Juan Morgaz | Universidad de Córdoba (original) (raw)

Papers by Juan Morgaz

Annals of Biomedical Engineering

Collagen is a ubiquitous protein present in regenerating bone tissues that experiences multiple b... more Collagen is a ubiquitous protein present in regenerating bone tissues that experiences multiple biological phenomena during distraction osteogenesis until the deposition of phosphate crystals. This work combines fluorescence techniques and mathematical modeling to shed light on the mechano-structural processes behind the maturation and accommodation-to-mineralization of the callus tissue. Ovine metatarsal bone calluses were analyzed through confocal images at different stages of the early distraction osteogenesis process, quantifying the fiber orientation distribution and mean intensity as fiber density measure. Likewise, a mathematical model based on the experimental data was defined to micromechanically characterize the apparent stiffening of the tissue within the distracted callus. A reorganization of the fibers around the distraction axis and increased fiber density were found as the bone fragments were gradually separated. Given the degree of significance between the mathematic...

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2019

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, 2018

To evaluate and compare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of dexketoprofen and methadone... more To evaluate and compare the analgesic efficacy and adverse effects of dexketoprofen and methadone using a noninferiority trial, during the first 24 postoperative hours in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Randomized, blinded clinical study. A total of 38 healthy dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery. Dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine [1 μg kg intravenously (IV)] followed by dexketoprofen (1 mg kg IV; group DK) or methadone (0.2 mg kg IV; group M). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 60% oxygen. Postoperatively, dexketoprofen was administered every 8 hours (group DK) and methadone every 4 hours (group M). Analgesia was assessed at baseline and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 18 and 24 hours after extubation using a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS), the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF), mechanical wound thresholds (MWTs) and plasma cortisol levels. If CMPS-SF score was ≥5, rescue analgesia was administe...

Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2017

Tendon injuries are the most frequent musculoskeletal problems, constituting 30-50% of all sport-... more Tendon injuries are the most frequent musculoskeletal problems, constituting 30-50% of all sport-related lesions. Efficient handling of early stage tendon injury and healing can accelerate tendon repair as well as improve the quality of newly formed tendons. Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) is an autologous biological therapy that has been proposed to treat tendon injuries. To elucidate the effect of this treatment on the early stage of tendon healing, 14 sheep were used to perform the present study. The right Achilles tendon was surgically severed and repaired with sutures. Seven animals were treated with PRGF and the other seven with saline solution after surgical tendon reconstruction. Tendons were ultrasound-guide infiltrated 1 week after the induced injury. Two weeks later, the sheep were euthanized and histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. The tendons with PRGF showed reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells compared to those treated with saline solution. Analysis of the blood vessels, morphometric data of fibroblast nuclei, and collagen fibres in the extracellular matrix did not show statistical differences between groups. These findings suggest the important role that PRGF therapy plays in the modulation of inflammatory response in Achilles tendon injuries, leading to acceleration of the tendon healing process, shortening the convalescence period.

World Journal of Anesthesiology, 2015

Animals

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity can modify cardiovascular parameters in response to nocic... more Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity can modify cardiovascular parameters in response to nociceptive stimuli or drugs in anesthetized animals. The aim of this study was to determine if a surgical nociceptive stimulus and morphine, ketamine, and dobutamine administration would modify ANS activity observed as a change in the mean parasympathetic tone activity (PTAm) in anesthetized horses. In 20 anesthetized horses, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and PTAm were monitored before and 1, 3, and 5 min after surgical incision, and before and 10 min after the administration of morphine (0.2 mg/kg IV). If nystagmus or spontaneous ventilation was observed, ketamine (0.5 mg/kg IV) was given, and the three variables were registered before and 3 and 5 min afterward. If MAP reached ≤ 62 mmHg, a dobutamine infusion was administered, and the three variables were recorded before and 5 min after starting/increasing the infusion (0.25 μg/kg/min IV every 5 min). The three variables we...

Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2020

Bone lengthening is a bone regeneration technique with multiple clinical applications. One of the... more Bone lengthening is a bone regeneration technique with multiple clinical applications. One of the most common complications of this treatment is the lack of adaptation of the surrounding soft tissue to their extension. A better understanding of the mechanobiology of the tissues involved in distraction osteogenesis would allow better control of the clinical cases. Bone lengthening treatments were performed in vivo in the metatarsus of Merino sheep, measuring the distraction forces by means of an instrumented fixator. The tissue relaxation after distraction was analyzed in this study. A viscoelastic model was also applied to distraction data to assess the mechanical behavior of the tissues during the distraction phase. Tissue relaxation is similar to other bone regeneration processes which do not imply surrounding soft tissue extension, e.g. bone transport. The effects of this tissue on distraction forces are limited to the first minutes of distraction and elongations above 4% of the original length with the protocol applied. Moreover, the surrounding soft tissue initially loses some of its viscoelasticity and subsequently suffers strain hardening from day 5 of distraction until the end of the distraction phase, day 15. Finally, anatomical changes were also evidenced in the elongated limb of our specimens.

