Alex Müller | University of Cape Town (original) (raw)

Papers by Alex Müller

Anthropology Southern Africa , 2018

This article comments on the photo essay "TB, Staring, Love and Loneliness: Flavia's Story" by Pi... more This article comments on the photo essay "TB, Staring, Love and Loneliness: Flavia's Story" by Pieter du Plessis, Siv Tshefu and Flavia Nazier, published in the same issue. It contextualizes the essay and Flavia's story against the historical and contemporary relationship between medicine and gender diversity to emphasise the essay's argument about agency and resilience.

BMC International Health and Human Rights, 2018

Background: Despite 20 years of democracy, South Africa still suffers from profound health inequa... more Background: Despite 20 years of democracy, South Africa still suffers from profound health inequalities. Gender roles and norms are associated with individuals' vulnerability that lead to ill-health. For instance, gender inequality influences women's access to health care and women's agency to make health-related decisions. This paper explores gender-awareness and inclusivity in organisations that advocate for the right to health in South Africa, and analyses how this knowledge impacts their work? Methods: In total, 10 in-depth interviews were conducted with members of The Learning Network for Health and Human Rights (LN), a network of universities and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) which is explicitly committed to advancing the right to health, but not explicitly gendered in its orientation.

Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 2018

One day, three feminist academics from different disciplinary backgrounds met over coffee on a he... more One day, three feminist academics from different disciplinary backgrounds met over coffee on a health sciences campus. Keen to work collectively with medical students, they devised a four-week special study module (SSM) called ‘Intersecting Identities’ that combined a variation of Photovoice, a participatory action research method, with seminars on gender, ‘race’, class, sexual orientation, and other identities. The end results would include a photo exhibition open to the university community, and a portfolio of student’s work. Inherent in the SSM were tenets of feminist research and disciplinary curiosity encouraged by the field of medical and health humanities (MHH). In seeking ethics approval for the SSM, the shared challenges linked to feminist research and cross-disciplinary work in MHH was revealed. The ethics committee suggested that the SSM was ‘inherently biased’ and that there was ‘evidence of minimal objectivity, which is not what research demands’. This article contextualises the SSM in relation to the medical curriculum and the nascent field of MHH and then analyses the committee’s objections and the authors’ replies to them. A discourse analysis and examination of this correspondence provides insights into a case study of inherent epistemic disciplinary violence, pedagogical clashes, notions of ‘risk’ in research, and the long road towards epistemic generosity and reciprocity.

Background: Adolescents have significant sexual and reproductive health needs. However, complex l... more Background: Adolescents have significant sexual and reproductive health needs. However, complex legal frameworks, and social attitudes about adolescent sexuality, including the values of healthcare providers, govern adolescent access to sexual and reproductive health services. These laws and social attitudes are often antipathetic to sexual and gender minorities. Existing literature assumes that adolescents identify as heterosexual, and exclusively engage in (heteronormative) sexual activity with partners of the opposite sex/gender, so little is known about if and how the needs of sexual and gender minority adolescents are met.

Background While the provision of gender affirming care for transgender people in South Africa i... more Background

While the provision of gender affirming care for transgender people in South Africa is considered legal, ethical, and medically sound, and is—theoretically—available in both the South African private and public health sectors, access remains severely limited and unequal within the country. As there are no national policies or guidelines, little is known about how individual health care professionals providing gender affirming care make clinical decisions about eligibility and treatment options.

Method

Based on an initial policy review and service mapping, this study employed semi-structured interviews with a snowball sample of twelve health care providers, representing most providers currently providing gender affirming care in South Africa. Data were analysed thematically using NVivo, and are reported following COREQ guidelines.

Results

Our findings suggest that, whilst a small minority of health care providers offer gender affirming care, this is almost exclusively on their own initiative and is usually unsupported by wider structures and institutions. The ad hoc, discretionary nature of services means that access to care is dependent on whether a transgender person is fortunate enough to access a sympathetic and knowledgeable health care provider.

Conclusion

Accordingly, national, state-sanctioned guidelines for gender affirming care are necessary to increase access, homogenise quality of care, and contribute to equitable provision of gender affirming care in the public and private health systems.

