Felipe Muñoz | Universidad de Chile (original) (raw)
Books by Felipe Muñoz
Existen clasificaciones más específicas en diferentes áreas de servicios, pero al ser la CPC una ... more Existen clasificaciones más específicas en diferentes áreas de servicios, pero al ser la CPC una de propósito general, posee menores detalles en dichas categorías.
Propiedad intelectual, sociedad y desarrollo : reflexiones desde Latinoamérica, 2020
El progreso tecnológico en materia de inteligencia artificial (IA) ha permitido la creciente util... more El progreso tecnológico en materia de inteligencia artificial (IA) ha permitido la creciente utilización de algoritmos en diversos procesos de creación artística. Si bien no existe una definición única, la IA puede entenderse como “los procesos de inteligencia humana simulados por computadoras [cuyo objetivo es] lograr inteligencia a nivel humano y finalmente hacer que las computadoras resuelvan problemas por sí mismas” (FANG et al., 2018). Durante los últimos años, los avances en computación, robótica y tecnologías de la información han permitido el crecimiento y sofisticación de la IA y, por lo tanto, de los trabajos generados por computadora (CGW, por sus siglas en inglés), en mucho de los cuales la IA deja de ser una herramienta para transformarse en parte del proceso.
Esta transformación ha abierto el debate sobre la propiedad de las creaciones hechas por máquinas (GURRI, 2018). Frente a creaciones generadas por IA, surgen una serie de interrogantes. ¿Quién puede ser considerado como “compositor”, “autor” o “inventor”? ¿Tienen los programadores del software o los dueños de las computadoras derechos sobre el resultado de estas creaciones? O ¿responsabilidad sobre la posible violación de los derechos,
Naciones Unidas, 2020
En las últimas dos décadas, el comercio mundial de servicios modernos facilitados por tecnologías... more En las últimas dos décadas, el comercio mundial de servicios modernos facilitados por tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) ha crecido rápidamente. Sin embargo, las exportaciones de los países en vías de desarrollo de estos servicios han sido muy heterogéneas. En este libro se analiza el diseño de políticas sectoriales enfocadas al fomento de los servicios modernos en ocho países de América Latina y la India.
Las políticas que contaron con una participación activa del sector público, el sector privado y el sector académico tuvieron un mayor impacto en el desarrollo de la industria. Se observa un atraso importante de la mayoría de los países de la región, tanto en el diseño como en la implementación de sus políticas de promoción de las exportaciones de servicios modernos, especialmente respecto de su institucionalidad y gobernanza.
Papers by Felipe Muñoz
Asian Education and Development Studies, 2020
PurposeThe emergence of China in the international trading system has shifted its gravity center,... more PurposeThe emergence of China in the international trading system has shifted its gravity center, as the country has become one of the mayor actors in international economic relations. Through the subscription of preferential agreements, China is building a network of strategic partnerships worldwide, including Latin America. The purpose of this paper is to answer the questions: Do free trade agreements (FTAs) between China and Latin American countries contribute to expand trade flows and enhance products diversification?Design/methodology/approachThree countries have an FTA with China, Chile (2005), Peru (2009) and Costa Rica (2010). Through an econometric estimation based on a gravity model, the authors expect to determine the impact of these agreements over both trade flows and products.FindingsThe study shows that FTAs have a positive impact on both bilateral trade flows and on the number of exchanged products. Nevertheless, this impact is positive but diminishes in time. The au...
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
(COSUDE). Agradecemos los valiosos comentarios del Profesor Francisco Prieto S. a versiones preli... more (COSUDE). Agradecemos los valiosos comentarios del Profesor Francisco Prieto S. a versiones preliminares de este artículo. Asimismo a Sandra Ríos, Fernando Ribeiro y los participantes del seminario sobre inversiones brasileñas en América Latina realizado en Río de Janeiro en abril de 2008.
The relation between trade and gender is complex, and has not been deeply analysed in the case of... more The relation between trade and gender is complex, and has not been deeply analysed in the case of Latin American countries. Mainstream economics argue that trade is gender-neutral, but the discussion should focus whether trade policy could be oriented to foster women’s economic inclusion. It is well known that, with the adequate policies, women’s economic empowerment could positively impact economic growth and reduce poverty, and therefore, trade policy may become an instrument to achieve this objective. The Pacific Alliance, a novel integration scheme, has considered women economic inclusion into their work and objectives. In this article, we aim to review trade policies implemented at regional and domestic level amongst the four Pacific Alliance member countries: Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. For this, the article is divided as follows. The first section reviews the literature on trade policy and gender issues, specifically in women inclusion aspects. The second section presen...
