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Papers by alain verbeke

Research paper thumbnail of Iame & WCTR 2001

International Journal of Maritime Economics, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Multinational Enterprises, Markets and Institutional Diversity

Progress in International Business Research, 2014

This research volume in honour of the late Daniel Van Den Bulcke, one of the founding fathers of ... more This research volume in honour of the late Daniel Van Den Bulcke, one of the founding fathers of the European Business Academy

Research paper thumbnail of Environmental regulations and the global strategies of multinational enterprises

Coping with Globalization, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of The NAFTA Effect: Multinational Enterprises in Canada

Research paper thumbnail of Progress in international business research

Progress in International Business Research, 2008

Volume 2: Foreign Direct investment, location and competitivenessedited by John H. Dunning and ph... more Volume 2: Foreign Direct investment, location and competitivenessedited by John H. Dunning and philippe Gugler Volume 3: new perspectives in international Business research-edited by Maryann p. Feldman and Grazia D. santangelo Volume 4: research on Knowledge, innovation and internationalizationedited by Jorma larimo and tia Vissak Volume 5: reshaping the Boundaries of the Firm in an era of Global interdependence-edited by José pla-Barber and Joaquín alegre Volume 6: entrepreneurship in the Global Firm-edited by alain Verbeke, ana teresa tavares-lehmann and rob van tulder Volume 7: new policy challenges for european Mnes-edited by rob van tulder, alain Verbeke and liviu Voinea Volume 8: international Business and sustainable Development-edited by rob van tulder, alain Verbeke and roger strange Volume 9: Multinational enterprises, Markets and institutional Diversity-edited by alain Verbeke, rob Van tulder and sarianna lundan Voume 10: the Future of Global organizing-edited by rob van tulder, alain Verbeke and rian Drogendijk Volume 11: the challenge of Bric Multinationals-edited by rob van tulder, alain Verbeke, Jorge carneiro and Maria alejandra Gonzalez-perez

Research paper thumbnail of Actionable and enduring implications of Oliver Williamson’s transaction cost theory

Journal of International Business Studies

the humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interactions. They... more the humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interactions. They consist of both informal constraints (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions and codes of conduct), and formal rules (constitutions, laws, property rights). There are three main reasons why macro-level institutions matter for IBS research. First, institutions co-determine locational strengths, in addition to natural factor endowments and attractive geographic positioning. In the IBS literature, locational strengths are sometimes called country-specific advantages (CSAs), but they

Research paper thumbnail of Actionable guidelines to improve ‘theory-related’ contributions to international business research

Journal of International Business Studies

Research paper thumbnail of The long-term energy transition and multinational enterprise complexity: A BJM–JIBS Joint Initiative

Journal of International Business Studies

that JIBS and BJM develop a Joint Initiative on long-term energy transition (LTE transition). The... more that JIBS and BJM develop a Joint Initiative on long-term energy transition (LTE transition). The JIBS Editors and I enthusiastically agreed to work with the BJM on this initiative, especially because of JIBS' new strategy to publish highquality work addressing big questions and grand challenges in international business (IB) (Buckley, Doh, & Benischke, 2017). Erin Bass and Birgitte Grøgaard accepted the lead roles in assessing manuscripts and guiding these toward acceptance by JIBS. Four years later, both JIBS and the BJM are in a position to publish simultaneously two sets of excellent articles on the grand societal and business challenge of the LTE transition. These papers demonstrate that IB-oriented research offers distinct intellectual value to the description and assessment of the LTE transition currently underway in the global economic system. IB-oriented research is different from other types of scholarship in two important respects. First, this research offers insight into how macro-level governance mechanisms, including regulations and other types of external pressures, can affect the behaviour of firms across geographic and industry space. Several high-quality papers in the BJM portion of the Joint Initiative with JIBS address this first issue (

Research paper thumbnail of The Full Canvas: Exploring the Bright and Dark Sides of International Business Strategy

Contributions to Management Science

Research paper thumbnail of Small Nations in the Global Economy: An Overview

Handbook on Small Nations in the Global Economy, 2009

This unique, extensive Handbook illustrates that multinational enterprises can contribute substan... more This unique, extensive Handbook illustrates that multinational enterprises can contribute substantially to the competitive advantage of small countries. It advances the notion that small nations increasingly need to rely on both home-grown and foreign multinational enterprises to achieve domestic economic success in industries characterized by international competition.

Research paper thumbnail of Empirical estimation of the final destination of goods imported through the major European gateways

Research paper thumbnail of Third World Multinationals – Then and Now

Progress in International Business Research, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Conclusion. The true foundations of global corporate success

International Business Strategy

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond The Diamond

Research in Global Strategic Management, 1995

Strategic management and institutional dynamics - a global perspective the dynamics of national c... more Strategic management and institutional dynamics - a global perspective the dynamics of national competitive advantage - methodological perspectives strategic management and institutional dynamics - the role of government strategic management and institutional dynamics - the EU after 1992.

Research paper thumbnail of The Not So Brilliant Future of International Cartels

Management and Organization Review, 2021

Buckley and Casson (2021) (further denoted as B&C) deliver a veritable tour de force in their... more Buckley and Casson (2021) (further denoted as B&C) deliver a veritable tour de force in their comprehensive overview of cartel characteristics and functioning. Their article is a pedagogical masterpiece that synthesizes a large number of perspectives on the motivations for cartel formation and the outcomes thereof. In essence, B&C make three points about cartels, namely that they: (1) have been very significant historically; (2) remain poorly understood (especially given the narrow scope of most studies in specialized disciplines); and (3) will gain in importance in the near future as a governance tool to overcome international political risk. The second and third points are interrelated because, as we will show, adopting B&C’s proposed broad scope of what should be considered a cartel, would increase the likelihood of cartels being chosen as the preferred governance mode in international business. The historical significance of cartels is undisputed, but it may be instructive to subject the above second and third points to a critical analysis. We will provide such analysis in the three main sections of this article. First, when defining cartels, it is important in our view to start from commonly used definitions and to adopt a governance lens if the purpose of the analysis is to compare the benefits of a cartel with those of alternative contractual arrangements. If scholars deviate from commonly accepted definitions, as B&C do (see below), this may unintentionally muddy the waters rather than providing needed clarity. Second, when adopting a broad definition of what constitutes a cartel, as B&C do, it is unsurprising that one would conclude cartels will gain in importance in the future. But when defining cartels more narrowly, the standard comparative institutional assessment can be made as to when cartels are more likely to prevail as compared to other governance arrangements. Here, two alternative governance

Research paper thumbnail of Will the COVID‐19 Pandemic Really Change the Governance of Global Value Chains?

British Journal of Management, 2020

Professor of International Business Strategy, McCaig Chair in Management, Haskayne School of Busi... more Professor of International Business Strategy, McCaig Chair in Management, Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada, Inaugural Alan M. Rugman Memorial Fellow, Henley Business School, University of Reading, United Kingdom, and Adjunct Professor, Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium Corresponding author email: alain.verbeke@haskayne.ucalgary.ca

Research paper thumbnail of Celebrating 50 Years of JIBS: Anniversary Issue and Medal Awardees

Journal of International Business Studies, 2019

relevance to management and policy, and introduces new insight for better and bolder IB research ... more relevance to management and policy, and introduces new insight for better and bolder IB research in the years to come. The Anniversary Issue includes: three Perspectives, four regular articles, two research notes, and a Point-Counterpoint initiative. The lead Perspective, authored by Li, Chen, Yi, Mao and Liao (2019), addresses the importance of a novel concept in international business (IB) theorizing: ecosystem-specific advantages. This concept is a critical addition to those already established. The concepts of firm-specific advantage (FSA) and country-specific advantage (CSA) have represented a cornerstone of modern multinational enterprise (MNE) theorizing for many decades. Scholars often deploy these concepts in their research and teaching through using some version of the FSA-CSA matrix (

Research paper thumbnail of Internalization, International Diversification and the Multinational Enterprise: Essays in Honor of Alan M. Rugman

