William Ballesteros | Universidad de Nariño (original) (raw)
Papers by William Ballesteros
Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas
The characterization of production systems is important to determine limitations and potentialiti... more The characterization of production systems is important to determine limitations and potentialities that allow their management. This type of diagnosis has not been carried out in the study region; therefore, there is no information on cocoa-based agroforestry systems. Therefore, traditional cocoa farms in the municipality of Los Andes, department of Nariño (Colombia), were social and economically characterized. Basic information was reviewed and a semi-structured survey was applied to a stratified random sample of 60 cocoa farmers. Eighteen qualitative and 20 quantitative variables were analyzed simultaneously with multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal components analysis (PCA). In the PCA, five components explained 58.7% of the variability. The variables with the highest contribution were farm area, income from cocoa yields, income from agricultural production other than cocoa, and family labor. In the MCA, 11 components explained 58.43% of the variability. The most...
Organic and chemical fertilization of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in an agroforestry system, 2022
La nutricion es una alternativa para incrementar los rendimientos en el cultivo de cacao(Theobrom... more La nutricion es una alternativa para incrementar los rendimientos en el cultivo de cacao(Theobroma cacao L.); por tal razon el objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar tres niveles defertilizacion. Tratamiento 1 (500 gramos/arbol/ano de Yaramila Hydran (19-4-19-3(MgO)-1,8(S)-0,1(B)-0,1(Zn)), 350 gramos/arbol/ano de Nitrabor (15,5-0-0-26 (CaO)-0,3(B),250 gramos/arbol/ano de Kmag (0-0-22-18(MgO)-22 (S) y 50 gramos/arbol/ano de KClgranulado). Tratamiento 2 (250 gramos/arbol/ano de Yaramila Hydran (19-4-19-3(MgO)-1,8(S)-0,1(B)-0,1(Zn)), 175 gramos/arbol/ano de Nitrabor (15,5-0-0-26 (CaO)-0,3(B),125 gramos/arbol/ano de Kmag (0-0-22-18(MgO)-22 (S) y 25 gramos/arbol/ano de KClgranulado); estos tratamientos se fraccionaron cada 4 meses para mejorar la asimilacionde los nutrientes por parte de las plantas. Tratamiento 3 (300 gramos/arbol/ano de acidoshumicos y 100 gramos/arbol/ano de Sulfomag (K 26 %, Mg 11 %, S 20 %). Se evaluo elrendimiento del cacao en cincomateriales (hibridos,CCN-51,TSH-565,...
Why We Nap, 1992
The issue of whether adult humans may have an endogenous, though masked, polyphasic sleep-wake te... more The issue of whether adult humans may have an endogenous, though masked, polyphasic sleep-wake tendency is of major importance in view of the proposal that people undergoing prolonged periods of work use polyphasic sleep-wake schedules. This question has been approached in several ways: by looking at sleep patterns of animals living in dangerous environments (Mukhametov et al., 1977; Pilleri, 1979); by having adult human subjects maintain different ultradian schedules (Weitzman et al., 1974; Carskadon and Dement, 1975; Moses et al., 1975; Lavie and Scherson, 1981; Lavie and Zomer, 1984); by submitting subjects to conditions of disentrainment (Campbell, 1983); and by observing the effects of self-imposed ultrashort sleep-wake schedules on yachtsmen engaged in prolonged single-handed sailing races (Stampi, 1985).
Se caracterizaron las fincas productoras de cacao del municipio de Tumaco, Narino,localizado a 1°... more Se caracterizaron las fincas productoras de cacao del municipio de Tumaco, Narino,localizado a 1°49´ Latitud norte y a 79°46´ Longitud oeste, con el objetivo de describir elsistema tradicional de produccion de cacao y determinar la estructura y funcion, en seisnucleosproductivos.Se aplicounmuestreoaleatoriosimple,una encuesta semiestructurada,talleres de diagnostico participativo y reuniones informales. Las encuestas se analizaronmediante estadistica descriptiva utilizando el programa Excel. Este sistema productivo esdiversificado, con varios arreglos agroforestales como: cacao Teobroma cacao asociadocon Musa paradisiaca,T. cacao asociado con frutales y maderables y T. cacao asociadocon palmas y algunas veces T. cacao en los potreros. En estos arreglos se registro unaproduccion de cacao de 265,7 kg.ha-1.ano-1, en 200 arboles ha-1, siendo el cacao tipocriollo, con mazorcas amelonadas el predominante, de las cuales el 28% son afectadaspor Monilophthora roreri y Crinnpellis perniciosa,...