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
Existe consenso en que los paises deben orientarse a aquellas actividades con un mayor valor agre... more Existe consenso en que los paises deben orientarse a aquellas actividades con un mayor valor agregado para alcanzar niveles superiores de desarrollo, destacandose la importancia de mantener diversificada la matriz productiva y canasta exportadora. Las expectativas sobre los resultados del modelo neoliberal y su imposibilidad de resolver, en America Latina, los problemas distributivos, de pobreza y de estructura productiva, aunado a la experiencia de los paises del Este Asiatico, han replanteado la necesidad de intervencion del Estado en las estrategias de desarrollo. Cuando se discute respecto de la matriz productiva, lo que esta haciendose es discutir sobre el papel del Estado en el desarrollo. La importancia de la implementacion de politicas publicas que sustenten el desarrollo y la diversificacion productiva, suponen un rol estatal radicalmente distinto del consignado como parte de los ejes de la politica neoliberal que en diferentes grados ha sido implementada en la region. Los ...
More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affec... more More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affected. The pandemic has shaken social and economic structures around the world. The virus reached Continents with the rapid spread of the disease, causing people to be subjected to confinement and sanitary protection measures. With an estimated GDP contraction of 5.2%, millions of people have been affected for the reduction of their wages, their jobs losses and incurring in indebtedness to face the first consequences of the crisis. The impact that COVID-19 will have is still unknown since it not only involves the world economy, but as a humanitarian crisis is affecting all spheres of society. There is no doubt that people who were already in disadvantage or in vulnerability situations, will have even greater negative consequences because of the pandemic. This impact has been particularly disproportionate towards women, and those without access to digital platforms that have shown to be more resilient to this crisis. In order to respond to this crisis through comprehensive trade policymaking, this report looked into the development of provisions that could be included in the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol, which serve as model measures for regional and other trade and/or economic partnership agreements to guide national trade policymaking. The report focus on how trade agreements may respond to a crisis situation in the context of digital trade and gender provisions. These sectors were selected for both their relevance to promote an inclusive and sustainable economic recovery, and due to Chile’s participation in drafting these regulations. Following the executive summary, a three-step approach was used to analyze each sector. First, a diagnosis was conducted, identifying the impact the current pandemic has had on digital gaps and women’s economic empowerment. Second, as reference, the latest Chilean agreements addressing these issues were studied, specifically, the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) and Chilean trade and gender chapters in FTAs. Third, through the review of the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol and comparison with the mentioned agreements, the report provides recommendations: on the one hand, a model Digital Trade Chapter, and on the other, the amendment of the Additional Protocol Preamble and the inclusion of a Trade and Gender Chapter. These proposals could foster the capabilities of the Pacific Alliance member economies to tackle the challenges derived from this kind of crises; and serve as a model for other international agreements.
Esta revista, en su edición número 47, presenta ocho estudios elaborados a partir de un concurso ... more Esta revista, en su edición número 47, presenta ocho estudios elaborados a partir de un concurso realizado junto al Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires (IIEP) de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), que abordan diferentes escenarios para el año 2030 en la región. Todos ellos tienen en cuenta los desafíos y oportunidades mencionados, y ofrecen reflexiones sobre la adopción de medidas de política necesarias para abordarlos. Por supuesto ALC se enfrenta con muchos otros retos en la actualidad, pero estos son algunos de los análisis necesarios que se deben formular para avanzar hacia ese objetivo y llegar al año 2030 habiendo podido hacer frente a los desafíos planteados, es fundamental profundizar los procesos de integración regional; incorporar la economía digital en la producción y el comercio; adoptar perspectiva de género para desarrollar estructuras comerciales más inclusivas; y abordar la cuestión ambiental de m...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affec... more More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affected. The pandemic has shaken social and economic structures around the world. The virus reached Continents with the rapid spread of the disease, causing people to be subjected to confinement and sanitary protection measures. With an estimated GDP contraction of 5.2%, millions of people have been affected for the reduction of their wages, their jobs losses and incurring in indebtedness to face the first consequences of the crisis. The impact that COVID-19 will have is still unknown since it not only involves the world economy, but as a humanitarian crisis is affecting all spheres of society. There is no doubt that people who were already in disadvantage or in vulnerability situations, will have even greater negative consequences because of the