Research in Global Strategic Management, 2005

Part A: Alan Rugman as Eminent Scholar of the Academy of Management's International Managemen... more Part A: Alan Rugman as Eminent Scholar of the Academy of Management's International Management Division. Cave! Hic Dragones! Alan M. Rugman's Contributions to the Field of International Business. (L. Eden). The MNE's Spatial Positioning. (B.M. Wolf). Part B: The 25th Anniversary of "International Diversification and the Multinational Enterprise". Rugman and the Geography of MNE Activity. (J.H. Dunning). Financial and Non-Financial Theories of International Diversification. (J. Cantwell). Internalization Theory and the International DiversificationPerformance Conundrum. (J-F. Hennart). Part C: Extending Alan Rugman's Work on Regional Strategies and the Environment. Regional Strategy and Performance in the Global Automotive Industry. (A. Verbeke, P. Brugman). Regional and Global Strategies in the Intercontinental Passenger Airline Industry: The Rise of Alliance Specific Advantages. (A. Verbeke, S. Vanden Bussche). Environmental Issues and the MNE. (A. Kolk). Part D: A Career in Progress: Retrospective Essays. Rethinking International Management Theory in a World of Regional Multinationals. (A.M. Rugman). Twenty-Five Years Of "International Diversification and the Multinational Enterprise". (A.M. Rugman). Overview of Alan Rugman's Academic Oeuvre. Index.

Research paper thumbnail of The JIBS 2016 Decade Award: A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences: a review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework

Journal of International Business Studies, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Smiling and crying curves in international business

International Business Review, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Iame & WCTR 2001

International Journal of Maritime Economics, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Multinational Enterprises, Markets and Institutional Diversity

Progress in International Business Research, 2014

This research volume in honour of the late Daniel Van Den Bulcke, one of the founding fathers of ... more This research volume in honour of the late Daniel Van Den Bulcke, one of the founding fathers of the European Business Academy

Research paper thumbnail of Environmental regulations and the global strategies of multinational enterprises

Coping with Globalization, 2000

Research paper thumbnail of The NAFTA Effect: Multinational Enterprises in Canada

Research paper thumbnail of Progress in international business research

Progress in International Business Research, 2008

Volume 2: Foreign Direct investment, location and competitivenessedited by John H. Dunning and ph... more Volume 2: Foreign Direct investment, location and competitivenessedited by John H. Dunning and philippe Gugler Volume 3: new perspectives in international Business research-edited by Maryann p. Feldman and Grazia D. santangelo Volume 4: research on Knowledge, innovation and internationalizationedited by Jorma larimo and tia Vissak Volume 5: reshaping the Boundaries of the Firm in an era of Global interdependence-edited by José pla-Barber and Joaquín alegre Volume 6: entrepreneurship in the Global Firm-edited by alain Verbeke, ana teresa tavares-lehmann and rob van tulder Volume 7: new policy challenges for european Mnes-edited by rob van tulder, alain Verbeke and liviu Voinea Volume 8: international Business and sustainable Development-edited by rob van tulder, alain Verbeke and roger strange Volume 9: Multinational enterprises, Markets and institutional Diversity-edited by alain Verbeke, rob Van tulder and sarianna lundan Voume 10: the Future of Global organizing-edited by rob van tulder, alain Verbeke and rian Drogendijk Volume 11: the challenge of Bric Multinationals-edited by rob van tulder, alain Verbeke, Jorge carneiro and Maria alejandra Gonzalez-perez

Research paper thumbnail of Actionable and enduring implications of Oliver Williamson’s transaction cost theory

Journal of International Business Studies

the humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interactions. They... more the humanly devised constraints that structure political, economic, and social interactions. They consist of both informal constraints (sanctions, taboos, customs, traditions and codes of conduct), and formal rules (constitutions, laws, property rights). There are three main reasons why macro-level institutions matter for IBS research. First, institutions co-determine locational strengths, in addition to natural factor endowments and attractive geographic positioning. In the IBS literature, locational strengths are sometimes called country-specific advantages (CSAs), but they

Research paper thumbnail of Actionable guidelines to improve ‘theory-related’ contributions to international business research

