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Papers by Tom Strong
Springer eBooks, 2021
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Theory & Psychology, Feb 23, 2021
Jack Martin’s memoir of his career as an academic psychologist narrates a changing relationship w... more Jack Martin’s memoir of his career as an academic psychologist narrates a changing relationship with psychological science over almost five decades. His academic journey began in the then-promising thinking and methods of behavioral psychology, and culminates in his current interests in psychobiography and studying persons’ lives in context. This is an autobiography of personal and scientific transformation through Martin’s changing engagements with psychology’s ideas and research methodologies. As the opening quotation of this review states, this is an academic’s story of becoming disengaged then reengaged in psychological scholarship. Following a decade when the natural sciences delivered spectacular accomplishments like moon landings, the still-promising social sciences seemed to lag behind in changing the world (Shapin, 2008). Psychological science in the early 1970s almost exclusively used generalizing concepts and methods to arrive at normative understandings that could inform educational, therapeutic, and human relations practice. Initially enchanted by psychology’s potentials, Martin undertook a Skinnerian analysis of undergraduate students’ interactive behaviours in educational and group therapy contexts. In a view he holds to this day, “if something important is going on, it should be made as clear and obvious as possible” (p. 20). What became increasingly evident in examining human interactions was that, while he could identify statistically significant group differences, understanding individuals as personal or moral agents was not possible using the conventional psychological concepts and research methods of the day. I have known and worked with Jack Martin over the last 20 years, having previously reviewed an earlier book of his (Strong, 2000), and having recently contributed a volume to a book series he was editing (Strong, 2017). I also recently retired from academic life, and Martin’s professional academic contexts, as well as his conceptual and 995580 TAP0010.1177/0959354321995580Theory & PsychologyBook Review review-article2021
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Family Process, Apr 11, 2023
Collaborative‐dialogic approaches to family therapy advise therapists to take a position of clien... more Collaborative‐dialogic approaches to family therapy advise therapists to take a position of client‐as‐expert and promote an equality of multiple perspectives. This has led to debates about how to conceptualize power in dialogical therapies with scholars theorizing and researching power as social and negotiated through interaction. We aimed to understand power in dialogical therapy through reviewing discursive research on therapeutic conversations. We performed a systematic search of bibliographical databases PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL. We reviewed the findings from 18 studies utilizing discursive analyses of collaborative‐dialogical therapy sessions and examined their findings in relation to power within interactions. We found a strong focus on the practices of the therapist rather than on those of the client. The therapist was presented as a catalyst of dialogue using minimal and active responses to promote dialogical conversations. Therapists also utilized power in response to broader institutional and social demands that may not be consistent with some interpretations of dialogical therapy. We consider practice implications where the exercise of power to direct a session facilitates dialogical interactions.
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Social Justice and Counseling
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Embodied Relating and Transformation, 2015
I’ve come to know more about my own voice through writing this work. I seem to be transfixed in t... more I’ve come to know more about my own voice through writing this work. I seem to be transfixed in the writing process at times, swept away as if on a wave, my fingers struggling to type faster and faster still, trying to capture a thought, idea, or feeling. It is through listening to the voices of others that I’ve been able to connect to my own beliefs and philosophies.
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During the last group session together, Sue read a story about two young girls who became separat... more During the last group session together, Sue read a story about two young girls who became separated from their beloved horses after leaving their farm and embarking on an adventure. While the girls were gone, they were able maintain a connection to their horses through “heart strings,” invisible threads of emotion and memory running from each girl to her horse.
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The remembering and transformational capacities of our bodies point to the many ways that we are ... more The remembering and transformational capacities of our bodies point to the many ways that we are dialogically intertwined with the world, always in the midst of response and responding. Merleau-Ponty (1962, 1964, 1968) advanced this by positing our bodies as the seat of all human experience. His revolutionary line of thought provides a counter to the philosophical proposition “I think, therefor I am” from Descartes’ Principles of Philosophy (1644).
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In this research we relied on the tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology to guide us in the facil... more In this research we relied on the tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology to guide us in the facilitation of our EFC groups, participant interviews, and the resulting stories created with the women who took part. This approach is much more than a way to conduct qualitative research, it is a philosophy with a rich and detailed history, one that fits well for exploring the corporeal, first-hand accounts that interest us as researchers and practitioners.