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2021

Objective To assess the effect of continuous wound infusion (CWI) with preperitoneal ropivacaine ... more Objective To assess the effect of continuous wound infusion (CWI) with preperitoneal ropivacaine on postoperative analgesia and compare it with the epidural administration of ropivacaine and morphine in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Study design A parallel, randomized, clinical, prospective and nonblinded study. Animals A group of 38 Greyhound bitches. Methods In the catheter group (CathG), CWI with ropivacaine 1% (1 mg kg e1 þ 0.8 mg kg e1 hour e1) was applied to the preperitoneal space over the surgical incision. In the epidural group (EpiG), ropivacaine 0.5% (1.3 mg kg e1) and morphine (0.1 mg kg e1) were epidurally administered. Occipital-coccygeal length was used to calculate the volume for the epidural. Pain was scored using a dynamic interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS) and Glasgow composite measure pain scaleeshort form (CMPS-SF) before anaesthesia and at 2, 4, 6, 18, 21 and 24 hours after extubation. Incisional sensitivity using a dynamometer (MWTs-incision) was evaluated simultaneously. Plasma ropivacaine and cortisol concentrations, degree of sedation, motor blockade and response to interdigital clamping were measured or assessed. A two-way mixed analysis of variance and a ManneWhitney U test were used to analyse data; p < 0.05. Results No differences were detected in the DIVAS (p ¼ 0.301), CMPS-SF (p ¼ 0.600) scores, MWTs-incision measurements (p ¼ 0.257) and cortisol values (p ¼ 0.878) between the groups. Rescue analgesia was required in two dogs, one in each group, at 2 hours. Sedation, motor blockade and negative response to interdigital clamping were detected in EpiG at 2, 4 and 6 hours. Mean plasma ropivacaine values were higher in CathG (0.475 ± 0.164 ng mL e1) than in EpiG (0.184 ± 0.213 ng mL e1 ; p ¼ 0.001). Conclusion and clinical relevance Compared with epidural ropivacaine and morphine, CWI with preperitoneal ropivacaine is an effective analgesic technique for postoperative pain management in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy without motor blockade.

Equine Veterinary Journal, 2020

BACKGROUND The bispectral index (BIS) has been evaluated as an indicator of central nervous syste... more BACKGROUND The bispectral index (BIS) has been evaluated as an indicator of central nervous system (CNS) depression in horses during general anaesthesia. The spectral entropy is another electroencephalographic device and it has not been evaluated yet in horses. OBJECTIVES To determine if spectral entropy can assess anaesthetic depth during the different phases of anaesthesia, define the value of state and response entropy during surgical plane of anaesthesia and compare them with BIS. STUDY DESIGN Clinical, prospective, non-blinded observational study. METHODS Thirty-five horses ASA I or II undergoing scheduled surgical procedure were used. BIS and electromyography (EMG) with a BIS monitor and state and response entropy with a spectral entropy monitor were recorded at baseline after receiving 5 µg/kg bwt i.v. of medetomidine (sedation period), during the anaesthetic maintenance with isoflurane and medetomidine (intraoperative period) and once the trachea was extubated (recovery period). A general linear model for repeated measurements was employed. Correlation and agreement between methods were also assessed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. RESULTS State entropy, response entropy and EMG showed significant differences according to the anaesthetic period (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in BIS between baseline and sedation period but there were differences between the remainder of the periods (p<0.001). BIS (53.4±11.2) was significantly higher (p<0.001) than response entropy (35.1±7.1) and state entropy (27.4±4.8) during surgical plane of anaesthesia. The ICC between BIS and response entropy was 0.56 and between BIS and state entropy was 0.43, without agreement between them. MAIN LIMITATIONS The need to shave the skin in contact with the sensors and the difficulty in taking measurements during recovery period. CONCLUSIONS Spectral entropy can be used to detect the different periods of an anaesthetic protocol, with the lowest values during the intraoperative period. A low correlation and no concordance were observed between both methods.

BMC Veterinary Research, 2020

Background: Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is an important clinical occurrence seen in comm... more Background: Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is an important clinical occurrence seen in common diseases, such as gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs or colic in horses. Limited data is available on the use of methylene blue in veterinary medicine for intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. The present study aimed to compare the hemodynamic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical effects of two doses of methylene blue in two rabbit model groups In one group, 5 mg/kg IV was administered, and in another, 20 mg/kg IV was administered following a constant rate infusion (CRI) of 2 mg/kg/h that lasted 6 h. All the groups, including a control group had intestinal ischemiareperfusion. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using caspase-3. Results: During ischemia, hemodynamic depression with reduced perfusion and elevated lactate were observed. During reperfusion, methylene blue (MB) infusion generated an increase in cardiac output due to a positive chronotropic effect, an elevation of preload, and an intense positive inotropic effect. The changes in heart rate and blood pressure were significantly greater in the group in which methylene blue 5 mg/kg IV was administered (MB5) than in the group in which methylene blue 20 mg/kg IV dose was administered (MB20). In addition, lactate and stroke volume variations were significantly reduced, and vascular resistance was significantly elevated in the MB5 group compared with the control group and MB20 group. The MB5 group showed a significant decrease in the intensity of histopathological lesion scores in the intestines and a decrease in caspase-3 areas, in comparison with other groups. Conclusions: MB infusion produced improvements in hemodynamic parameters in rabbits subjected to intestinal IR, with increased cardiac output and blood pressure. An MB dosage of 5 mg/kg IV administered at a CRI of 2 mg/ kg/h exhibited the most protective effect against histopathological damage caused by intestinal ischemiareperfusion. Further studies with MB in clinical veterinary pathologies are recommended to fully evaluate these findings.

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2018

Objective To assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) and conduct a clinical laboratory evaluation of ace... more Objective To assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) and conduct a clinical laboratory evaluation of acetaminophen in Beagle and Galgo Español (GE) dogs. Study design Prospective randomized experimental trial.

Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997), Feb 1, 2018

Ultrasound pachymetry (UP) is currently the most common technique used to evaluate central cornea... more Ultrasound pachymetry (UP) is currently the most common technique used to evaluate central corneal thickness (CCT). New devices which allow assessment of CCT without corneal contact have been compared, but there are discrepancies among instruments. The aim of this study was to compare CCT measurements obtained by UP and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) in 28 eyes of 14 healthy Beagles dogs. Mean CCT±standard deviation (SD) were 552±63μm for UP and 551±55μm for UBM. UBM showed both a fixed and proportional bias when compared to ultrasound pachymetry, but this was not considered to be clinically important. Measured CCT did not differ between UP and UBM (P=0.796). The intra-class correlation coefficient indicated a strong agreement between methods (0.990). The CCT measurements between left (548±61μm) and right (555±59μm) eyes did not differ (P=0.760). Male dogs had higher CCT measurements than female dogs (P=0.038).

Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 2017

Objective-To evaluate the use of gastric (PgCO 2) and bladder (PbCO 2) tonometry for assessing ti... more Objective-To evaluate the use of gastric (PgCO 2) and bladder (PbCO 2) tonometry for assessing tissue hypoperfusion in dogs during sevoflurane-induced hypotension, and to compare these measurements with delivery of oxygen, arterial oxygen content, and plasma lactate concentration. Design-Prospective experimental trial. Setting-University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals-Fourteen adult Beagle dogs. Interventions-Anesthetic induction was performed by mask with sevoflurane and oxygen. Heart rate, direct arterial pressures, respiratory rate, and end-tidal carbon dioxide were recorded; arterial blood samples were taken to measure blood gases, and venous samples were sampled to measure plasma lactate. A tonometric catheter was introduced into the stomach to measure PgCO 2. Samples of saline from the balloon of a Foley catheter placed in the bladder were collected every 10 minutes and used to measure PbCO 2 by gas analysis. Tonometry measurements, plasma lactate, and oxygen delivery and consumption were compared at 3 time points: at baseline, during hypotension, and during treatment periods. A hypotensive period (mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 60 mm Hg) of 15 minutes was induced by an overdose of sevoflurane, whereas during the treatment period, a constant-rate infusion of dopamine (10 g/kg/min) was administered intravenously for 40 minutes. Measurements and Main Results-Values for PgCO 2 and PbCO 2 increased significantly during the hypotensive period, and correlations were found between these values and the delivery of oxygen. Gastric tonometry values had stronger correlations compared with bladder tonometry values. Conclusions-Gastric and bladder tonometry can be used to detect hypoperfusion. Further studies are warranted to determine the potential use of gastric and bladder tonometry in assessing dogs in clinical situations.