Revista Temas Agrarios, 2019
In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. ... more In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. A first step to know the particular aspects of each coffee region is the description of the productive systems. In the coffee crops of the Union Nariño municipality, located at 1º 36’ 06” ‘North latitude and 77º 00’ 15’’ West longitude, the coffee activity takes place in heterogeneous farms in terms of extension, distances of sowing, applied technology, organization, family structure and fundamentally in the use and management of shade; which is why it is important to typify them by integrating the social, economic and environmental dimension and establish the differences between them, know their dynamics and determine the potential and limitations to contribute to the planning, research and organization of the coffee sector. A semi-structured survey was applied to 104 coffee producers located between 1400 and 1800 meters above sea level. This information was complemented with information from institutions linked to the coffee sector. A multivariate analysis from a cluster analysis (Ward method and principal components) was applied to the variables with high correlation. Four typologies of production systems were established: coffee with shade of woody (S1), coffee semi-shade (S2), coffee-banana (S3) and the coffee cultivation system without shade (S4). Within each typology, different dynamics were found in crop management practices, leading to differences in production, quality and economic yields.
Revista Temas Agrarios, 2019
In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. ... more In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. A first step to know the particular aspects of each coffee region is the description of the productive systems. In the coffee crops of the Union Nariño municipality, located at 1º 36’ 06” ‘North latitude and 77º 00’ 15’’ West longitude, the coffee activity takes place in heterogeneous farms in terms of extension, distances of sowing, applied technology, organization, family structure and fundamentally in the use and management of shade; which is why it is important to typify them by integrating the social, economic and environmental dimension and establish the differences between them, know their dynamics and determine the potential and limitations to contribute to the planning, research and organization of the coffee sector. A semi-structured survey was applied to 104 coffee producers located between 1400 and 1800 meters above sea level. This information was complemented with information from institutions linked to the coffee sector. A multivariate analysis from a cluster analysis (Ward method and principal components) was applied to the variables with high correlation. Four typologies of production systems were established: coffee with shade of woody (S1), coffee semi-shade (S2), coffee-banana (S3) and the coffee cultivation system without shade (S4). Within each typology, different dynamics were found in crop management practices, leading to differences in production, quality and economic yields.
En la comunidad de Watsi, Pueblo indigena Bri-Bri, suroeste de Costa Rica, Canton de Talamanca, P... more En la comunidad de Watsi, Pueblo indigena Bri-Bri, suroeste de Costa Rica, Canton de Talamanca, Provincia de Limon, localizada a 9° 37' 26,3" N y 82° 52' 53,1" W, con una altura entre 70 y 180 msnm, se evaluo la abundancia de los generos Forcipomyia, Atrichopogon, Dasyhelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) insectos polinizadores de cacao y sus principales enemigos naturales Dermapteras, Chillopodos y Formicidos; se analizo la hojarasca de: Banano Musa AAA, laurel Cordia alliodora, mamon chino Nephelium lappaceum, guaba Inga sp, pejivalle Bactris gasipaes, aguacate Persea americana, manzana de agua Syzygium malaccense especies utilizadas como sombrio y cacao Theobroma cacao sin sombra como tratamiento control. Se tomaron muestras de hojarasca de cada especie, se contaron las larvas y se criaron adultos en trampas de emergencia bajo condiciones controladas de humedad, las variables evaluadas fueron numero de individuos de Ceratopogonidos, enemigos naturales, porcentaje de ...
RESUMEN Se caracterizaron las fincas productoras de cacao del municipio de Tumaco, Narino, locali... more RESUMEN Se caracterizaron las fincas productoras de cacao del municipio de Tumaco, Narino, localizado a 1°49´ Latitud norte y a 79°46´ Longitud oeste, con el objetivo de describir el sistema tradicional de produccion de cacao y determinar la estructura y funcion, en seis nucleos productivos. Se aplico un muestreo aleatorio simple, una encuesta semiestructurada, talleres de diagnostico participativo y reuniones informales. Las encuestas se analizaron mediante estadistica descriptiva utilizando el programa Excel. Este sistema productivo es diversificado, con varios arreglos agroforestales como: cacao Teobroma cacao asociado con Musa paradisiaca,T. cacao asociado con frutales y maderables y T. cacao asociado con palmas y algunas veces T. cacao en los potreros. En estos arreglos se registro una produccion de cacao de 265,7 kg.ha -1 .ano -1 , en 200 arboles ha -1 , siendo el cacao tipo criollo, con mazorcas amelonadas el predominante, de las cuales el 28% son afectadas por Monilophthorar...
Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2021
Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future enviro... more Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future environmental and socio-economic uncertainties. Improving the management practices of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation systems requires knowledge of their baseline and the determining factors affecting them. The main goal of this research was to characterize traditional cacao agroforestry systems of smallholder farmers in the Municipality of Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. Using a semi-structured survey and a sample of 218 farmers, the socioeconomic characteristics of the cacao production system were analyzed. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped and discriminated the cacao growers. The PCA formed five components representing 50.86% of the total variability, while the ACM grouped them into five factors explaining 29.82% of the variability. The cacao cultivation is a traditional activity of smallholder farmers with very low yields. The age of the...
Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2021
Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future enviro... more Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future environmental and socio-economic uncertainties. Improving the management practices of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation systems requires knowledge of their baseline and the determining factors affecting them. The main goal of this research was to characterize traditional cacao agroforestry systems of smallholder farmers in the Municipality of Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. Using a semi-structured survey and a sample of 218 farmers, the socioeconomic characteristics of the cacao production system were analyzed. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped and discriminated the cacao growers. The PCA formed five components representing 50.86% of the total variability, while the ACM grouped them into five factors explaining 29.82% of the variability. The cacao cultivation is a traditional activity of smallholder farmers with very low yields. The age of the...
Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 2016
The cacao has become an essential part of the fight against the effects of illegal crops and rura... more The cacao has become an essential part of the fight against the effects of illegal crops and rural poverty in Colombia. Because of their bromatological characteristics, cocoa beans are preferred in markets. However, there are few studies on the variability of the regional genotypes. The goal of this study was to characterize the cacao trees in Tumaco, Nariño (Colombia) and establish their morpho-agronomic variability. Plant collections were conducted in five production zones of the municipality between 0 to 270 m. On each farm, the productivity and plant health variables were recorded for the outstanding plants. The characterization was carried out using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Cluster analysis. In the PCA, the first five components explained 70.2% of the variation. The first three components were characterized by productivity, while the last two components showed a low pod and grain index. In the MCA, the first three factors ...
Agroforestry Systems, 2016
Agronomía Colombiana, 2015
Random amplified microsatellite (RAMs) markers six were used to characterize 93 genotypes of coco... more Random amplified microsatellite (RAMs) markers six were used to characterize 93 genotypes of cocoa in Tumaco (Colombia). Hundred twenty seven bands were generated. The number of polymorphic loci varied between 11 and 25 for the AG and TG primers, respectively. This study differentiated the 93 genotypes into six groups with a 0.53 similarity, 0.28 mean heterozygosity (He) for the population, and 0.12±0.02 genetic differentiation coefficient or Fst. A significant level of genetic diversity was evident in the T. cacao genotypes. This resource would benefit selection programs of individual trees or plant breeding programs. The genotypes clustered in a large proportion in accordance with the collection zone. This characteristic was associated with collection zones and along the rivers in the municipality of Tumaco. The RAM technique proved to be a useful tool for the determination of genetic diversity in Theobroma species.
Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2021
Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to fu... more Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future environmental and socio-economic uncertainties. Improving the management practices of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation systems requires knowledge of their baseline and the determining factors affecting them. The main goal of this research was to characterize traditional cacao agroforestry systems of smallholder farmers in the Municipality of Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. Using a semi-structured survey and a sample of 218 farmers, the socioeconomic characteristics of the cacao production system were analyzed. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped and discriminated the cacao growers. The PCA formed five components representing 50.86% of the total variability, while the ACM grouped them into five factors explaining 29.82% of the variability. The cacao cultivation is a traditional activity of smallholder farmers with very low yields. The age of the farmers is over 50 years old, with despicable levels of education; there was no evidence of generational change. The study shows that the traditional cacao production system is not an attractive activity for young people or investors given its marginality and low economic projection. Timely strategies and subsequent early actions will be imperative to face the main environmental, socio-economic, and productive challenges, which will allow the cacao activity to be a source of well-being for cacao growers and the environment in the region.