In this article we critically reflect on ‘feminist research methods’ and ‘methodology’, from the ... more In this article we critically reflect on ‘feminist research methods’ and ‘methodology’, from the perspective of a feminist research unit at a South African university, that explicitly aims to improve gender-based violence service provision and policy through evidence-based advocacy. Despite working within a complex and inequitable developing country context, where our feminist praxis is frequently pitted against seemingly intractable structural realities, it is a praxis that remains grounded in documenting the stories of vulnerable individuals and within a broader political project of working towards improving the systems that these individuals must navigate under challenging social and structural conditions. We primarily do this by working with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) providing gender-based violence services in research conceptualisation, design and implementation. This raises unique and complex questions for feminist participatory research, which we illustrate through a case study of collaborative, participatory research with NGOs to improve health and criminal justice outcomes for survivors of sexual violence. Issues include the possibility of good intentions/good research designs failing; the suitability of participatory research in sensitive service provision contexts; the degree(s) of engagement between researchers, service providers (collaborators/participants) and research participants; as well as our ethical duties to do no harm and to promote positive, progressive change through personal narratives and other forms of evidence. Given the demands of our context and these core issues, we not only argue that there are no ‘feminist methods’, but also caution against the notion of a universal ‘feminist methodology’. Whilst we may all be in agreement about the centrality of gender to our research and analysis, the fundamental aims and assumptions of mainstream (Western) feminist approaches do not hold true in all contexts, nor are they without variance in mode, ideal degrees of participation and importance to social context.

Sexual minority health is increasingly receiving attention by health sciences education and healt... more Sexual minority health is increasingly receiving attention by health sciences education and healthcare, with the core argument being that health can be improved by challenging sexual minority invisibility. Invisibility as a concept, however, does not allow for a deeper theoretical engagement with the reasons and consequences of the lack of representation of queerness in healthcare. Drawing on empirical research with queer healthcare users in South Africa, I argue that ‘invisibility’ actually encompasses two distinct, though related, concepts: queer symbolic annihilation as the reason for the exclusion of queer identities in health professions education and, by consequence, in healthcare; and queer (un)intelligibility as the consequence of this systemic erasure. By simply attributing discriminatory healthcare experiences of queer people to‘invisibility’ we are missing opportunities to address underlying issues of queer symbolic annihilation and unintelligibility.

Background: Sexual orientation and gender identity are social determinants of health for people i... more Background: Sexual orientation and gender identity are social determinants of health for people identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT), and health disparities among sexual and gender minority populations are increasingly well understood. Although the South African constitution guarantees sexual and gender minority people the right to non-discrimination and the right to access to healthcare, homo-and transphobia in society abound. Little is known about LGBT people's healthcare experiences in South Africa, but anecdotal evidence suggests significant barriers to accessing care. Using the framework of the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights General Comment 14, this study analyses the experiences of LGBT health service users using South African public sector healthcare, including access to HIV counselling, testing and treatment. Methods: A qualitative study comprised of 16 semi-structured interviews and two focus group discussions with LGBT health service users, and 14 individual interviews with representatives of LGBT organisations. Data were thematically analysed within the framework of the UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights General Comment 14, focusing on availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of care.

There is significant literature demonstrating the interpenetrability of identity and space, yet t... more There is significant literature demonstrating the interpenetrability of identity and space, yet there is almost no work that explores the co-production of queer identities and healthcare spaces. We use Lefebvre’s triad of (social) space to explore how the social spaces of South African healthcare facilities shape and are shaped by queer service-users, drawing on data from interviews and focus group discussions with 29 queer service-users and 14 representatives of organisations. Findings reveal that healthcare spaces are produced by the spatial ordering of health policy inattentive to queer health needs; the enduring symbolic representations of queerness as pathological or ‘un-African’; and various identity assertions and practices of individuals, including queer service-users and healthcare providers. As a result, healthcare spaces are overwhelmingly heteronormative, although queer service-users’ subversive practices suggest alternative spatial configurations. However, such resistance relies on individual empowered action and risks disciplining responses. Wider efforts are needed to transform the material and ideological space of healthcare facilities through law and policy reform and continuing professional training for healthcare providers.