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia, Jan 11, 2017

To determine the effects of two dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusions on the minimum infusion... more To determine the effects of two dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusions on the minimum infusion rate of alfaxalone for total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA), and subsequent haemodynamic and recovery effects in Greyhounds undergoing laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy. Prospective, randomized and blinded clinical study. Twenty-four female Greyhounds. Dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine 3 μg kg(-1) and methadone 0.3 mg kg(-1) intramuscularly. Anaesthesia was induced with IV alfaxalone to effect and maintained with a TIVA mixture of alfaxalone in combination with two different doses of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg kg(-1) hour(-1) or 1 μg kg(-1) hour(-1); groups DEX0.5 and DEX1, respectively). The alfaxalone starting dose rate was 0.07 mg kg(-1) minute(-1) and was adjusted (± 0.02 mg kg(-1) minute(-1)) every 5 minutes to maintain a suitable depth of anaesthesia. A rescue alfaxalone bolus (0.5 mg kg(-1) IV) was administered if dogs moved or swallowed. The number of rescue boluses was rec...

Research in Veterinary Science, 2016

Thirty-two dogs were used in this prospective, randomised, clinical and doubleblinded study. Dexm... more Thirty-two dogs were used in this prospective, randomised, clinical and doubleblinded study. Dexmedetomidine was administered at 1 µg/kg IV, and randomly each dog received dexketoprofen 1 mg/kg IV (group DK) or methadone 0.2 mg/kg IV (group M). Dogs were induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. During surgery, the isoflurane concentration was changed depending on clinical signs of depth of anaesthesia. Fentanyl and propofol could be used as required. Qualities of sedation and recovery were evaluated. A generalized linear mixed model or Mann-Whiney U test were used, and P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. No significant differences were observed between groups in the qualities of sedation and recovery, isoflurane concentration and in the total amount of fentanyl and propofol used intraoperatively. This study shows that the administration of dexketoprofen at 1 mg/kg IV at premedication required a similar isoflurane concentration to maintain anesthesia as methadone at 0.2 mg/kg IV during orthopedic surgery in dogs. Further analgesia is recommended intraoperatively, because of the need of fentanyl and propofol in same animals in both groups.

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2016

Objective To assess the effect of two rates of infusion of dexmedetomidine on the bispectral inde... more Objective To assess the effect of two rates of infusion of dexmedetomidine on the bispectral index (BIS) in dogs anaesthetized with alfaxalone constant rate infusion (CRI). Study design Prospective, randomized, 'blinded' experimental study. Animals Six healthy Beagles (three females and three males). Methods Dogs received as premedication saline (group D0), 1 lg kg À1 (group D1) or 2 lg kg À1 (group D2) dexmedetomidine, intravenously (IV). Anaesthesia was induced with alfaxalone (6 mg kg À1 to effect IV) and maintained with alfaxalone at 0.07 mg kg À1 minute À1 and a CRI of saline (D0) or dexmedetomidine 0.5 lg kg À1 hour À1 (D1) or 1 lg kg À1 hour À1 (D2) for 90 minutes. BIS, electromyography (EMG), signal quality index (SQI) and suppression ratio (SR) were measured at 10 minute intervals and the median values were calculated. Nociceptive stimuli were applied every 30 minutes and BIS and cardiorespiratory values were compared before and after stimuli. Cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded throughout the study. Results BIS and EMG values differed significantly among groups, being lower in D2 (71 AE 8) than in D0 (85 AE 10) and D1 (84 AE 9). SQI was always over 90% and SR was zero throughout all the treatments. There were no significant differences between pre-and post-stimulus values of BIS, EMG and SQI for any treatment, although in D0 and D1, heart rate, respiratory rate and arterial pressures increased significantly after the nociceptive stimulus. Conclusions and clinical relevance Administration of dexmedetomidine (2 lg kg À1 + CRI 1 lg kg À1 hour À1) decreases the BIS values and avoids the autonomic responses of a nociceptive stimulus during alfaxalone anaesthesia at 0.07 mg kg À1 minute À1 in dogs. However, further studies are needed to verify whether this combination produces an adequate degree of hypnosis under surgical situations.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 2015

