recently reported false bronze nummi with large reverse monograms of late Roman Impe... more Experts have recently reported false bronze nummi with large reverse monograms of late Roman Imperial and Ostrogothic leaders. The experts include Alain Gennari and other members of Lamoneta.it, but not the present author. He is simply presenting this supplement to his paper “The Ricimer Monogram with Its Mysterious Additional A” and informing readers about the likelihood of spurious pieces thought to be of modern Serbian origin. His previous paper presented two Ricimer pieces, and here he presents two pieces with monograms interpreted as Eraric’s by some sources, but as mere fantasies by others. Some disagreement regarding authenticity appears to remain among some experts and dealers.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact