Constance Hammen | University of California, Los Angeles (original) (raw)

Papers by Constance Hammen

Research paper thumbnail of Predictors of subjective ratings of stressor severity: the effects of current mood and neuroticism

Respondent-based or subjective, ratings of stressor severity are posited to be influenced by syst... more Respondent-based or subjective, ratings of stressor severity are posited to be influenced by systematic biases related to current mood and trait neuroticism which may confound associations between environmental stressors and psychological outcomes. The current study examined the ...

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic moderation of the association between adolescent romantic involvement and depression: Contributions of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, chronic stress, and family discord

Development and psychopathology, Jan 3, 2015

Studies support a link between adolescent romantic involvement and depression. Adolescent romanti... more Studies support a link between adolescent romantic involvement and depression. Adolescent romantic relationships may increase depression risk by introducing chronic stress, and genetic vulnerability to stress reactivity/emotion dysregulation may moderate these associations. We tested genetic moderation of longitudinal associations between adolescent romantic involvement and later depressive symptoms by a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR) and examined contributory roles of chronic stress and family discord. Three hundred eighty-one youth participated at ages 15 and 20. The results indicated that 5-HTTLPR moderated the association between age 15 romantic involvement and age 20 depressive symptoms, with strongest effects for short homozygotes. Conditional process analysis revealed that chronic stress functioned as a moderated mediator of this association, fully accounting for the romantic involvement-depression link among short/short ge...

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic susceptibility to family environment: BDNF Val66met and 5-HTTLPR influence depressive symptoms

Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 2014

Functional genetic polymorphisms associated with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and ser... more Functional genetic polymorphisms associated with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and serotonin (5-HTTLPR) have demonstrated associations with depression in interaction with environmental stressors. In light of evidence for biological connections between BDNF and serotonin, it is prudent to consider genetic epistasis between variants in these genes in the development of depressive symptoms. The current study examined the effects of val66met, 5-HTTLPR, and family environment quality on youth depressive symptoms in adolescence and young adulthood in a longitudinal sample oversampled for maternal depression history. A differential susceptibility model was tested, comparing the effects of family environment on depression scores across different levels of a cumulative plasticity genotype, defined as presence of both, either, or neither plasticity alleles (defined here as val66met Met and 5-HTTLPR 'S'). Cumulative plasticity genotype interacted with family environment qual...

Research paper thumbnail of Axis II symptomatology, depression, and life stress during the transition from adolescence to adulthood

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of Endogenous opioid system influences depressive reactions to socially painful targeted rejection life events

Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2014

Although exposure to a recent major life event is one of the strongest known risk factors for dep... more Although exposure to a recent major life event is one of the strongest known risk factors for depression, many people who experience such stress do not become depressed. Moreover, the biological mechanisms underlying differential emotional reactions to social adversity remain largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we examined whether the endogenous opioid system, which is known to influence sensitivity to physical pain, is also implicated in differential risk for depression following socially painful targeted rejection versus non-targeted rejection life events. Adolescents (n=420) enrolled in a large longitudinal birth cohort study had their recent stress exposure and current mental health status assessed using self-report and interview-based methods. Participants were also genotyped for the A118G polymorphism in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1, rs1799971), which has been found to influence neural and psychological responses to rejection, likely by affecting opioid receptor expression and signaling efficiency. As hypothesized, G allele carriers, who are known to exhibit less opioid receptor expression and signaling efficiency, were more severely depressed and twice as likely to meet criteria for major depressive disorder following a recent targeted rejection major life event (e.g., being broken up with, getting fired) relative to A/A homozygotes who experienced such stress. However, A118G genotype did not moderate the effects of other similarly severe major life events on depression. These data thus elucidate a biological pathway that may specifically influence sensitivity to social pain and rejection, which in turn has implications for understanding differential risk for depression and several other social stress-related disorders.

Research paper thumbnail of Sensitizing effect of early adversity on depressive reactions to later proximal stress: Moderation by polymorphisms in serotonin transporter and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes in a 20-year longitudinal study

Development and Psychopathology, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Adolescent Precursors of Adult Borderline Personality Pathology in a High-Risk Community Sample

Journal of Personality Disorders, 2014

Longitudinal studies of the exact environmental conditions and personal attributes contributing t... more Longitudinal studies of the exact environmental conditions and personal attributes contributing to the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are rare. Furthermore, existing research typically examines risk factors in isolation, limiting our knowledge of the relative effect sizes of different risk factors and how they act in concert to bring about borderline personality pathology. The present study investigated the prospective effects of diverse acute and chronic stressors, proband psychopathology, and maternal psychopathology on BPD features in a high-risk community sample (N = 700) of youth followed from mid-adolescence to young adulthood. Multivariate analyses revealed significant effects of maternal externalizing disorder history, offspring internalizing disorder history, family stressors, and school-related stressors on BPD risk. Contrary to expectations, no interactions between chronically stressful environmental conditions and personal characteristics in predicting borderline personality features were detected. Implications of these findings for etiological theories of BPD and early screening efforts are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of chronic interpersonal stress exposure on depressive symptoms are moderated by genetic variation at IL6 and IL1β in youth

Brain, behavior, and immunity, Jan 13, 2015

Close to one third of patients with major depression show increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines... more Close to one third of patients with major depression show increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are in turn associated with risk for inflammatory disease. Genetic variants that enhance immune reactivity may thus enhance inflammatory and depressive reactions to stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate a trio of functional SNPs in the promoter regions of IL6 (-174G>C, rs1800795), IL1β (-511C>T, rs16944), and TNF (-308G>A, rs1800629) as moderators of the relationship between chronic stress exposure and elevations in depressive symptoms. Participants were 444 Australian youth (mean age=20.12) whose exposure to chronic stress in the past 6months was assessed using the semi-structured UCLA Life Stress Interview, and who completed the Beck Depression Inventory II at ages 15 and 20. Between ages 22 and 25, all participants in the selected sample provided blood samples for genotyping. In line with a hypothesized moderation effect, -174G allele carriers at IL6...

Research paper thumbnail of Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (rs53576) moderates the intergenerational transmission of depression

Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2014

Maternal depression serves as a potent source of stress among offspring, greatly enhancing the ri... more Maternal depression serves as a potent source of stress among offspring, greatly enhancing the risk of numerous adverse outcomes including youth depression. Several factors moderate the transmission of depression from mothers to offspring. However, the role of genetic characteristics in this process merits further exploration. Consistent with an interpersonal perspective on depression, the present study focused on a genetic polymorphism that has been shown to be relevant to social functioning, the rs53576 polymorphism of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). In a community sample of 441 youth, OXTR genotype moderated the association between maternal depression in early childhood and youth depressive symptoms in adolescence, such that youth possessing at least one A allele of OXTR who also had a history of maternal depression exhibited the highest levels of depressive symptoms at age 15. In order to explore possible interpersonal mediators of this effect, conditional process analyses examined the role of youth social functioning in adolescence. Results suggest that OXTR genotype may partially account for the transmission of maternal depression to youth and support the role of dysfunctional social processes as a mechanism through which OXTR influences the development of depressive symptoms.

Research paper thumbnail of A Developmental Pathway From Early Life Stress to Inflammation: The Role of Negative Health Behaviors

Psychological Science, 2014

Early life stressors are associated with elevated inflammation, a key physiological risk factor f... more Early life stressors are associated with elevated inflammation, a key physiological risk factor for disease. However, the mechanisms by which early stress leads to inflammation remain largely unknown. Using a longitudinal data set, we examined smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI) as health-behavior pathways by which early adversity might lead to inflammation during young adulthood. Contemporaneously measured early adversity predicted increased BMI and smoking but not alcohol consumption, and these effects were partially accounted for by chronic stress in young adulthood. Higher BMI in turn predicted higher levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNF-RII) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and smoking predicted elevated sTNF-RII. These findings establish that early adversity contributes to inflammation in part through ongoing stress and maladaptive health behavior. Given that maladaptive health behaviors portend inflammation in young adulthood, they serve as promising targets for interventions designed to prevent the negative consequences of early adversity.