Se evaluo el efecto de tratamientos pre-germinativos y las caracteristicas morfologicas en semill... more Se evaluo el efecto de tratamientos pre-germinativos y las caracteristicas morfologicas en semillas y plantulas de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Las semillas se trataron con concentraciones de H2SO4 de 50, 75 y 100% e inmersion de las mismas por 5 y 10 minutos, cada tratamiento tuvo cuatro repeticiones de 100 semillas cada una. Cada cuatro dias se registro el porcentaje de germinacion (PG) y la tasa de germinacion (TG) y a los 32 dias el numero de hojas (NH), altura de la plantula (AP), longitud de la raiz (LR), diametro de la raiz (DR) y del tallo (DT). La germinacion se inicio al cuarto dia y fue constante a partir de los 20 dias. Lo stratamientos con H2SO4 de 50 y 75% e inmersion durante 10 minutos fueron los mejores con 83,33% y 89,33% de germinacion. La TG vario de 4,7 a 14,5 dias. Se encontro correlacion positiva (P<0,01) en AP, LR, DR, DT y NH, a excepcion de DR con AP y LR. Los tratamientos pre-germinativos incrementaron la germinacion en semillas de esta especie. ...
En el municipio de Tumaco, Narino, se evaluo la presencia de hongos formadores de micorrizas (HMA... more En el municipio de Tumaco, Narino, se evaluo la presencia de hongos formadores de micorrizas (HMA) en cultivos de Theobroma cacao, Musa sp, Borojoa patinoi y Bactris gassipaes. Bajo condiciones de laboratorio se cuantifico el porcentaje de infeccion de raices (en lamina) y se determino las especies de HMA presentes en cada uno de los cultivos (por medio de la separacion de esporas). El mayor porcentaje de infeccion (48%) correspondio a Musa sp; Bactris gassipaes presento el 20%; Borojoa patinoi y Theobroma cacao presentaron los valores mas bajos con el 12% y 8% respectivamente. Los generos de Micorriza HMA presentes, en los cultivos, correspondieron a Scutellospora y Glomus sp en Musa sp; Glomus y Acaulospora en Bactris gassipaes y Glomus sp. en Borojoa patinoi y Theobroma cacao. ABSTRACT Presence of forming mycorrhiza fungi (HMA) was studied in the municipality of Tumaco in cocoa Theobroma cacao L, platano Musa sp., simmonds, borojo Borojoa patinoi Cuatr., and chontaduro Bactris ga...
En cultivos tradicionales de cacao en el Municipio de Tumaco, Narino, se caracterizaron morfologi... more En cultivos tradicionales de cacao en el Municipio de Tumaco, Narino, se caracterizaron morfologicamente in situ 102genotipos de cacao. Por medio de Analisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y Correspondencias Multiples (ACM) y clasificacion jerarquica. En ACP, los cinco primeros componentes explicaron el 70,17% de la variacion. En el primero con el mayor tamano de semilla y fruto, peso fresco y seco del grano, bajos promedios de floracion. El segundo, arboles con buena floracion, hojas grandes, productividad baja. El tercero, buena floracion, hojas grandes y buenos indices de mazorca y grano. El cuarto, bajos indices de mazorca y grano, y el quinto, muy bajos indices. El ACM los tres primeros factores expresaron el 39,49% de la variacion. El primero, corresponde al cacao cundeamor, apice de hojas puntiagudas, apice de mazorca agudo, ligera presencia de antocianina en el boton y mazorca color verde inmadura. El segundo, tipo cundeamor, apice atenuado, forma de botella en la constric...
Se describen las caracteristicas, los componentes, la estructura y la funcion de los sistemas agr... more Se describen las caracteristicas, los componentes, la estructura y la funcion de los sistemas agroforestales en el municipio de Rosamorada, Nayarit, Mexico; obtenidas a traves de encuestas, inventarios floristicos, perfiles semirealistas, integracion de indicadores y zonificacion agroforestal, utilizando metodologias de caracterizacion de SAF’s como: Diagnostico y Diseno (DD con apoyo de muestreo estratificado aleatorizado, con asignacion proporcional, 23 variables (SAF’s ‘0r productor, especies forestales, especies de arbustos, especies frutales, arboles forrajeros, especies de pastos, especies agricolas, animales domesticos, tamano de la unidad productiva, Ha en SAF’s , Ha en ganaderia, Ha cultivos, Ha en bosque, produccion agricola, produccion pecuaria, produccion de fruta, produccion de pesca, edad del productor, tamano de la UF, ingreso, escolaridad, tiempo dedicado a los SAF’s y tiempo dedicado a otras actividades), tres unidades de muestreo tipificadas como: 0-10; 10-100 y 10...