pandemic. This impact has been particularly disproportionate towards women, and those without access to digital platforms that have shown to be more resilient to this crisis. In order to respond to this crisis through comprehensive trade policymaking, this report looked into the development of provisions that could be included in the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol, which serve as model measures for regional and other trade and/or economic partnership agreements to guide national trade policymaking. The report focus on how trade agreements may respond to a crisis situation in the context of digital trade and gender provisions. These sectors were selected for both their relevance to promote an inclusive and sustainable economic recovery, and due to Chile’s participation in drafting these regulations. Following the executive summary, a three-step approach was used to analyze each sector. First, a diagnosis was conducted, identifying the impact the current pandemic has had on digital gaps and women’s economic empowerment. Second, as reference, the latest Chilean agreements addressing these issues were studied, specifically, the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) and Chilean trade and gender chapters in FTAs. Third, through the review of the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol and comparison with the mentioned agreements, the report provides recommendations: on the one hand, a model Digital Trade Chapter, and on the other, the amendment of the Additional Protocol Preamble and the inclusion of a Trade and Gender Chapter. These proposals could foster the capabilities of the Pacific Alliance member economies to tackle the challenges derived from this kind of crises; and serve as a model for other international agreements.
More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affec... more More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affected. The pandemic has shaken social and economic structures around the world. The virus reached Continents with the rapid spread of the disease, causing people to be subjected to confinement and sanitary protection measures. With an estimated GDP contraction of 5.2%, millions of people have been affected for the reduction of their wages, their jobs losses and incurring in indebtedness to face the first consequences of the crisis. The impact that COVID-19 will have is still unknown since it not only involves the world economy, but as a humanitarian crisis is affecting all spheres of society. There is no doubt that people who were already in disadvantage or in vulnerability situations, will have even greater negative consequences because of the pandemic. This impact has been particularly disproportionate towards women, and those without access to digital platforms that have shown to be more resilient to this crisis. In order to respond to this crisis through comprehensive trade policymaking, this report looked into the development of provisions that could be included in the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol, which serve as model measures for regional and other trade and/or economic partnership agreements to guide national trade policymaking. The report focus on how trade agreements may respond to a crisis situation in the context of digital trade and gender provisions. These sectors were selected for both their relevance to promote an inclusive and sustainable economic recovery, and due to Chile’s participation in drafting these regulations. Following the executive summary, a three-step approach was used to analyze each sector. First, a diagnosis was conducted, identifying the impact the current pandemic has had on digital gaps and women’s economic empowerment. Second, as reference, the latest Chilean agreements addressing these issues were studied, specifically, the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) and Chilean trade and gender chapters in FTAs. Third, through the review of the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol and comparison with the mentioned agreements, the report provides recommendations: on the one hand, a model Digital Trade Chapter, and on the other, the amendment of the Additional Protocol Preamble and the inclusion of a Trade and Gender Chapter. These proposals could foster the capabilities of the Pacific Alliance member economies to tackle the challenges derived from this kind of crises; and serve as a model for other international agreements.
Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 2020
The process of economic development implies, among other things, the expansion of exports beyond ... more The process of economic development implies, among other things, the expansion of exports beyond natural resources and towards more knowledge intensive sectors. However, a common situation in developing countries is the lack of an ‘entrepreneurial push’ from economic and political elites in order to diversify such exports. The Chilean economy is not an exception as it is still characterized by an export basket anchored in natural resources, regardless the consensus among society on the importance of diversifying the Chilean economy towards new industrial and service sectors, both beyond and within natural resources. This paper focuses on the causes of the absence of such an ‘entrepreneurial push’ towards export service sector in Chile and, through a qualitative exploratory analysis of elite perceptions, presents the predominant hypothesis among key stakeholders.
Existen clasificaciones más específicas en diferentes áreas de servicios, pero al ser la CPC una ... more Existen clasificaciones más específicas en diferentes áreas de servicios, pero al ser la CPC una de propósito general, posee menores detalles en dichas categorías.