The load bearing characteristics of the intervened limb over time in vivo are important to know i... more The load bearing characteristics of the intervened limb over time in vivo are important to know in distraction osteogenesis and bone healing for the characterization of the bone maturation process. Gait analyses were performed for a group of sheep in which bone transport was carried out. The ground reaction force was measured by means of a force platform, and the gait parameters (i.e., the peak, the mean vertical ground reaction force and the impulse) were calculated during the stance phase for each limb. The results showed that these gait parameters decreased in the intervened limb and interestingly increased in the other limbs due to the implantation of the fixator. Additionally, during the process, the gait parameters exponentially approached the values for healthy animals. Corresponding radiographies showed an increasing level of ossification in the callus. This study shows, as a preliminary approach to be confirmed with more experiments, that gait analysis could be used as an alternative method to control distraction osteogenesis or bone healing. For example, these analyses could determine the appropriate time to remove the fixator. Furthermore, gait analysis has advantages over other methods because it provides quantitative data and does not require instrumented fixators.

Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 2012

BACKGROUND: Replacement therapies based on the use of convection have value for the removal of in... more BACKGROUND: Replacement therapies based on the use of convection have value for the removal of inflammatory mediators. Such therapies have been proposed for the management of septic shock, but diffusion has not proved useful in this scenario, unless high-flow membranes are used. The exact role of diffusion in these cases remains to be clarified because continuous replacement therapies are usually delivered with lowflow membranes and mixed convection-diffusion modalities. However, studies specifically addressing this problem have not been performed. Our aim was to define the efficacy of hemofiltration (convection) and hemodialysis (diffusion) in cytokine clearance and hemodynamic improvement in an experimental model of septic shock. METHODS: Shock was induced in 15 beagle dogs (weight 10Y15 kg) by infusion of 1 mg/kg of ultrapure Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide diluted in 20 mL saline for 10 minutes. Five animals were followed without interventions (controls), five animals were treated with convection (100 mL kg j1 h j1) for 6 hours, and five animals were treated with diffusion (100 mL kg j1 h j) for 6 hours. RESULTS: All subjects in the control group died during the study, whereas all treated subjects survived. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, systolic variability volume, systemic vascular resistances, dP Max , and pulmonary compliance improved in treated subjects. However, the differences in mean arterial pressure and cardiac output were significant only in the convection group and not in the diffusiontreated group. Tumor necrosis factor > rose equally in all groups and decreased only in treated subjects. Interleukin 6 rose in the three groups but decreased only in the convection group and remained unchanged in the control and diffusion groups. CONCLUSION: Convection and diffusion improved survival and hemodynamic parameters in a septic shock model. Improvement was more pronounced with convection, a difference that may be explained by convective clearance of cytokines.

Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 2014

To (1) evaluate lithium dilution (LiDCO) and transpulmonary thermodilution (PiCCOTD ) in relation... more To (1) evaluate lithium dilution (LiDCO) and transpulmonary thermodilution (PiCCOTD ) in relation to traditional thermodilution (PAC-TD) for determining cardiac output (CO) in 3 different hemodynamic states in dogs and to (2) compare the continuous CO values obtained using power analysis (PulseCO) with continuous PiCCO (PiCCOc). Prospective randomized study. University research laboratory. Fourteen healthy Beagles. CO was measured using PAC-TD, LiDCO, and PiCCOTD in 3 different hemodynamic states induced in random order and defined on the basis of the mean arterial pressure (MAP). Normodynamic state was defined as the baseline MAP and 1 MAC sevoflurane. The hypodynamic state was induced with a deep level of sevoflurane anesthesia. The hyperdynamic state was induced with noradrenaline. After these measurements were obtained in each hemodynamic state, CO was monitored continuously for 30 min using PulseCO and PiCCOc. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients, and a trend score was determined for the continuous CO measurements. There was good agreement among the 3 modalities of CO measurement in each hemodynamic state. The mean CIPAC-TD /CIPICCOTD bias was -0.04 ± 1.19 L/min/m(2) (limits of agreement, -2.37/1.93 L/min/m(2) ), and the mean CIPAC-TD /CILiDCO bias was -0.11 ± 1.55 L/min/m(2) (limits of agreement, -3.04/2.93 L/min/m(2) ). The mean CIPulseCO -CIPiCCOc bias was -0.04 ± 1.91 L/min/m(2) (limits of agreement, -1.95/1.87 L/min/m(2) ), which suggested good agreement. The CIPulseCO -CIPiCCOc trend score, calculated from 252 paired comparisons, was 93.3% positive after zone exclusion (∆CI &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 15%). Both LiDCO and PiCCOTD agreed well with PAC-TD for the measurement of CO under different hemodynamic conditions. Moreover, PiCCOc appears to be an accurate method for monitoring continuous CO in dogs as its performance for measurement was similar to that of PulseCO.