Journal of International Business Studies

Research paper thumbnail of The long-term energy transition and multinational enterprise complexity: A BJM–JIBS Joint Initiative

Journal of International Business Studies

that JIBS and BJM develop a Joint Initiative on long-term energy transition (LTE transition). The... more that JIBS and BJM develop a Joint Initiative on long-term energy transition (LTE transition). The JIBS Editors and I enthusiastically agreed to work with the BJM on this initiative, especially because of JIBS' new strategy to publish highquality work addressing big questions and grand challenges in international business (IB) (Buckley, Doh, & Benischke, 2017). Erin Bass and Birgitte Grøgaard accepted the lead roles in assessing manuscripts and guiding these toward acceptance by JIBS. Four years later, both JIBS and the BJM are in a position to publish simultaneously two sets of excellent articles on the grand societal and business challenge of the LTE transition. These papers demonstrate that IB-oriented research offers distinct intellectual value to the description and assessment of the LTE transition currently underway in the global economic system. IB-oriented research is different from other types of scholarship in two important respects. First, this research offers insight into how macro-level governance mechanisms, including regulations and other types of external pressures, can affect the behaviour of firms across geographic and industry space. Several high-quality papers in the BJM portion of the Joint Initiative with JIBS address this first issue (

Research paper thumbnail of The Full Canvas: Exploring the Bright and Dark Sides of International Business Strategy

Contributions to Management Science

Research paper thumbnail of Small Nations in the Global Economy: An Overview

Handbook on Small Nations in the Global Economy, 2009

This unique, extensive Handbook illustrates that multinational enterprises can contribute substan... more This unique, extensive Handbook illustrates that multinational enterprises can contribute substantially to the competitive advantage of small countries. It advances the notion that small nations increasingly need to rely on both home-grown and foreign multinational enterprises to achieve domestic economic success in industries characterized by international competition.

Research paper thumbnail of Empirical estimation of the final destination of goods imported through the major European gateways

Research paper thumbnail of Third World Multinationals – Then and Now

Progress in International Business Research, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Conclusion. The true foundations of global corporate success

International Business Strategy

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond The Diamond

Research in Global Strategic Management, 1995

Strategic management and institutional dynamics - a global perspective the dynamics of national c... more Strategic management and institutional dynamics - a global perspective the dynamics of national competitive advantage - methodological perspectives strategic management and institutional dynamics - the role of government strategic management and institutional dynamics - the EU after 1992.

Research paper thumbnail of The Not So Brilliant Future of International Cartels

Management and Organization Review, 2021

Buckley and Casson (2021) (further denoted as B&C) deliver a veritable tour de force in their... more Buckley and Casson (2021) (further denoted as B&C) deliver a veritable tour de force in their comprehensive overview of cartel characteristics and functioning. Their article is a pedagogical masterpiece that synthesizes a large number of perspectives on the motivations for cartel formation and the outcomes thereof. In essence, B&C make three points about cartels, namely that they: (1) have been very significant historically; (2) remain poorly understood (especially given the narrow scope of most studies in specialized disciplines); and (3) will gain in importance in the near future as a governance tool to overcome international political risk. The second and third points are interrelated because, as we will show, adopting B&C’s proposed broad scope of what should be considered a cartel, would increase the likelihood of cartels being chosen as the preferred governance mode in international business. The historical significance of cartels is undisputed, but it may be instructive to subject the above second and third points to a critical analysis. We will provide such analysis in the three main sections of this article. First, when defining cartels, it is important in our view to start from commonly used definitions and to adopt a governance lens if the purpose of the analysis is to compare the benefits of a cartel with those of alternative contractual arrangements. If scholars deviate from commonly accepted definitions, as B&C do (see below), this may unintentionally muddy the waters rather than providing needed clarity. Second, when adopting a broad definition of what constitutes a cartel, as B&C do, it is unsurprising that one would conclude cartels will gain in importance in the future. But when defining cartels more narrowly, the standard comparative institutional assessment can be made as to when cartels are more likely to prevail as compared to other governance arrangements. Here, two alternative governance

Research paper thumbnail of Will the COVID‐19 Pandemic Really Change the Governance of Global Value Chains?