Propiedad intelectual, sociedad y desarrollo : reflexiones desde Latinoamérica, 2020
El progreso tecnológico en materia de inteligencia artificial (IA) ha permitido la creciente util... more El progreso tecnológico en materia de inteligencia artificial (IA) ha permitido la creciente utilización de algoritmos en diversos procesos de creación artística. Si bien no existe una definición única, la IA puede entenderse como “los procesos de inteligencia humana simulados por computadoras [cuyo objetivo es] lograr inteligencia a nivel humano y finalmente hacer que las computadoras resuelvan problemas por sí mismas” (FANG et al., 2018). Durante los últimos años, los avances en computación, robótica y tecnologías de la información han permitido el crecimiento y sofisticación de la IA y, por lo tanto, de los trabajos generados por computadora (CGW, por sus siglas en inglés), en mucho de los cuales la IA deja de ser una herramienta para transformarse en parte del proceso.
Esta transformación ha abierto el debate sobre la propiedad de las creaciones hechas por máquinas (GURRI, 2018). Frente a creaciones generadas por IA, surgen una serie de interrogantes. ¿Quién puede ser considerado como “compositor”, “autor” o “inventor”? ¿Tienen los programadores del software o los dueños de las computadoras derechos sobre el resultado de estas creaciones? O ¿responsabilidad sobre la posible violación de los derechos,
Naciones Unidas, 2020
En las últimas dos décadas, el comercio mundial de servicios modernos facilitados por tecnologías... more En las últimas dos décadas, el comercio mundial de servicios modernos facilitados por tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) ha crecido rápidamente. Sin embargo, las exportaciones de los países en vías de desarrollo de estos servicios han sido muy heterogéneas. En este libro se analiza el diseño de políticas sectoriales enfocadas al fomento de los servicios modernos en ocho países de América Latina y la India.
Las políticas que contaron con una participación activa del sector público, el sector privado y el sector académico tuvieron un mayor impacto en el desarrollo de la industria. Se observa un atraso importante de la mayoría de los países de la región, tanto en el diseño como en la implementación de sus políticas de promoción de las exportaciones de servicios modernos, especialmente respecto de su institucionalidad y gobernanza.
Asian Education and Development Studies, 2020
PurposeThe emergence of China in the international trading system has shifted its gravity center,... more PurposeThe emergence of China in the international trading system has shifted its gravity center, as the country has become one of the mayor actors in international economic relations. Through the subscription of preferential agreements, China is building a network of strategic partnerships worldwide, including Latin America. The purpose of this paper is to answer the questions: Do free trade agreements (FTAs) between China and Latin American countries contribute to expand trade flows and enhance products diversification?Design/methodology/approachThree countries have an FTA with China, Chile (2005), Peru (2009) and Costa Rica (2010). Through an econometric estimation based on a gravity model, the authors expect to determine the impact of these agreements over both trade flows and products.FindingsThe study shows that FTAs have a positive impact on both bilateral trade flows and on the number of exchanged products. Nevertheless, this impact is positive but diminishes in time. The au...
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
(COSUDE). Agradecemos los valiosos comentarios del Profesor Francisco Prieto S. a versiones preli... more (COSUDE). Agradecemos los valiosos comentarios del Profesor Francisco Prieto S. a versiones preliminares de este artículo. Asimismo a Sandra Ríos, Fernando Ribeiro y los participantes del seminario sobre inversiones brasileñas en América Latina realizado en Río de Janeiro en abril de 2008.
The relation between trade and gender is complex, and has not been deeply analysed in the case of... more The relation between trade and gender is complex, and has not been deeply analysed in the case of Latin American countries. Mainstream economics argue that trade is gender-neutral, but the discussion should focus whether trade policy could be oriented to foster women’s economic inclusion. It is well known that, with the adequate policies, women’s economic empowerment could positively impact economic growth and reduce poverty, and therefore, trade policy may become an instrument to achieve this objective. The Pacific Alliance, a novel integration scheme, has considered women economic inclusion into their work and objectives. In this article, we aim to review trade policies implemented at regional and domestic level amongst the four Pacific Alliance member countries: Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru. For this, the article is divided as follows. The first section reviews the literature on trade policy and gender issues, specifically in women inclusion aspects. The second section presen...