Research paper thumbnail of Stressful life events predict delayed functional recovery following treatment for mania in bipolar disorder

Psychiatry Research, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Social competence as a predictor of chronic interpersonal stress

Personal Relationships, 1998

Page 1. Personal Relationships, 5 (198), 207-218. Printed in the United States of America. Copyri... more Page 1. Personal Relationships, 5 (198), 207-218. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright 0 1998 ISSPR. 1350-4126/98 $9.50 Social competence as a predictor of chronic interpersonal stress DAVID S. HERZBERG ...

Research paper thumbnail of Continuity of Depression During the Transition to Adulthood: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study of Young Women

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1999

To characterize the clinical course and psychosocial correlates of unipolar depression in late ad... more To characterize the clinical course and psychosocial correlates of unipolar depression in late adolescent women and to examine the continuity in affective disturbance from adolescence to early adulthood during the post-high school transition. One hundred fifty-five women aged 17 or 18 years were recruited from 3 local public high schools and were followed at yearly intervals for 5 years for clinical and psychosocial outcomes. The 5-year incidence of first major depressive episode was 36.9%, and overall, 47% of the women had one or more episodes of major depression. Risk for recurrence was substantial, and those with onsets prior to the study were more likely to have depressive episodes during the post-high school period. The presence of nonaffective disorder also increased the risk for depression. Young women with major depression during the post-high school transition had more negative functional outcomes in school and intimate romantic relationships. These results suggest that there is substantial continuity in affective disturbance from adolescence to adulthood. The risk for both new onset of depression and recurrence is remarkably high during late adolescence, and the risk continues throughout early adult years, accompanied by notable interpersonal dysfunction.

Research paper thumbnail of Interpersonal Impairment and the Prediction of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Children of Depressed and Nondepressed Mothers

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2003

Different pathways to youth depression should be explored. Based on an interpersonal impairment p... more Different pathways to youth depression should be explored. Based on an interpersonal impairment perspective on depression, the currently depressed children of depressed mothers were hypothesized to differ in predictors of their depression compared with depressed children of nondepressed mothers. Chronic social difficulties were expected to be more predictive of depressive symptoms in offspring of depressed women, while recent stressful life events were expected to predict depression in offspring of never-depressed women. A community sample of 812 fifteen-year-old children of depressed and nondepressed women was studied in Queensland, Australia, between 1996 and 1999; chronic and episodic stress in the past 6 to 12 months were examined in relation to current depressive disorders. Depressive states in children of depressed mothers were more associated with chronic interpersonal difficulties than were the depressions of children of nondepressed women, and the latter group had greater increases in depression level associated with episodic stressors than did children of depressed women. The results may reflect greater depression reactivity to chronic social difficulties among offspring of depressed mothers. Depressive experiences may have different predictors in subgroups of depressed youths and imply potentially different courses and needs for treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of Maternal Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning

Journal of Personality Disorders, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Self-schemas and risk for depression: A prospective study

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985

The role of depressive self-schemas in vulnerability to depression was explored in a longitudinal... more The role of depressive self-schemas in vulnerability to depression was explored in a longitudinal design. Five groups of subjects hypothesized to be at differential risk for depression according to a schema model were identified: depressed schematic, depressed nonschematic, nondepressed schematic, nondepressed nonschematic, and a psychopathology control. They were followed regularly for 4 months with self-report and clinical interview measures of depression. There was no evidence of risk for depression associated with schema status apart from initial mood and no interaction of life stress events and schemas. In a second experiment with the same subjects, it was shown that depressive self-schemas do not exert an ongoing, active influence on everyday information processing; instead current mood affected information processing. Remitted depressed persons resembled nondepressed rather than depressed ones. The results support Kuiper and colleagues' distinction between concomitant and vulnerability schemas, and help to clarify differences between cognitions that are symptoms or correlates of depression and those that may play a causal role under certain conditions.

Research paper thumbnail of Why does attachment style change?