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The framework of health and human rights provides for a comprehensive theoretical and practical a... more The framework of health and human rights provides for a comprehensive theoretical and practical application of general human rights principles in health care contexts that include the well-being of patients, providers, and other individuals within health care. This is particularly important for sexual and gender minority individuals, who experience historical and contemporary systematical marginalization, exclusion, and discrimination in health care contexts. In this paper, I present two case studies from South Africa to (1) highlight the conflicts that arise when sexual and gender minority individuals seek access to a heteronormative health system; (2) discuss the international, regional, and national human rights legal framework as it pertains to sexual orientation, gender identity, and health; and (3) analyze the gap between legislative frameworks that offer protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity and their actual implementation in health service provision. These case studies highlight the complex and intersecting discrimination and marginalization that sexual and gender minority individuals face in health care in this particular context. The issues raised in the case studies are not unique to South Africa, however; and the human rights concerns illustrated therein, particularly around the right to health, have wide resonance in other geographical and social contexts.

Introduction: Sex workers, people who use drugs, men who have sex with men, women who have sex wi... more Introduction: Sex workers, people who use drugs, men who have sex with men, women who have sex with women and transgender people in South Africa frequently experience high levels of stigma, abuse and discrimination. Evidence suggests that such abuse is sometimes committed by police officers, meaning that those charged with protection are perpetrators. This reinforces cycles of violence, increases the risk of HIV infection, undermines HIV prevention and treatment interventions and violates the constitutional prescriptions that the police are mandated to protect. This paper explores how relationship building can create positive outcomes while taking into account the challenges associated with reforming police strategies in relation to key populations, and vice versa. Discussion: We argue that relationships between law enforcement agencies and key populations need to be reexamined and reconstituted to enable appropriate responses and services. The antagonistic positioning, ''othering'' and blame assignment frequently seen in interactions between law enforcement officials and key populations can negatively influence both, albeit for different reasons. In addressing these concerns, we argue that mediation based on consensual dialogue is required, and can be harnessed through a process that highlights points of familiarity that are often shared, but not understood, by both parties. Rather than laying blame, we argue that substantive changes need to be owned and executed by all role-players, informed by a common language that is cognisant of differing perspectives. Conclusions: Relational approaches can be used to identify programmes that align goals that are part of law enforcement, human rights and public health despite not always being seen as such. Law enforcement champions and representatives of key populations need to be identified and supported to promote interventions that are mutually reinforcing, and address perceived differences by highlighting commonality. Creating opportunities to share experiences in mediation can be beneficial to all role-players. While training is important, it is not a primary mechanism to change behaviour and attitudes.

Background: Over the past two decades research on sexual and gender minority (lesbian, gay, bisex... more Background: Over the past two decades research on sexual and gender minority (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender; LGBT) health has highlighted substantial health disparities based on sexual orientation and gender identity in many parts of the world. We systematically reviewed the literature on sexual minority women's (SMW) health in Southern Africa, with the objective of identifying existing evidence and pointing out knowledge gaps around the health of this vulnerable group in this region.
Methods: A systematic review of publications in English, French, Portuguese or German, indexed in PubMed or MEDLINE between the years 2000 and 2015, following PRISMA guidelines. Additional studies were identified by searching bibliographies of identified studies. Search terms included (Lesbian OR bisexual OR " women who have sex with women "), (HIV OR depression OR " substance use " OR " substance abuse " OR " mental health " OR suicide OR anxiety OR cancer), and geographical specification. All empirical studies that used quantitative or qualitative methods, which contributed to evidence for SMW's health in one, a few or all of the countries, were included. Theoretical and review articles were excluded. Data were extracted independently by 2 researchers using predefined data fields, which included a risk of bias/quality assessment.
Results: Of 315 hits, 9 articles were selected for review and a further 6 were identified through bibliography searches. Most studies were conducted with small sample sizes in South Africa and focused on sexual health. SMW included in the studies were racially and socio-economically heterogeneous. Studies focused predominately on young populations, and highlighted substance use and violence as key health issues for SMW in Southern Africa.
Conclusions: Although there are large gaps in the literature, the review highlighted substantial sexual-orientation-related health disparities among women in Southern Africa. The findings have important implications for public health policy and research, highlighting the lack of population-level evidence on the one hand, and the impact of criminalizing laws around homosexuality on the other hand.

