Thomas Pettigrew | University of California, Santa Cruz (original) (raw)

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Papers by Thomas Pettigrew

Social Forces, Dec 1, 1973

Sociology, Apr 28, 2016

Racism is a doctrine that holds that the world’s human population consists of various “races” tha... more Racism is a doctrine that holds that the world’s human population consists of various “races” that are the primary determinants of human traits and capacities. This doctrine typically regards one’s own race as superior to other races. Intergroup hatred and discrimination generally accompanies racist doctrines. Social science investigates racism at three interrelated levels. First, individual racism involves those individuals who hold racist beliefs. Here racist ideas often overlap with such concepts as prejudice, xenophobia, bigotry, and intolerance. But the key distinguishing feature of individual racism is that the group differences are viewed as innate and unchangeable. If assimilation or conversion is viewed as possible, then intolerance is involved but not racism. Second, situational racism occurs when racist behavior is shaped by the social context. This occurs when face-to-face situations are patterned, based on racist beliefs, to place one group in an inferior position in intergroup interaction. This occurs, for example, when one racial group in a situation possesses most of the resources that emphasize the status differences between the groups. Finally, third, structural and cultural racism results when a society’s institutions are shaped by racist beliefs and results in group discrimination. Indeed, racism’s effects can invade virtually all of a society’s institutions. Thus, racism differentiates human beings from one another by presumed “races,” and this leads to unequal access to resources and opportunities as well as to other forms of inequality such as gender-, ethnic-, and class-based inequity. Much of the research on racism has focused on anti-Black racism in the United States; but non-American references with other racist targets are included.

Social Forces, Sep 1, 1982

... Page 7. Dedicated to My Wife, Ann, and My Son, Mark Page 8. ... Lewis M. Killian, The Adjustm... more ... Page 7. Dedicated to My Wife, Ann, and My Son, Mark Page 8. ... Lewis M. Killian, The Adjustment of Southern White Migrants to Northern Urban Norms 214 29. Frank R.Westie and Margaret L.Westie, The Social-Distance Pyramid: Relationships Between Caste and Class 220 30. ...

Social Forces, Mar 1, 1987

American Psychological Association eBooks, 2021

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology, Dec 17, 2020

The discipline of psychology has an extremely broad range—from the life sciences to the social sc... more The discipline of psychology has an extremely broad range—from the life sciences to the social sciences, from neuroscience to social psychology. These distinctly different components have varying histories of their own. Social psychology is psychology’s social science wing. The major social sciences—anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science—all had their origins in the 19th century or even earlier. But social psychology is much younger; it developed both in Europe and North America in the 20th century. The field’s enormous growth over the past century began modestly with a few scant locations, several textbooks, and a single journal in the 1920s. Today’s social psychologists would barely recognize their discipline in the years prior to World War II. But trends forming in the 1920s and 1930s would become important years later. With steady growth, especially starting in the 1960s, the discipline gained thousands of new doctorates and multiple journals scattered throughout the world. Social psychology has become a recognized, influential, and often-cited social science. It is the basis, for example, of behavioral economics as well as such key theories as authoritarianism in political science. Central to this extraordinary expansion were the principal events of mid-20th century. World War II, the growth of universities and the social sciences in general, rising prosperity, statistical advances, and other global changes set the stage for the discipline’s rapid development. Together with this growth, social psychology has expanded its topics in both the affective and cognitive domains. Indeed, new theories are so numerous that theoretical integration has become a prime need for the discipline.

Social Issues and Policy Review, 2017

Berghahn Books, Dec 31, 2022

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, Feb 15, 2007

contemporary Psychology, Nov 1, 1967

Social Forces, Dec 1, 1973

Sociology, Apr 28, 2016

Racism is a doctrine that holds that the world’s human population consists of various “races” tha... more Racism is a doctrine that holds that the world’s human population consists of various “races” that are the primary determinants of human traits and capacities. This doctrine typically regards one’s own race as superior to other races. Intergroup hatred and discrimination generally accompanies racist doctrines. Social science investigates racism at three interrelated levels. First, individual racism involves those individuals who hold racist beliefs. Here racist ideas often overlap with such concepts as prejudice, xenophobia, bigotry, and intolerance. But the key distinguishing feature of individual racism is that the group differences are viewed as innate and unchangeable. If assimilation or conversion is viewed as possible, then intolerance is involved but not racism. Second, situational racism occurs when racist behavior is shaped by the social context. This occurs when face-to-face situations are patterned, based on racist beliefs, to place one group in an inferior position in intergroup interaction. This occurs, for example, when one racial group in a situation possesses most of the resources that emphasize the status differences between the groups. Finally, third, structural and cultural racism results when a society’s institutions are shaped by racist beliefs and results in group discrimination. Indeed, racism’s effects can invade virtually all of a society’s institutions. Thus, racism differentiates human beings from one another by presumed “races,” and this leads to unequal access to resources and opportunities as well as to other forms of inequality such as gender-, ethnic-, and class-based inequity. Much of the research on racism has focused on anti-Black racism in the United States; but non-American references with other racist targets are included.

Social Forces, Sep 1, 1982

... Page 7. Dedicated to My Wife, Ann, and My Son, Mark Page 8. ... Lewis M. Killian, The Adjustm... more ... Page 7. Dedicated to My Wife, Ann, and My Son, Mark Page 8. ... Lewis M. Killian, The Adjustment of Southern White Migrants to Northern Urban Norms 214 29. Frank R.Westie and Margaret L.Westie, The Social-Distance Pyramid: Relationships Between Caste and Class 220 30. ...

Social Forces, Mar 1, 1987

American Psychological Association eBooks, 2021

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology, Dec 17, 2020

The discipline of psychology has an extremely broad range—from the life sciences to the social sc... more The discipline of psychology has an extremely broad range—from the life sciences to the social sciences, from neuroscience to social psychology. These distinctly different components have varying histories of their own. Social psychology is psychology’s social science wing. The major social sciences—anthropology, economics, sociology, and political science—all had their origins in the 19th century or even earlier. But social psychology is much younger; it developed both in Europe and North America in the 20th century. The field’s enormous growth over the past century began modestly with a few scant locations, several textbooks, and a single journal in the 1920s. Today’s social psychologists would barely recognize their discipline in the years prior to World War II. But trends forming in the 1920s and 1930s would become important years later. With steady growth, especially starting in the 1960s, the discipline gained thousands of new doctorates and multiple journals scattered throughout the world. Social psychology has become a recognized, influential, and often-cited social science. It is the basis, for example, of behavioral economics as well as such key theories as authoritarianism in political science. Central to this extraordinary expansion were the principal events of mid-20th century. World War II, the growth of universities and the social sciences in general, rising prosperity, statistical advances, and other global changes set the stage for the discipline’s rapid development. Together with this growth, social psychology has expanded its topics in both the affective and cognitive domains. Indeed, new theories are so numerous that theoretical integration has become a prime need for the discipline.

Social Issues and Policy Review, 2017

Berghahn Books, Dec 31, 2022

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, Feb 15, 2007

contemporary Psychology, Nov 1, 1967