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Transgressions, 2015
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Springer eBooks, 2017
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Springer eBooks, 2018
In this chapter, we link ethical practice and discursive theory and research and introduce discur... more In this chapter, we link ethical practice and discursive theory and research and introduce discursive ethics of practice as a therapeutic concept and orientation embedded within a postmodern or discursive worldview. Central to our discursive view of ethical practice is an empirical focus on how therapist and client negotiate the meanings and conversational process. A discursive perspective helps situate collaboration in social interaction and envision it as a joint and context-bound accomplishment of clients and therapists. We explore the conversational practices of therapists co-constructing meaning and using their expertise collaboratively with clients. We conclude with implications of discursive ethics for therapy practice.
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Este trabalho apresenta a visao de que clientes, terapeutas e pesquisadores orientados a pratica ... more Este trabalho apresenta a visao de que clientes, terapeutas e pesquisadores orientados a pratica podem compartilhar um interesse comum ao se voltar as inquietacoes humanas como formas de investigacao. Esta orientacao de pesquisa ativa voltada as preocupacoes humanas deriva, em parte, da abordagem de Andersen aos problemas pessoais e de relacionamento enquanto nascidos de “dialogos paralisados”. Portanto, o papel do terapeuta e pesquisador orientado a pratica e, alternativamente, engajar seus clientes em novas formas de investigacao dialogica. Quatro palavras sao oferecidas para guiar conceitualmente como tais investigacoes dialogicas podem ser otimizadas de forma a animar clientes, terapeutas e pesquisadores.
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International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 2021
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Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 2018
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Theory & Psychology, 2019
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The Palgrave Handbook of Child Mental Health
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PsycEXTRA Dataset
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Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Springer eBooks, 2021
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Theory & Psychology, Feb 23, 2021
Jack Martin’s memoir of his career as an academic psychologist narrates a changing relationship w... more Jack Martin’s memoir of his career as an academic psychologist narrates a changing relationship with psychological science over almost five decades. His academic journey began in the then-promising thinking and methods of behavioral psychology, and culminates in his current interests in psychobiography and studying persons’ lives in context. This is an autobiography of personal and scientific transformation through Martin’s changing engagements with psychology’s ideas and research methodologies. As the opening quotation of this review states, this is an academic’s story of becoming disengaged then reengaged in psychological scholarship. Following a decade when the natural sciences delivered spectacular accomplishments like moon landings, the still-promising social sciences seemed to lag behind in changing the world (Shapin, 2008). Psychological science in the early 1970s almost exclusively used generalizing concepts and methods to arrive at normative understandings that could inform educational, therapeutic, and human relations practice. Initially enchanted by psychology’s potentials, Martin undertook a Skinnerian analysis of undergraduate students’ interactive behaviours in educational and group therapy contexts. In a view he holds to this day, “if something important is going on, it should be made as clear and obvious as possible” (p. 20). What became increasingly evident in examining human interactions was that, while he could identify statistically significant group differences, understanding individuals as personal or moral agents was not possible using the conventional psychological concepts and research methods of the day. I have known and worked with Jack Martin over the last 20 years, having previously reviewed an earlier book of his (Strong, 2000), and having recently contributed a volume to a book series he was editing (Strong, 2017). I also recently retired from academic life, and Martin’s professional academic contexts, as well as his conceptual and 995580 TAP0010.1177/0959354321995580Theory & PsychologyBook Review review-article2021
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Family Process, Apr 11, 2023
Collaborative‐dialogic approaches to family therapy advise therapists to take a position of clien... more Collaborative‐dialogic approaches to family therapy advise therapists to take a position of client‐as‐expert and promote an equality of multiple perspectives. This has led to debates about how to conceptualize power in dialogical therapies with scholars theorizing and researching power as social and negotiated through interaction. We aimed to understand power in dialogical therapy through reviewing discursive research on therapeutic conversations. We performed a systematic search of bibliographical databases PsycINFO, PubMed, and CINAHL. We reviewed the findings from 18 studies utilizing discursive analyses of collaborative‐dialogical therapy sessions and examined their findings in relation to power within interactions. We found a strong focus on the practices of the therapist rather than on those of the client. The therapist was presented as a catalyst of dialogue using minimal and active responses to promote dialogical conversations. Therapists also utilized power in response to broader institutional and social demands that may not be consistent with some interpretations of dialogical therapy. We consider practice implications where the exercise of power to direct a session facilitates dialogical interactions.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Social Justice and Counseling