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997

Adult attachment research has proceeded on the assumption that attachment style is relatively sta... more Adult attachment research has proceeded on the assumption that attachment style is relatively stable and affects future functioning. However, researchers have become interested in attachment instability and predictors of attachment style change. In this article, 2 conceptualizations of attachment style change were examined: Attachment style change is a reaction to current circumstances, and attachment style change is an individual difference in susceptibility to change that is associated with stable vulnerability factors. A total of 155 women were assessed after high school graduation, and 6 months and 2 years later. Results primarily supported the conceptualization of attachment style change as an individual difference. Specifically, some women may be prone to attachment fluctuations because of adverse earlier experiences, and women who show attachment fluctuations are similar to women with stably insecure attachments.

Research paper thumbnail of Depressed adolescents of depressed and nondepressed mothers: Tests of an Interpersonal Impairment Hypothesis

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Predictors of work adjustment in bipolar I patients: A naturalistic longitudinal follow-up

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2000

This study explored the clinical and psychosocial predictors of work adjustment in 52 Bipolar I p... more This study explored the clinical and psychosocial predictors of work adjustment in 52 Bipolar I patients over a 2-year longitudinal period and examined associations between work functioning and social relationships, personality features, stressful life events, and clinical variables. Analyses indicated that psychosocial variables (personality disorder symptoms and social functioning) added significantly to prediction of work functioning after clinical variables were entered. Stressful life events were not associated with work adjustment. Overall, presence of a good quality supportive relationship was the strongest unique predictor of work. The results highlight the need to study functional outcomes in patients, especially because they appear only modestly associated with clinical status.

Research paper thumbnail of Differential responses to male and female depressive reactions

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977

Suggests that the commonly reported preponderance of female over male depression in incidence and... more Suggests that the commonly reported preponderance of female over male depression in incidence and prevalence studies requires further analysis. One explanation is that the social consequences of expression of depressive symptomatology are different for males and females. A comparison of 157 male and 189 female undergraduates' reactions to male and female case histories of common reactions to stress confirmed the

Research paper thumbnail of Predictors of subjective ratings of stressor severity: the effects of current mood and neuroticism

Respondent-based or subjective, ratings of stressor severity are posited to be influenced by syst... more Respondent-based or subjective, ratings of stressor severity are posited to be influenced by systematic biases related to current mood and trait neuroticism which may confound associations between environmental stressors and psychological outcomes. The current study examined the ...

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic moderation of the association between adolescent romantic involvement and depression: Contributions of serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, chronic stress, and family discord

Development and psychopathology, Jan 3, 2015

Studies support a link between adolescent romantic involvement and depression. Adolescent romanti... more Studies support a link between adolescent romantic involvement and depression. Adolescent romantic relationships may increase depression risk by introducing chronic stress, and genetic vulnerability to stress reactivity/emotion dysregulation may moderate these associations. We tested genetic moderation of longitudinal associations between adolescent romantic involvement and later depressive symptoms by a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region gene (5-HTTLPR) and examined contributory roles of chronic stress and family discord. Three hundred eighty-one youth participated at ages 15 and 20. The results indicated that 5-HTTLPR moderated the association between age 15 romantic involvement and age 20 depressive symptoms, with strongest effects for short homozygotes. Conditional process analysis revealed that chronic stress functioned as a moderated mediator of this association, fully accounting for the romantic involvement-depression link among short/short ge...

Research paper thumbnail of Genetic susceptibility to family environment: BDNF Val66met and 5-HTTLPR influence depressive symptoms

Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43), 2014

Functional genetic polymorphisms associated with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and ser... more Functional genetic polymorphisms associated with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and serotonin (5-HTTLPR) have demonstrated associations with depression in interaction with environmental stressors. In light of evidence for biological connections between BDNF and serotonin, it is prudent to consider genetic epistasis between variants in these genes in the development of depressive symptoms. The current study examined the effects of val66met, 5-HTTLPR, and family environment quality on youth depressive symptoms in adolescence and young adulthood in a longitudinal sample oversampled for maternal depression history. A differential susceptibility model was tested, comparing the effects of family environment on depression scores across different levels of a cumulative plasticity genotype, defined as presence of both, either, or neither plasticity alleles (defined here as val66met Met and 5-HTTLPR 'S'). Cumulative plasticity genotype interacted with family environment qual...