El presente estudio se realizo en el vivero del Centro de Investigaciones El Mira CORPOICA, Ubica... more El presente estudio se realizo en el vivero del Centro de Investigaciones El Mira CORPOICA, Ubicado en el municipio de Tumaco, Narino. En el centro predominan condiciones ecologicas de bosque humedo tropical (bh-T), con una altura de 16 msnm, precipitacion promedio anual de 3000 mm, temperatura de 26oC, humedad relativa de 88% y brillo solar 1000 horas/ano. Se determino el porcentaje de infeccion por MVA en raices, la materia seca y la absorcion de fosforo en plantas. Se tomo sustrado de suelos dedicados al cultivo, utilizando cepas nativas y cepas introducidas de GLomus, G. fasciculatum y Acaulospora, dos dosis de fosforo (50 y 500 kg/ha) y dos tratamientos al suelo (esterilizado y sin esterilizar). Se utilizo un diseno DIA con cuatro replicas, 24 tratamientos y cuatro plantas por unidad experimental. El mayor porcentaje de infeccion en raices de cacao lo presento GLomus + 50 kg de P/ha (T4), en las mayores alturas en cacao lo alcanzaron los tratamientos con GLomus + 500 kg de P/ha...
Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas
The characterization of production systems is important to determine limitations and potentialiti... more The characterization of production systems is important to determine limitations and potentialities that allow their management. This type of diagnosis has not been carried out in the study region; therefore, there is no information on cocoa-based agroforestry systems. Therefore, traditional cocoa farms in the municipality of Los Andes, department of Nariño (Colombia), were social and economically characterized. Basic information was reviewed and a semi-structured survey was applied to a stratified random sample of 60 cocoa farmers. Eighteen qualitative and 20 quantitative variables were analyzed simultaneously with multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal components analysis (PCA). In the PCA, five components explained 58.7% of the variability. The variables with the highest contribution were farm area, income from cocoa yields, income from agricultural production other than cocoa, and family labor. In the MCA, 11 components explained 58.43% of the variability. The most...
Organic and chemical fertilization of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) clones in an agroforestry system, 2022
La nutricion es una alternativa para incrementar los rendimientos en el cultivo de cacao(Theobrom... more La nutricion es una alternativa para incrementar los rendimientos en el cultivo de cacao(Theobroma cacao L.); por tal razon el objetivo de este ensayo fue evaluar tres niveles defertilizacion. Tratamiento 1 (500 gramos/arbol/ano de Yaramila Hydran (19-4-19-3(MgO)-1,8(S)-0,1(B)-0,1(Zn)), 350 gramos/arbol/ano de Nitrabor (15,5-0-0-26 (CaO)-0,3(B),250 gramos/arbol/ano de Kmag (0-0-22-18(MgO)-22 (S) y 50 gramos/arbol/ano de KClgranulado). Tratamiento 2 (250 gramos/arbol/ano de Yaramila Hydran (19-4-19-3(MgO)-1,8(S)-0,1(B)-0,1(Zn)), 175 gramos/arbol/ano de Nitrabor (15,5-0-0-26 (CaO)-0,3(B),125 gramos/arbol/ano de Kmag (0-0-22-18(MgO)-22 (S) y 25 gramos/arbol/ano de KClgranulado); estos tratamientos se fraccionaron cada 4 meses para mejorar la asimilacionde los nutrientes por parte de las plantas. Tratamiento 3 (300 gramos/arbol/ano de acidoshumicos y 100 gramos/arbol/ano de Sulfomag (K 26 %, Mg 11 %, S 20 %). Se evaluo elrendimiento del cacao en cincomateriales (hibridos,CCN-51,TSH-565,...
