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Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is typically considered to be a slow process. However, this is partly... more Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is typically considered to be a slow process. However, this is partly because the time course for hypertrophy has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this study was to use weekly testing to determine a precise time course of skeletal muscle hypertrophy during a resistance training program. Twenty-Wve healthy, sedentary men performed 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance training. Whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the dominant thigh was assessed using a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scanner during each week of training (W1-W8). Isometric maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) were also measured each week. After only two training sessions (W1), the mean thigh muscle CSA increased by 5.0 cm 2 (3.46%; p < 0.05) from the pre-testing (P1) and continued to increase with each testing session. It is possible that muscular edema may have inXuenced the early CSA results. To adjust for this possibility, with edema assumedly at its highest at W1, the next signiWcant increase from W1 was at W3. W4 was the Wrst signiWcant increase of MVC over P1. Therefore, signiWcant skeletal muscle hypertrophy likely occurred around weeks 3-4. Overall, from the pre-testing to W8, there was an increase of 13.9 cm 2 (9.60%). These Wndings suggested that training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy may occur early in a training program.
Aims The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of aquati... more Aims The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of aquatic exercise (AquaEx) on indicators of glycemic control (i.e., glycated hemoglobin [A1c] and fasting plasma glucose) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It was hypothesized that AquaEx would improve glycemic control to a similar extent as land-based exercise (LandEx), but to a greater extent than non-exercise control (Ctrl). Methods A literature search was completed in February 2017 for studies examining AquaEx training in adults with T2DM. Assessment of glycemic control was necessary for inclusion, while secondary outcomes such as quality of life and cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e., blood pressure, triglycerides and total cholesterol) were considered, but not required for inclusion. Outcomes were measured before and after at least 8 weeks of AquaEx, and data were analyzed using weighted mean differences (WMDs) and fixed effect models, when appropriate. Results Nine trials including 222 participants were identified. Three trials compared AquaEx to LandEx, two compared AquaEx to Crtl, and four had a pre-/post-design without a comparison group. Results indicate no difference in A1c between LandEx and AquaEx (WMD =-0.02%, 95% confidence interval = [-0.71, 0.66]). Post-intervention A1c was lower in AquaEx when compared to Crtl (WMD =-0.96%, [-1.87,-0.05]). Post-AquaEx A1c was lower compared to baseline (WMD =-0.48%, [-0.66,-0.30]). Conclusions A1c can be reduced after eight-twelve weeks of AquaEx. However, at this time few studies have examined whether changes in A1c are different from LandEx or Crtl.
(2017): Acute blood pressure response in hypertensive elderly women immediately after water aerob... more (2017): Acute blood pressure response in hypertensive elderly women immediately after water aerobics exercise: A crossover study, Clinical and Experimental Hypertension,
Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is typically considered to be a slow process. However, this is partly... more Skeletal muscle hypertrophy is typically considered to be a slow process. However, this is partly because the time course for hypertrophy has not been thoroughly examined. The purpose of this study was to use weekly testing to determine a precise time course of skeletal muscle hypertrophy during a resistance training program. Twenty-Wve healthy, sedentary men performed 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance training. Whole muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of the dominant thigh was assessed using a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scanner during each week of training (W1-W8). Isometric maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) were also measured each week. After only two training sessions (W1), the mean thigh muscle CSA increased by 5.0 cm 2 (3.46%; p < 0.05) from the pre-testing (P1) and continued to increase with each testing session. It is possible that muscular edema may have inXuenced the early CSA results. To adjust for this possibility, with edema assumedly at its highest at W1, the next signiWcant increase from W1 was at W3. W4 was the Wrst signiWcant increase of MVC over P1. Therefore, signiWcant skeletal muscle hypertrophy likely occurred around weeks 3-4. Overall, from the pre-testing to W8, there was an increase of 13.9 cm 2 (9.60%). These Wndings suggested that training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy may occur early in a training program.
Aims The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of aquati... more Aims The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the effects of aquatic exercise (AquaEx) on indicators of glycemic control (i.e., glycated hemoglobin [A1c] and fasting plasma glucose) in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It was hypothesized that AquaEx would improve glycemic control to a similar extent as land-based exercise (LandEx), but to a greater extent than non-exercise control (Ctrl). Methods A literature search was completed in February 2017 for studies examining AquaEx training in adults with T2DM. Assessment of glycemic control was necessary for inclusion, while secondary outcomes such as quality of life and cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e., blood pressure, triglycerides and total cholesterol) were considered, but not required for inclusion. Outcomes were measured before and after at least 8 weeks of AquaEx, and data were analyzed using weighted mean differences (WMDs) and fixed effect models, when appropriate. Results Nine trials including 222 participants were identified. Three trials compared AquaEx to LandEx, two compared AquaEx to Crtl, and four had a pre-/post-design without a comparison group. Results indicate no difference in A1c between LandEx and AquaEx (WMD =-0.02%, 95% confidence interval = [-0.71, 0.66]). Post-intervention A1c was lower in AquaEx when compared to Crtl (WMD =-0.96%, [-1.87,-0.05]). Post-AquaEx A1c was lower compared to baseline (WMD =-0.48%, [-0.66,-0.30]). Conclusions A1c can be reduced after eight-twelve weeks of AquaEx. However, at this time few studies have examined whether changes in A1c are different from LandEx or Crtl.
(2017): Acute blood pressure response in hypertensive elderly women immediately after water aerob... more (2017): Acute blood pressure response in hypertensive elderly women immediately after water aerobics exercise: A crossover study, Clinical and Experimental Hypertension,