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Embodied Relating and Transformation, 2015
I’ve come to know more about my own voice through writing this work. I seem to be transfixed in t... more I’ve come to know more about my own voice through writing this work. I seem to be transfixed in the writing process at times, swept away as if on a wave, my fingers struggling to type faster and faster still, trying to capture a thought, idea, or feeling. It is through listening to the voices of others that I’ve been able to connect to my own beliefs and philosophies.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
During the last group session together, Sue read a story about two young girls who became separat... more During the last group session together, Sue read a story about two young girls who became separated from their beloved horses after leaving their farm and embarking on an adventure. While the girls were gone, they were able maintain a connection to their horses through “heart strings,” invisible threads of emotion and memory running from each girl to her horse.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The remembering and transformational capacities of our bodies point to the many ways that we are ... more The remembering and transformational capacities of our bodies point to the many ways that we are dialogically intertwined with the world, always in the midst of response and responding. Merleau-Ponty (1962, 1964, 1968) advanced this by positing our bodies as the seat of all human experience. His revolutionary line of thought provides a counter to the philosophical proposition “I think, therefor I am” from Descartes’ Principles of Philosophy (1644).
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
In this research we relied on the tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology to guide us in the facil... more In this research we relied on the tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology to guide us in the facilitation of our EFC groups, participant interviews, and the resulting stories created with the women who took part. This approach is much more than a way to conduct qualitative research, it is a philosophy with a rich and detailed history, one that fits well for exploring the corporeal, first-hand accounts that interest us as researchers and practitioners.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Transgressions, 2015
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Springer eBooks, 2017
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Springer eBooks, 2018
In this chapter, we link ethical practice and discursive theory and research and introduce discur... more In this chapter, we link ethical practice and discursive theory and research and introduce discursive ethics of practice as a therapeutic concept and orientation embedded within a postmodern or discursive worldview. Central to our discursive view of ethical practice is an empirical focus on how therapist and client negotiate the meanings and conversational process. A discursive perspective helps situate collaboration in social interaction and envision it as a joint and context-bound accomplishment of clients and therapists. We explore the conversational practices of therapists co-constructing meaning and using their expertise collaboratively with clients. We conclude with implications of discursive ethics for therapy practice.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Este trabalho apresenta a visao de que clientes, terapeutas e pesquisadores orientados a pratica ... more Este trabalho apresenta a visao de que clientes, terapeutas e pesquisadores orientados a pratica podem compartilhar um interesse comum ao se voltar as inquietacoes humanas como formas de investigacao. Esta orientacao de pesquisa ativa voltada as preocupacoes humanas deriva, em parte, da abordagem de Andersen aos problemas pessoais e de relacionamento enquanto nascidos de “dialogos paralisados”. Portanto, o papel do terapeuta e pesquisador orientado a pratica e, alternativamente, engajar seus clientes em novas formas de investigacao dialogica. Quatro palavras sao oferecidas para guiar conceitualmente como tais investigacoes dialogicas podem ser otimizadas de forma a animar clientes, terapeutas e pesquisadores.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 2021
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 2018
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Theory & Psychology, 2019
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
The Palgrave Handbook of Child Mental Health
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
PsycEXTRA Dataset
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
In counselling and psychology, scholars have pointed out the need for clinicians to develop cultu... more In counselling and psychology, scholars have pointed out the need for clinicians to develop cultural sensitivity and awareness for their work with clients (e.g., Arthur & Collins, 2010; Daniel, 2012; Rober, 2012). The multicultural movement in counselling has importantly highlighted how non-dominant cultural groups were misrepresented by psychology researchers and practitioners in the past, and invited counsellors to develop cultural awareness in their work with clients (e.g., Arthur & Collins, 2010). In this chapter, we invite readers to take another step forward and explore with us how clients and counsellors can get beyond taken for granted cultural stereotypes. We invite counsellors to better recognize the relevance of cultural identities and practices (including their own), especially for how tensions arising from cultural differences are generated, maintained, and dealt with in relationships. In particular, we are interested in how counsellors can facilitate clients’ preferred cultural ways of being that may otherwise remain invisible. In this chapter, we focus on how therapists can stay ethically attuned to clients’ cultural ways of being and relating through how they respond to clients’ linguistic and nonverbal responses to them.