Why We Nap, 1992
The issue of whether adult humans may have an endogenous, though masked, polyphasic sleep-wake te... more The issue of whether adult humans may have an endogenous, though masked, polyphasic sleep-wake tendency is of major importance in view of the proposal that people undergoing prolonged periods of work use polyphasic sleep-wake schedules. This question has been approached in several ways: by looking at sleep patterns of animals living in dangerous environments (Mukhametov et al., 1977; Pilleri, 1979); by having adult human subjects maintain different ultradian schedules (Weitzman et al., 1974; Carskadon and Dement, 1975; Moses et al., 1975; Lavie and Scherson, 1981; Lavie and Zomer, 1984); by submitting subjects to conditions of disentrainment (Campbell, 1983); and by observing the effects of self-imposed ultrashort sleep-wake schedules on yachtsmen engaged in prolonged single-handed sailing races (Stampi, 1985).
Se caracterizaron las fincas productoras de cacao del municipio de Tumaco, Narino,localizado a 1°... more Se caracterizaron las fincas productoras de cacao del municipio de Tumaco, Narino,localizado a 1°49´ Latitud norte y a 79°46´ Longitud oeste, con el objetivo de describir elsistema tradicional de produccion de cacao y determinar la estructura y funcion, en seisnucleosproductivos.Se aplicounmuestreoaleatoriosimple,una encuesta semiestructurada,talleres de diagnostico participativo y reuniones informales. Las encuestas se analizaronmediante estadistica descriptiva utilizando el programa Excel. Este sistema productivo esdiversificado, con varios arreglos agroforestales como: cacao Teobroma cacao asociadocon Musa paradisiaca,T. cacao asociado con frutales y maderables y T. cacao asociadocon palmas y algunas veces T. cacao en los potreros. En estos arreglos se registro unaproduccion de cacao de 265,7 kg.ha-1.ano-1, en 200 arboles ha-1, siendo el cacao tipocriollo, con mazorcas amelonadas el predominante, de las cuales el 28% son afectadaspor Monilophthora roreri y Crinnpellis perniciosa,...
Revista Temas Agrarios, 2019
In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. ... more In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. A first step to know the particular aspects of each coffee region is the description of the productive systems. In the coffee crops of the Union Nariño municipality, located at 1º 36’ 06” ‘North latitude and 77º 00’ 15’’ West longitude, the coffee activity takes place in heterogeneous farms in terms of extension, distances of sowing, applied technology, organization, family structure and fundamentally in the use and management of shade; which is why it is important to typify them by integrating the social, economic and environmental dimension and establish the differences between them, know their dynamics and determine the potential and limitations to contribute to the planning, research and organization of the coffee sector. A semi-structured survey was applied to 104 coffee producers located between 1400 and 1800 meters above sea level. This information was complemented with information from institutions linked to the coffee sector. A multivariate analysis from a cluster analysis (Ward method and principal components) was applied to the variables with high correlation. Four typologies of production systems were established: coffee with shade of woody (S1), coffee semi-shade (S2), coffee-banana (S3) and the coffee cultivation system without shade (S4). Within each typology, different dynamics were found in crop management practices, leading to differences in production, quality and economic yields.
Revista Temas Agrarios, 2019
In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. ... more In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. A first step to know the particular aspects of each coffee region is the description of the productive systems. In the coffee crops of the Union Nariño municipality, located at 1º 36’ 06” ‘North latitude and 77º 00’ 15’’ West longitude, the coffee activity takes place in heterogeneous farms in terms of extension, distances of sowing, applied technology, organization, family structure and fundamentally in the use and management of shade; which is why it is important to typify them by integrating the social, economic and environmental dimension and establish the differences between them, know their dynamics and determine the potential and limitations to contribute to the planning, research and organization of the coffee sector. A semi-structured survey was applied to 104 coffee producers located between 1400 and 1800 meters above sea level. This information was complemented with information from institutions linked to the coffee sector. A multivariate analysis from a cluster analysis (Ward method and principal components) was applied to the variables with high correlation. Four typologies of production systems were established: coffee with shade of woody (S1), coffee semi-shade (S2), coffee-banana (S3) and the coffee cultivation system without shade (S4). Within each typology, different dynamics were found in crop management practices, leading to differences in production, quality and economic yields.