Research paper thumbnail of Axis II symptomatology, depression, and life stress during the transition from adolescence to adulthood

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1998

Research paper thumbnail of Endogenous opioid system influences depressive reactions to socially painful targeted rejection life events

Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2014

Although exposure to a recent major life event is one of the strongest known risk factors for dep... more Although exposure to a recent major life event is one of the strongest known risk factors for depression, many people who experience such stress do not become depressed. Moreover, the biological mechanisms underlying differential emotional reactions to social adversity remain largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we examined whether the endogenous opioid system, which is known to influence sensitivity to physical pain, is also implicated in differential risk for depression following socially painful targeted rejection versus non-targeted rejection life events. Adolescents (n=420) enrolled in a large longitudinal birth cohort study had their recent stress exposure and current mental health status assessed using self-report and interview-based methods. Participants were also genotyped for the A118G polymorphism in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1, rs1799971), which has been found to influence neural and psychological responses to rejection, likely by affecting opioid receptor expression and signaling efficiency. As hypothesized, G allele carriers, who are known to exhibit less opioid receptor expression and signaling efficiency, were more severely depressed and twice as likely to meet criteria for major depressive disorder following a recent targeted rejection major life event (e.g., being broken up with, getting fired) relative to A/A homozygotes who experienced such stress. However, A118G genotype did not moderate the effects of other similarly severe major life events on depression. These data thus elucidate a biological pathway that may specifically influence sensitivity to social pain and rejection, which in turn has implications for understanding differential risk for depression and several other social stress-related disorders.

Research paper thumbnail of Sensitizing effect of early adversity on depressive reactions to later proximal stress: Moderation by polymorphisms in serotonin transporter and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes in a 20-year longitudinal study

Development and Psychopathology, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Adolescent Precursors of Adult Borderline Personality Pathology in a High-Risk Community Sample

Journal of Personality Disorders, 2014

Longitudinal studies of the exact environmental conditions and personal attributes contributing t... more Longitudinal studies of the exact environmental conditions and personal attributes contributing to the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are rare. Furthermore, existing research typically examines risk factors in isolation, limiting our knowledge of the relative effect sizes of different risk factors and how they act in concert to bring about borderline personality pathology. The present study investigated the prospective effects of diverse acute and chronic stressors, proband psychopathology, and maternal psychopathology on BPD features in a high-risk community sample (N = 700) of youth followed from mid-adolescence to young adulthood. Multivariate analyses revealed significant effects of maternal externalizing disorder history, offspring internalizing disorder history, family stressors, and school-related stressors on BPD risk. Contrary to expectations, no interactions between chronically stressful environmental conditions and personal characteristics in predicting borderline personality features were detected. Implications of these findings for etiological theories of BPD and early screening efforts are discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of chronic interpersonal stress exposure on depressive symptoms are moderated by genetic variation at IL6 and IL1β in youth

Brain, behavior, and immunity, Jan 13, 2015

Close to one third of patients with major depression show increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines... more Close to one third of patients with major depression show increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are in turn associated with risk for inflammatory disease. Genetic variants that enhance immune reactivity may thus enhance inflammatory and depressive reactions to stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate a trio of functional SNPs in the promoter regions of IL6 (-174G>C, rs1800795), IL1β (-511C>T, rs16944), and TNF (-308G>A, rs1800629) as moderators of the relationship between chronic stress exposure and elevations in depressive symptoms. Participants were 444 Australian youth (mean age=20.12) whose exposure to chronic stress in the past 6months was assessed using the semi-structured UCLA Life Stress Interview, and who completed the Beck Depression Inventory II at ages 15 and 20. Between ages 22 and 25, all participants in the selected sample provided blood samples for genotyping. In line with a hypothesized moderation effect, -174G allele carriers at IL6...