In October 2013, the Constitutional Court delivered judgement in the so-called Teddy Bear Clinic ... more In October 2013, the Constitutional Court delivered judgement in the so-called Teddy Bear Clinic Case, which challenged the constitutionality of provisions of the Sexual Offences Act (Criminal Law [Sexual Offences and Related Matters] Amendment Act 32 of 2007) relating to adolescents. The provisions in question directly implicated sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care providers because they criminalised a very wide range of consensual sexual activity between adolescents aged 12–15 years, including kissing on the mouth, hugging, sexual touching and sexual intercourse. These provisions also created mandatory requirements for 'anyone' with knowledge of consensual sexual activity to report this to the police, who were required to refer the case to the National Prosecuting Authority for a decision on how to proceed. Because the group of mandatory reporters is so widely defined, SRH care providers fall within this ambit. This means that, when faced with a teenager who wants to access contraception or other SRH services, healthcare providers are faced with a tricky choice between providing services and reporting the teen. The intent of these provisions in the law was to protect teens from unwanted or ill-advised sexual activity, but in practice their implementation was much more problematic (illustrated, e.g. by the much-publicised Jules High School case that saw three teenagers prosecuted for consensual sexual activity). The crux of the Teddy Bear Clinic's challenge to these sections of the law was that these provisions harmed the very adolescents they intended to protect. This argument was based on the fact that the sexual activity in question is developmentally age-appropriate and that criminalising such behaviour bars access to information for teenagers, unnecessarily exposes them to the criminal justice system, and potentially damages teenagers' understanding of sexuality, as well as their opportunities to develop a healthy attitude towards their body and sexuality. The review article provides an overview of the South African legislative framework that governed the provision of SRH services for adolescents between the age of 12 and 15 years (until July 2015) and highlights the apparent conflicts amongst these laws and policies. It analyses the dilemmas for healthcare providers, summarises the implications of the Constitutional Court judgement for providers and teenage patients and sets out the changes to the law brought about in July 2015 by the Criminal Law Sexual Offences and Related Matters Amendment Act 5 of 2015 (hereafter referred to as the SOA Amendment Act). Lastly, it presents strategies to provide healthcare providers with guidance when providing SRH services to teenagers.

South Africa’s legal framework on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care for teenagers is comp... more South Africa’s legal framework on sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care for teenagers is complex. On the one hand, the law protects their right to make decisions regarding reproduction – e.g. giving girls of any age the right to terminate a pregnancy, and allowing adolescents to consent to receive contraception from age 12. On the other hand, the Sexual Offences Act sets the age of consent to sex at 16 years, and requires mandatory reporting of anyone younger. These contradictory obligations mean that nurses, doctors and counsellors are expected to provide care, and counsel teenagers about their choices, but also report and enforce the law. They must therefore make judgments about inherently moral issues: should teenagers be having sex, and what services should they receive? Based on in-depth interviews at 28 healthcare facilities conducted in 2012, and data from workshops on the ‘conflicting laws’ held in 2014, the paper uses the theoretical framework of street-level bureaucracy to understand barriers to nurses providing SRH care for teenagers in South Africa, and the implication that this has for adolescents’ SRH. The paper argues that nurses’ adaptation of the law is a response to significant structural constraints, moral discomfort, and poor understanding of the law – all taken against an ethical framework that emphasizes quality, responsive patient care. The result is uneven implementation that undermines SRH information, access to services, and ultimately increases risks for teens.

Background: Sexual orientation and gender identity are not taught in African health professions c... more Background: Sexual orientation and gender identity are not taught in African health professions curricula. In order to improve the quality of care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) patients, health professionals need to shift their attitudes towards sexual orientation and
gender identity, and learn about specific LGBTI health needs.