En la comunidad de Watsi, Pueblo indigena Bri-Bri, suroeste de Costa Rica, Canton de Talamanca, P... more En la comunidad de Watsi, Pueblo indigena Bri-Bri, suroeste de Costa Rica, Canton de Talamanca, Provincia de Limon, localizada a 9° 37' 26,3" N y 82° 52' 53,1" W, con una altura entre 70 y 180 msnm, se evaluo la abundancia de los generos Forcipomyia, Atrichopogon, Dasyhelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) insectos polinizadores de cacao y sus principales enemigos naturales Dermapteras, Chillopodos y Formicidos; se analizo la hojarasca de: Banano Musa AAA, laurel Cordia alliodora, mamon chino Nephelium lappaceum, guaba Inga sp, pejivalle Bactris gasipaes, aguacate Persea americana, manzana de agua Syzygium malaccense especies utilizadas como sombrio y cacao Theobroma cacao sin sombra como tratamiento control. Se tomaron muestras de hojarasca de cada especie, se contaron las larvas y se criaron adultos en trampas de emergencia bajo condiciones controladas de humedad, las variables evaluadas fueron numero de individuos de Ceratopogonidos, enemigos naturales, porcentaje de ...
RESUMEN Se caracterizaron las fincas productoras de cacao del municipio de Tumaco, Narino, locali... more RESUMEN Se caracterizaron las fincas productoras de cacao del municipio de Tumaco, Narino, localizado a 1°49´ Latitud norte y a 79°46´ Longitud oeste, con el objetivo de describir el sistema tradicional de produccion de cacao y determinar la estructura y funcion, en seis nucleos productivos. Se aplico un muestreo aleatorio simple, una encuesta semiestructurada, talleres de diagnostico participativo y reuniones informales. Las encuestas se analizaron mediante estadistica descriptiva utilizando el programa Excel. Este sistema productivo es diversificado, con varios arreglos agroforestales como: cacao Teobroma cacao asociado con Musa paradisiaca,T. cacao asociado con frutales y maderables y T. cacao asociado con palmas y algunas veces T. cacao en los potreros. En estos arreglos se registro una produccion de cacao de 265,7 kg.ha -1 .ano -1 , en 200 arboles ha -1 , siendo el cacao tipo criollo, con mazorcas amelonadas el predominante, de las cuales el 28% son afectadas por Monilophthorar...
Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2021
Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future enviro... more Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future environmental and socio-economic uncertainties. Improving the management practices of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation systems requires knowledge of their baseline and the determining factors affecting them. The main goal of this research was to characterize traditional cacao agroforestry systems of smallholder farmers in the Municipality of Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. Using a semi-structured survey and a sample of 218 farmers, the socioeconomic characteristics of the cacao production system were analyzed. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped and discriminated the cacao growers. The PCA formed five components representing 50.86% of the total variability, while the ACM grouped them into five factors explaining 29.82% of the variability. The cacao cultivation is a traditional activity of smallholder farmers with very low yields. The age of the...
Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2021
Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future enviro... more Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future environmental and socio-economic uncertainties. Improving the management practices of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation systems requires knowledge of their baseline and the determining factors affecting them. The main goal of this research was to characterize traditional cacao agroforestry systems of smallholder farmers in the Municipality of Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. Using a semi-structured survey and a sample of 218 farmers, the socioeconomic characteristics of the cacao production system were analyzed. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped and discriminated the cacao growers. The PCA formed five components representing 50.86% of the total variability, while the ACM grouped them into five factors explaining 29.82% of the variability. The cacao cultivation is a traditional activity of smallholder farmers with very low yields. The age of the...
Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas, 2016
The cacao has become an essential part of the fight against the effects of illegal crops and rura... more The cacao has become an essential part of the fight against the effects of illegal crops and rural poverty in Colombia. Because of their bromatological characteristics, cocoa beans are preferred in markets. However, there are few studies on the variability of the regional genotypes. The goal of this study was to characterize the cacao trees in Tumaco, Nariño (Colombia) and establish their morpho-agronomic variability. Plant collections were conducted in five production zones of the municipality between 0 to 270 m. On each farm, the productivity and plant health variables were recorded for the outstanding plants. The characterization was carried out using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Cluster analysis. In the PCA, the first five components explained 70.2% of the variation. The first three components were characterized by productivity, while the last two components showed a low pod and grain index. In the MCA, the first three factors ...