Research paper thumbnail of Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism (rs53576) moderates the intergenerational transmission of depression

Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2014

Maternal depression serves as a potent source of stress among offspring, greatly enhancing the ri... more Maternal depression serves as a potent source of stress among offspring, greatly enhancing the risk of numerous adverse outcomes including youth depression. Several factors moderate the transmission of depression from mothers to offspring. However, the role of genetic characteristics in this process merits further exploration. Consistent with an interpersonal perspective on depression, the present study focused on a genetic polymorphism that has been shown to be relevant to social functioning, the rs53576 polymorphism of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). In a community sample of 441 youth, OXTR genotype moderated the association between maternal depression in early childhood and youth depressive symptoms in adolescence, such that youth possessing at least one A allele of OXTR who also had a history of maternal depression exhibited the highest levels of depressive symptoms at age 15. In order to explore possible interpersonal mediators of this effect, conditional process analyses examined the role of youth social functioning in adolescence. Results suggest that OXTR genotype may partially account for the transmission of maternal depression to youth and support the role of dysfunctional social processes as a mechanism through which OXTR influences the development of depressive symptoms.

Research paper thumbnail of A Developmental Pathway From Early Life Stress to Inflammation: The Role of Negative Health Behaviors

Psychological Science, 2014

Early life stressors are associated with elevated inflammation, a key physiological risk factor f... more Early life stressors are associated with elevated inflammation, a key physiological risk factor for disease. However, the mechanisms by which early stress leads to inflammation remain largely unknown. Using a longitudinal data set, we examined smoking, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI) as health-behavior pathways by which early adversity might lead to inflammation during young adulthood. Contemporaneously measured early adversity predicted increased BMI and smoking but not alcohol consumption, and these effects were partially accounted for by chronic stress in young adulthood. Higher BMI in turn predicted higher levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type II (sTNF-RII) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and smoking predicted elevated sTNF-RII. These findings establish that early adversity contributes to inflammation in part through ongoing stress and maladaptive health behavior. Given that maladaptive health behaviors portend inflammation in young adulthood, they serve as promising targets for interventions designed to prevent the negative consequences of early adversity.

Research paper thumbnail of Stressful life events predict delayed functional recovery following treatment for mania in bipolar disorder

Psychiatry Research, 2011

Research paper thumbnail of Social competence as a predictor of chronic interpersonal stress

Personal Relationships, 1998

Page 1. Personal Relationships, 5 (198), 207-218. Printed in the United States of America. Copyri... more Page 1. Personal Relationships, 5 (198), 207-218. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright 0 1998 ISSPR. 1350-4126/98 $9.50 Social competence as a predictor of chronic interpersonal stress DAVID S. HERZBERG ...

Research paper thumbnail of Continuity of Depression During the Transition to Adulthood: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study of Young Women

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1999

To characterize the clinical course and psychosocial correlates of unipolar depression in late ad... more To characterize the clinical course and psychosocial correlates of unipolar depression in late adolescent women and to examine the continuity in affective disturbance from adolescence to early adulthood during the post-high school transition. One hundred fifty-five women aged 17 or 18 years were recruited from 3 local public high schools and were followed at yearly intervals for 5 years for clinical and psychosocial outcomes. The 5-year incidence of first major depressive episode was 36.9%, and overall, 47% of the women had one or more episodes of major depression. Risk for recurrence was substantial, and those with onsets prior to the study were more likely to have depressive episodes during the post-high school period. The presence of nonaffective disorder also increased the risk for depression. Young women with major depression during the post-high school transition had more negative functional outcomes in school and intimate romantic relationships. These results suggest that there is substantial continuity in affective disturbance from adolescence to adulthood. The risk for both new onset of depression and recurrence is remarkably high during late adolescence, and the risk continues throughout early adult years, accompanied by notable interpersonal dysfunction.