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
Estudios Internacionales, 2011
Existe consenso en que los paises deben orientarse a aquellas actividades con un mayor valor agre... more Existe consenso en que los paises deben orientarse a aquellas actividades con un mayor valor agregado para alcanzar niveles superiores de desarrollo, destacandose la importancia de mantener diversificada la matriz productiva y canasta exportadora. Las expectativas sobre los resultados del modelo neoliberal y su imposibilidad de resolver, en America Latina, los problemas distributivos, de pobreza y de estructura productiva, aunado a la experiencia de los paises del Este Asiatico, han replanteado la necesidad de intervencion del Estado en las estrategias de desarrollo. Cuando se discute respecto de la matriz productiva, lo que esta haciendose es discutir sobre el papel del Estado en el desarrollo. La importancia de la implementacion de politicas publicas que sustenten el desarrollo y la diversificacion productiva, suponen un rol estatal radicalmente distinto del consignado como parte de los ejes de la politica neoliberal que en diferentes grados ha sido implementada en la region. Los ...
More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affec... more More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affected. The pandemic has shaken social and economic structures around the world. The virus reached Continents with the rapid spread of the disease, causing people to be subjected to confinement and sanitary protection measures. With an estimated GDP contraction of 5.2%, millions of people have been affected for the reduction of their wages, their jobs losses and incurring in indebtedness to face the first consequences of the crisis. The impact that COVID-19 will have is still unknown since it not only involves the world economy, but as a humanitarian crisis is affecting all spheres of society. There is no doubt that people who were already in disadvantage or in vulnerability situations, will have even greater negative consequences because of the pandemic. This impact has been particularly disproportionate towards women, and those without access to digital platforms that have shown to be more resilient to this crisis. In order to respond to this crisis through comprehensive trade policymaking, this report looked into the development of provisions that could be included in the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol, which serve as model measures for regional and other trade and/or economic partnership agreements to guide national trade policymaking. The report focus on how trade agreements may respond to a crisis situation in the context of digital trade and gender provisions. These sectors were selected for both their relevance to promote an inclusive and sustainable economic recovery, and due to Chile’s participation in drafting these regulations. Following the executive summary, a three-step approach was used to analyze each sector. First, a diagnosis was conducted, identifying the impact the current pandemic has had on digital gaps and women’s economic empowerment. Second, as reference, the latest Chilean agreements addressing these issues were studied, specifically, the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) and Chilean trade and gender chapters in FTAs. Third, through the review of the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol and comparison with the mentioned agreements, the report provides recommendations: on the one hand, a model Digital Trade Chapter, and on the other, the amendment of the Additional Protocol Preamble and the inclusion of a Trade and Gender Chapter. These proposals could foster the capabilities of the Pacific Alliance member economies to tackle the challenges derived from this kind of crises; and serve as a model for other international agreements.
Esta revista, en su edición número 47, presenta ocho estudios elaborados a partir de un concurso ... more Esta revista, en su edición número 47, presenta ocho estudios elaborados a partir de un concurso realizado junto al Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires (IIEP) de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), que abordan diferentes escenarios para el año 2030 en la región. Todos ellos tienen en cuenta los desafíos y oportunidades mencionados, y ofrecen reflexiones sobre la adopción de medidas de política necesarias para abordarlos. Por supuesto ALC se enfrenta con muchos otros retos en la actualidad, pero estos son algunos de los análisis necesarios que se deben formular para avanzar hacia ese objetivo y llegar al año 2030 habiendo podido hacer frente a los desafíos planteados, es fundamental profundizar los procesos de integración regional; incorporar la economía digital en la producción y el comercio; adoptar perspectiva de género para desarrollar estructuras comerciales más inclusivas; y abordar la cuestión ambiental de m...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affec... more More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affected. The pandemic has shaken social and economic structures around the world. The virus reached Continents with the rapid spread of the disease, causing people to be subjected to confinement and sanitary protection measures. With an estimated GDP contraction of 5.2%, millions of people have been affected for the reduction of their wages, their jobs losses and incurring in indebtedness to face the first consequences of the crisis. The impact that COVID-19 will have is still unknown since it not only involves the world economy, but as a humanitarian crisis is affecting all spheres of society. There is no doubt that people who were already in disadvantage or in vulnerability situations, will have even greater negative consequences because of the pandemic. This impact has been particularly disproportionate towards women, and those without access to digital platforms that have shown to be more resilient to this crisis. In order to respond to this crisis through comprehensive trade policymaking, this report looked into the development of provisions that could be included in the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol, which serve as model measures for regional and other trade and/or economic partnership agreements to guide national trade policymaking. The report focus on how trade agreements may respond to a crisis situation in the context of digital trade and gender provisions. These sectors were selected for both their relevance to promote an inclusive and sustainable economic recovery, and due to Chile’s participation in drafting these regulations. Following the executive summary, a three-step approach was used to analyze each sector. First, a diagnosis was conducted, identifying the impact the current pandemic has had on digital gaps and women’s economic empowerment. Second, as reference, the latest Chilean agreements addressing these issues were studied, specifically, the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) and Chilean trade and gender chapters in FTAs. Third, through the review of the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol and comparison with the mentioned agreements, the report provides recommendations: on the one hand, a model Digital Trade Chapter, and on the other, the amendment of the Additional Protocol Preamble and the inclusion of a Trade and Gender Chapter. These proposals could foster the capabilities of the Pacific Alliance member economies to tackle the challenges derived from this kind of crises; and serve as a model for other international agreements.