We will first briefly review how intercultural dialogue has been historically understood in psychology, and then share how it is understood from our social constructionist standpoint. We discuss how social constructionist understandings and related conversational practices can help therapists ethically engage clients in culturally inclusive and responsive ways, in line with Principle I of the Code (CPA, 2000). Next, we show clinical examples of how cultural differences are worked out in counselling conversations through the words and ways of talking used by counsellors in intercultural dialogues with clients. Finally, we offer reflective questions that may be helpful to enhancing how cultural differences are recognized and negotiated in intercultural dialogues.
1. Sametband, I., Strong, T., & Dada, G. (in press). Ethics in Intercultural Dialogue. In M.A. Bisson & Roughley, R. (Eds.). Counselling Ethics from the Margins. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association.
Ines Sametband - first Author
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Despite the growing interest on making clinical practice accountable, research on how specific co... more Despite the growing interest on making clinical practice accountable, research on how specific components of professional competence are relevant in actual training/supervision practice is as yet unspecified. This study explores this dynamic aspect of professional supervision. Three supervisory dyads, composed by an experienced supervisor and a doctoral counselling psychology student were used in the study. A qualitative, ethnomethodology-informed design was used to discursively analyze 16 significant episodes (SEs) in actual supervision meetings. This was complimented by 16 follow-up interviews. Three interpretative repertoires – “ideals” – influencing participants’ accounting practices were identified: efficacy, responsiveness, and authenticity. The article discusses how structural (competency-based) and dynamic (practice-based) approaches to accountability can be combined to guide the appraisal of relevant professional competencies.
Keywords: Accountability, Professional Competence, Clinical Supervision, Supervision Process.
Joaquin Gaete Silva - first author
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In this chapter I approach interpersonal neurobiology and its applications to a collaborative psy... more In this chapter I approach interpersonal neurobiology and its applications to a collaborative psychotherapy as an emergent yet influential discourse of practice. Neuroscience discourse, for me, refers to science-informed understandings and practices that privilege the mind (often understood as the brain) as the primary seat of human action and understanding, extended to include the interpersonal neurobiology of Daniel Siegel (2012). The promises of neuroscience got President Obama’s financial backing and advocacy (2013), while attracting a considerable critical response (e.g., Busso & Pollack, 2015; Rose & Abi-Rached, 2013). Though still at a kind of frontier, “brain-based” learning (e.g., Busso & Pollack, 2015) and therapy (e.g., Beaudoin & Zimmerman, 2011; Cozolino & Santos, 2014; Schore, 2012) have become common and publicly accepted applications of neuroscience discourse.
To be published as 2 Neuroscience discourse and the collaborative therapies? In J. Duvall & M-N Beaudoin, Eds., Collaborative therapy and interpersonal neurobiology: Evolving Practices. London, UK: Routledge
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While many influences inform the writing of John Shotter, in this chapter I take up one particula... more While many influences inform the writing of John Shotter, in this chapter I take up one particular influence on Shotter's work: the writing of Hubert Dreyfus. It was Dreyfus' 1967 article, "Must computers have bodies in order to be intelligent" that contributed to a change in Shotter's research orientation: from an interest in a technologically focused approach to language learning, to a much less mechanistic, more dialogical approach to learning most readers would commonly associate with Shotter. In this chapter, I juxtapose technological and artificial intelligence developments, up to their smartphone and friendly robot applications, with the relationally embodied views articulated by Dreyfus, and partly adapted by Shotter. My aim is to invite contrasts between these relationally embodied views given recent potentials foretold by advocates for artificial intelligence and 'smart' technological applications.
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