Discussion: The curricula of African health professions education provide various opportunities to include teaching about sexual orientation and gender identity. Various disciplines can teach sexual orientation and gender identity issues in their context by challenging heteronormativity and
highlighting specific LGBTI health concerns, and can do so more successfully with interactive teaching approaches that hold more potential than formalised lectures. Rights-based teaching frameworks should include sexual orientation and gender identity as markers of difference. To achieve this,
educators need to build capacity to teach about these issues, and support LGBTI students in their institutions.

Conclusion: Teaching about sexual orientation and gender identity is urgently needed in African health professions education, but it is complex. This article
presents strategies to incorporate sexual orientation and gender identity into the curricula of medical schools, nursing colleges, and the allied health sciences.

This Briefing examines the challenges in including feminist gender and sexuality pedagogies in th... more This Briefing examines the challenges in including feminist gender and sexuality pedagogies in the curricula of the
health sciences at the University of Cape Town. Drawing from both personal experience and existing research, the
Briefing argues that the positivist paradigm of orthodox health science has historically contributed to oppressions
based on difference in race, gender, and sexuality. The Briefing traces our experiences in challenging the dominant
paradigm of knowledge production around gender and sexuality in the health sciences. It highlights and
contextualises our key challenges and contributes to an emerging conversation about the inclusion of social sciences
content into the health sciences, including strategies to influence the health sciences paradigm from within.

This opinion piece summarises the challenges in the South African legal framework around sexual a... more This opinion piece summarises the challenges in the South African legal framework around sexual and reproductive health service provision for adolescents aged 12 to 15 years.

South African Medical Journal

BMC Medical Education

Background: People who identity as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) have specific he... more Background: People who identity as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) have specific health needs. Sexual orientation and gender identity are social determinants of health, as homophobia and heteronormativity persist as prejudices in society.

ALQ - AIDS Legal Network Quartley

Anthropology Southern Africa , 2018

BMC International Health and Human Rights, 2018

Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 2018

Background While the provision of gender affirming care for transgender people in South Africa i... more Background

Method

Results

Conclusion

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South African Medical Journal

BMC Medical Education

ALQ - AIDS Legal Network Quartley

People whose sexual orientation is towards people of both genders, i.e. men whose sexual orientat... more People whose sexual orientation is towards people of both genders, i.e. men whose sexual orientation is towards men and women.

Strings Attached: AIDS and the Rise of Transnational Connections in Africa

This chapter seeks to analyse the transnational connections, conservative moral agendas and expre... more This chapter seeks to analyse the transnational connections, conservative moral agendas and expressions of contestation that are at play in the current discourse around sexual and reproductive rights of sexual minorities in Uganda

Teaching transgender health ¡ We are calling for better transgender health care, yet our health ... more Teaching transgender health ¡ We are calling for better transgender health care, yet our health care providers are not educated ¡ Education opportunities: in health professions education (medical/ nursing school) and continuous professional development courses ¡ SA health professions curricula do not include transgender health ¡ Little is known internationally about pedagogical approaches

Traditionally, the health sciences regard bodies through a positivist lens that hardly allows for... more Traditionally, the health sciences regard bodies through a positivist lens that hardly allows for the recognition of socially constructed identities. Health sciences have created the biological justifications for patriarchy and heteronormativity that have been adopted and propagated everywhere. These frameworks systematically invisibilise non-heteronormative identities. In Southern Africa, the existence of these minorities in health care is usually only acknowledged in HIV prevention. In this framework, non-heteronormative identities are condensed to the crude acronyms ‘MSM’ and ‘WSW’ (‘men who have sex with men’ and ‘women who have sex with women’), in an attempt to include same-sex behavior into prevention efforts. However, this discourse further marginalizes non-conforming identities by reducing social, emotional and psychological identities to sexual practices (Young & Meyer 2005).

In this paper, I examine the consequences of such concealing discourse by presenting preliminary research findings on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people’s access to health care in South Africa. I present data from an ongoing study in three provinces (Western Cape, Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal), which interviews LGBT health service users, representatives of non-governmental organisations who provide services for LGBT people, and health care workers (HCW) in public health facilities.