More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affec... more More than 16 million people have been infected by COVID-19, and the entire world population affected. The pandemic has shaken social and economic structures around the world. The virus reached Continents with the rapid spread of the disease, causing people to be subjected to confinement and sanitary protection measures. With an estimated GDP contraction of 5.2%, millions of people have been affected for the reduction of their wages, their jobs losses and incurring in indebtedness to face the first consequences of the crisis. The impact that COVID-19 will have is still unknown since it not only involves the world economy, but as a humanitarian crisis is affecting all spheres of society. There is no doubt that people who were already in disadvantage or in vulnerability situations, will have even greater negative consequences because of the pandemic. This impact has been particularly disproportionate towards women, and those without access to digital platforms that have shown to be more resilient to this crisis. In order to respond to this crisis through comprehensive trade policymaking, this report looked into the development of provisions that could be included in the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol, which serve as model measures for regional and other trade and/or economic partnership agreements to guide national trade policymaking. The report focus on how trade agreements may respond to a crisis situation in the context of digital trade and gender provisions. These sectors were selected for both their relevance to promote an inclusive and sustainable economic recovery, and due to Chile’s participation in drafting these regulations. Following the executive summary, a three-step approach was used to analyze each sector. First, a diagnosis was conducted, identifying the impact the current pandemic has had on digital gaps and women’s economic empowerment. Second, as reference, the latest Chilean agreements addressing these issues were studied, specifically, the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) and Chilean trade and gender chapters in FTAs. Third, through the review of the Pacific Alliance Additional Protocol and comparison with the mentioned agreements, the report provides recommendations: on the one hand, a model Digital Trade Chapter, and on the other, the amendment of the Additional Protocol Preamble and the inclusion of a Trade and Gender Chapter. These proposals could foster the capabilities of the Pacific Alliance member economies to tackle the challenges derived from this kind of crises; and serve as a model for other international agreements.
Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 2020
The process of economic development implies, among other things, the expansion of exports beyond ... more The process of economic development implies, among other things, the expansion of exports beyond natural resources and towards more knowledge intensive sectors. However, a common situation in developing countries is the lack of an ‘entrepreneurial push’ from economic and political elites in order to diversify such exports. The Chilean economy is not an exception as it is still characterized by an export basket anchored in natural resources, regardless the consensus among society on the importance of diversifying the Chilean economy towards new industrial and service sectors, both beyond and within natural resources. This paper focuses on the causes of the absence of such an ‘entrepreneurial push’ towards export service sector in Chile and, through a qualitative exploratory analysis of elite perceptions, presents the predominant hypothesis among key stakeholders.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2015
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017
This paper intends to analyse trade finance access for Chilean services companies, and whether it... more This paper intends to analyse trade finance access for Chilean services companies, and whether it is perceived as an obstacle in their internationalization process. Through a survey we try to assess companies' perceptions, controlling for their subsectors, size, export level, amongst other variables. The role of financial institutions and government agencies will be included in the study. The first section reviews the relevant literature on trade finance. In the second section, we present an overview of trade finance for services exports instruments available in the main world economies. The third section will present the methodological approach, results of the survey and its analysis. Finally, some conclusions and policy recommendations will be drawn.
The growing importance of trade in services in the international economy motivates the study of d... more The growing importance of trade in services in the international economy motivates the study of different factors that may influence the development of this sector. This paper seeks to contribute to the scarce research on access to financing for the internationalization of services. Through a survey, we analyze the perception of Chilean services exporters about access to financing instruments for trade, and whether this constitutes an obstacle in the process of internationalization or not. For companies that participated in the study, access to trade financing is not a barrier for exports. However, these results vary according to characteristics of the companies.
Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 2021