Research paper thumbnail of Interpersonal Impairment and the Prediction of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescent Children of Depressed and Nondepressed Mothers

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2003

Different pathways to youth depression should be explored. Based on an interpersonal impairment p... more Different pathways to youth depression should be explored. Based on an interpersonal impairment perspective on depression, the currently depressed children of depressed mothers were hypothesized to differ in predictors of their depression compared with depressed children of nondepressed mothers. Chronic social difficulties were expected to be more predictive of depressive symptoms in offspring of depressed women, while recent stressful life events were expected to predict depression in offspring of never-depressed women. A community sample of 812 fifteen-year-old children of depressed and nondepressed women was studied in Queensland, Australia, between 1996 and 1999; chronic and episodic stress in the past 6 to 12 months were examined in relation to current depressive disorders. Depressive states in children of depressed mothers were more associated with chronic interpersonal difficulties than were the depressions of children of nondepressed women, and the latter group had greater increases in depression level associated with episodic stressors than did children of depressed women. The results may reflect greater depression reactivity to chronic social difficulties among offspring of depressed mothers. Depressive experiences may have different predictors in subgroups of depressed youths and imply potentially different courses and needs for treatment.

Research paper thumbnail of Maternal Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms and Adolescent Psychosocial Functioning

Journal of Personality Disorders, 2008

Research paper thumbnail of Self-schemas and risk for depression: A prospective study

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985

The role of depressive self-schemas in vulnerability to depression was explored in a longitudinal... more The role of depressive self-schemas in vulnerability to depression was explored in a longitudinal design. Five groups of subjects hypothesized to be at differential risk for depression according to a schema model were identified: depressed schematic, depressed nonschematic, nondepressed schematic, nondepressed nonschematic, and a psychopathology control. They were followed regularly for 4 months with self-report and clinical interview measures of depression. There was no evidence of risk for depression associated with schema status apart from initial mood and no interaction of life stress events and schemas. In a second experiment with the same subjects, it was shown that depressive self-schemas do not exert an ongoing, active influence on everyday information processing; instead current mood affected information processing. Remitted depressed persons resembled nondepressed rather than depressed ones. The results support Kuiper and colleagues' distinction between concomitant and vulnerability schemas, and help to clarify differences between cognitions that are symptoms or correlates of depression and those that may play a causal role under certain conditions.

Research paper thumbnail of Why does attachment style change?

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1997

Adult attachment research has proceeded on the assumption that attachment style is relatively sta... more Adult attachment research has proceeded on the assumption that attachment style is relatively stable and affects future functioning. However, researchers have become interested in attachment instability and predictors of attachment style change. In this article, 2 conceptualizations of attachment style change were examined: Attachment style change is a reaction to current circumstances, and attachment style change is an individual difference in susceptibility to change that is associated with stable vulnerability factors. A total of 155 women were assessed after high school graduation, and 6 months and 2 years later. Results primarily supported the conceptualization of attachment style change as an individual difference. Specifically, some women may be prone to attachment fluctuations because of adverse earlier experiences, and women who show attachment fluctuations are similar to women with stably insecure attachments.

Research paper thumbnail of Depressed adolescents of depressed and nondepressed mothers: Tests of an Interpersonal Impairment Hypothesis

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2001

Research paper thumbnail of Predictors of work adjustment in bipolar I patients: A naturalistic longitudinal follow-up

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2000

This study explored the clinical and psychosocial predictors of work adjustment in 52 Bipolar I p... more This study explored the clinical and psychosocial predictors of work adjustment in 52 Bipolar I patients over a 2-year longitudinal period and examined associations between work functioning and social relationships, personality features, stressful life events, and clinical variables. Analyses indicated that psychosocial variables (personality disorder symptoms and social functioning) added significantly to prediction of work functioning after clinical variables were entered. Stressful life events were not associated with work adjustment. Overall, presence of a good quality supportive relationship was the strongest unique predictor of work. The results highlight the need to study functional outcomes in patients, especially because they appear only modestly associated with clinical status.

Research paper thumbnail of Differential responses to male and female depressive reactions

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1977

Suggests that the commonly reported preponderance of female over male depression in incidence and... more Suggests that the commonly reported preponderance of female over male depression in incidence and prevalence studies requires further analysis. One explanation is that the social consequences of expression of depressive symptomatology are different for males and females. A comparison of 157 male and 189 female undergraduates' reactions to male and female case histories of common reactions to stress confirmed the