My findings assert that access to care is severely compromised by

The lack of HCW’s knowledge about non-conforming gender and sexuality, often resulting in LGBT service users having to educate their HCW (thus compromising quality and acceptability of care)
The ignorance, stereotypes and prejudices of HCWs, often rooted in religious discourse, which negatively impacts the health-seeking behavior of LGBT people (compromising accessibility and acceptability of services)
The absolute lack of health information (i.e. safer sex information), health prevention resources (i.e. dental dams, lubricants) and health research knowledge (sexual orientation information is currently not captured research about health outcomes)

I emphasize that these barriers are grounded in homophobia and enabled by the invisibility of sexual and gender minorities in health sciences discourse. They have abysmal consequences for sexual and gender minorities who seek to access the health care system. In order to improve access to care for LGBT people, HCWs need to critically interrogate their own morals and beliefs, and the health sciences need to embrace a critical approach to diversity.

"BACKGROUND In South Africa, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people routinely expe... more "BACKGROUND
In South Africa, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people routinely experience discrimination by health care workers, and even refusal of care when seeking health services. Even though LGBT people are recognised in national health policy as a key population, HCW attitudes are not cognisant of this. As a result, many LGBT people delay seeking care, or avoid accessing health facilities altogether. Given that LGBT people, like other marginalised groups, have poorer health outcomes, the health system’s failure to provide accessible, non-discriminatory care is indefensible.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the experiences of LGBT people in SA public sector health facilities, in order to identify shortcomings in health care worker education

METHODS
An ongoing qualitative study in three SA provinces, comprised of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) with LGBT service users, representatives of LGBT organisations, and health care workers (HCW).

RESULTS
To date, 21 interviews and 2 FGDs with LGBT service users and organisations have been completed. All interviewees reported experiences of discrimination by HCWs based on their sexual orientation. Nurses were perceived to be more homophobic than doctors. Discrimination was rooted in homophobia and heteronormativity and took various forms:

HCWs refused to provide care to LGBT patients
HCWs articulated moral judgment and disapproval of LGBT patients’ identity
HCWs forcibly subjected LGBT patients in their care to religious practices
HCWs did not have knowledge about LGBT identities or health needs

CONCLUSION
Many HCWs’ attitudes towards LGBT patients are completely unprofessional and violate the ethical duty of care. There is an urgent need to challenge HCWs attitudes towards homosexuality and educate them about LGBT health.
"

"BACKGROUND Homophobia and heteronormativity are barriers to health care for lesbian, gay, bisex... more "BACKGROUND
Homophobia and heteronormativity are barriers to health care for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people, which make up 10% of the general population. In South Africa, LGBT people routinely experience discrimination and refusal of care when seeking health services. LGBT people in Southern Africa are at high risk for HIV, but often don’t access the health system. In order to improve on MDG 6 (Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases), health care services need to be LGBT-inclusive and address LGBT-specific health needs.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the barriers that LGBT people face when accessing public sector health care in SA, using a rights-based framework that assesses availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of care.

METHODS
An ongoing qualitative study in three SA provinces, comprised of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGD) with LGBT health service users, representatives of LGBT organisations, and health care workers (HCW).

RESULTS
To date, 21 interviews and 2 FGDs with LGBT health service users have been completed. 20 interviewees delayed or avoided seeking health care. LGBT access to care was severely compromised by:

Lack of HCW’s knowledge about LGBT health
Insensitivity, discrimination and verbal abuse experienced by LGBT people in health facilities
Lack of LGBT health information (i.e. safer sex information), health prevention resources (i.e. dental dams, lubricants) and health research knowledge

CONCLUSION
LGBT people face significant barriers to health care, rooted in HCW prejudice, as well as their lack of knowledge about LGBT health. HCW education and comprehensive LGBT health information are necessary to improve health care for this significant minority group.
"

Video of conference talk on access to health care for sexual and gender minorities in South Afric... more Video of conference talk on access to health care for sexual and gender minorities in South Africa, and the importance of conceptualising sexual orientation and gender identity as social determinants of health

Profile for The Academic Minute (WAMC radio), and a brief summary of my research on sexual and ge... more Profile for The Academic Minute (WAMC radio), and a brief summary of my research on sexual and gender minority health in South Africa.