British Journal of Management, 2020

Professor of International Business Strategy, McCaig Chair in Management, Haskayne School of Busi... more Professor of International Business Strategy, McCaig Chair in Management, Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada, Inaugural Alan M. Rugman Memorial Fellow, Henley Business School, University of Reading, United Kingdom, and Adjunct Professor, Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium Corresponding author email: alain.verbeke@haskayne.ucalgary.ca

Research paper thumbnail of Celebrating 50 Years of JIBS: Anniversary Issue and Medal Awardees

Journal of International Business Studies, 2019

relevance to management and policy, and introduces new insight for better and bolder IB research ... more relevance to management and policy, and introduces new insight for better and bolder IB research in the years to come. The Anniversary Issue includes: three Perspectives, four regular articles, two research notes, and a Point-Counterpoint initiative. The lead Perspective, authored by Li, Chen, Yi, Mao and Liao (2019), addresses the importance of a novel concept in international business (IB) theorizing: ecosystem-specific advantages. This concept is a critical addition to those already established. The concepts of firm-specific advantage (FSA) and country-specific advantage (CSA) have represented a cornerstone of modern multinational enterprise (MNE) theorizing for many decades. Scholars often deploy these concepts in their research and teaching through using some version of the FSA-CSA matrix (

Research paper thumbnail of Internalization, International Diversification and the Multinational Enterprise: Essays in Honor of Alan M. Rugman

Research in Global Strategic Management, 2005

Part A: Alan Rugman as Eminent Scholar of the Academy of Management's International Managemen... more Part A: Alan Rugman as Eminent Scholar of the Academy of Management's International Management Division. Cave! Hic Dragones! Alan M. Rugman's Contributions to the Field of International Business. (L. Eden). The MNE's Spatial Positioning. (B.M. Wolf). Part B: The 25th Anniversary of "International Diversification and the Multinational Enterprise". Rugman and the Geography of MNE Activity. (J.H. Dunning). Financial and Non-Financial Theories of International Diversification. (J. Cantwell). Internalization Theory and the International DiversificationPerformance Conundrum. (J-F. Hennart). Part C: Extending Alan Rugman's Work on Regional Strategies and the Environment. Regional Strategy and Performance in the Global Automotive Industry. (A. Verbeke, P. Brugman). Regional and Global Strategies in the Intercontinental Passenger Airline Industry: The Rise of Alliance Specific Advantages. (A. Verbeke, S. Vanden Bussche). Environmental Issues and the MNE. (A. Kolk). Part D: A Career in Progress: Retrospective Essays. Rethinking International Management Theory in a World of Regional Multinationals. (A.M. Rugman). Twenty-Five Years Of "International Diversification and the Multinational Enterprise". (A.M. Rugman). Overview of Alan Rugman's Academic Oeuvre. Index.

Research paper thumbnail of The JIBS 2016 Decade Award: A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences: a review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework

Journal of International Business Studies, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Smiling and crying curves in international business

International Business Review, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Multi-criteria analysis and the resolution of sustainable development dilemmas: A stakeholder management approach

We demonstrate that stakeholder-oriented multi-criteria analysis (MCA) can adequately address a v... more We demonstrate that stakeholder-oriented multi-criteria analysis (MCA) can adequately address a variety of sustainable development dilemmas in decision-making, especially when applied to complex project evaluations involving multiple objectives and multiple stakeholder groups. Such evaluations are typically geared towards satisfying simultaneously private economic goals, broader social objectives and environmental targets. We show that, under specific conditions, a variety of stakeholder-oriented MCA approaches may be able to contribute substantively to the resolution or improved governance of societal conflicts and the pursuit of the public good in the form of sustainable development. We contrast the potential usefulness of these stakeholder-oriented approaches – in terms of their ability to contribute to sustainable development – with more conventional MCA approaches and social cost–benefit analysis.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing International Seaport Competition: A Tool for Strategic Decision Making

International Journal of Transport Economics, 1989