Agroforestry Systems, 2016
Agronomía Colombiana, 2015
Random amplified microsatellite (RAMs) markers six were used to characterize 93 genotypes of coco... more Random amplified microsatellite (RAMs) markers six were used to characterize 93 genotypes of cocoa in Tumaco (Colombia). Hundred twenty seven bands were generated. The number of polymorphic loci varied between 11 and 25 for the AG and TG primers, respectively. This study differentiated the 93 genotypes into six groups with a 0.53 similarity, 0.28 mean heterozygosity (He) for the population, and 0.12±0.02 genetic differentiation coefficient or Fst. A significant level of genetic diversity was evident in the T. cacao genotypes. This resource would benefit selection programs of individual trees or plant breeding programs. The genotypes clustered in a large proportion in accordance with the collection zone. This characteristic was associated with collection zones and along the rivers in the municipality of Tumaco. The RAM technique proved to be a useful tool for the determination of genetic diversity in Theobroma species.
Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2021
Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to fu... more Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future environmental and socio-economic uncertainties. Improving the management practices of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation systems requires knowledge of their baseline and the determining factors affecting them. The main goal of this research was to characterize traditional cacao agroforestry systems of smallholder farmers in the Municipality of Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. Using a semi-structured survey and a sample of 218 farmers, the socioeconomic characteristics of the cacao production system were analyzed. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped and discriminated the cacao growers. The PCA formed five components representing 50.86% of the total variability, while the ACM grouped them into five factors explaining 29.82% of the variability. The cacao cultivation is a traditional activity of smallholder farmers with very low yields. The age of the farmers is over 50 years old, with despicable levels of education; there was no evidence of generational change. The study shows that the traditional cacao production system is not an attractive activity for young people or investors given its marginality and low economic projection. Timely strategies and subsequent early actions will be imperative to face the main environmental, socio-economic, and productive challenges, which will allow the cacao activity to be a source of well-being for cacao growers and the environment in the region.
Se evaluo el efecto de tratamientos pre-germinativos y las caracteristicas morfologicas en semill... more Se evaluo el efecto de tratamientos pre-germinativos y las caracteristicas morfologicas en semillas y plantulas de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Las semillas se trataron con concentraciones de H2SO4 de 50, 75 y 100% e inmersion de las mismas por 5 y 10 minutos, cada tratamiento tuvo cuatro repeticiones de 100 semillas cada una. Cada cuatro dias se registro el porcentaje de germinacion (PG) y la tasa de germinacion (TG) y a los 32 dias el numero de hojas (NH), altura de la plantula (AP), longitud de la raiz (LR), diametro de la raiz (DR) y del tallo (DT). La germinacion se inicio al cuarto dia y fue constante a partir de los 20 dias. Lo stratamientos con H2SO4 de 50 y 75% e inmersion durante 10 minutos fueron los mejores con 83,33% y 89,33% de germinacion. La TG vario de 4,7 a 14,5 dias. Se encontro correlacion positiva (P<0,01) en AP, LR, DR, DT y NH, a excepcion de DR con AP y LR. Los tratamientos pre-germinativos incrementaron la germinacion en semillas de esta especie. ...
En el municipio de Tumaco, Narino, se evaluo la presencia de hongos formadores de micorrizas (HMA... more En el municipio de Tumaco, Narino, se evaluo la presencia de hongos formadores de micorrizas (HMA) en cultivos de Theobroma cacao, Musa sp, Borojoa patinoi y Bactris gassipaes. Bajo condiciones de laboratorio se cuantifico el porcentaje de infeccion de raices (en lamina) y se determino las especies de HMA presentes en cada uno de los cultivos (por medio de la separacion de esporas). El mayor porcentaje de infeccion (48%) correspondio a Musa sp; Bactris gassipaes presento el 20%; Borojoa patinoi y Theobroma cacao presentaron los valores mas bajos con el 12% y 8% respectivamente. Los generos de Micorriza HMA presentes, en los cultivos, correspondieron a Scutellospora y Glomus sp en Musa sp; Glomus y Acaulospora en Bactris gassipaes y Glomus sp. en Borojoa patinoi y Theobroma cacao. ABSTRACT Presence of forming mycorrhiza fungi (HMA) was studied in the municipality of Tumaco in cocoa Theobroma cacao L, platano Musa sp., simmonds, borojo Borojoa patinoi Cuatr., and chontaduro Bactris ga...
En cultivos tradicionales de cacao en el Municipio de Tumaco, Narino, se caracterizaron morfologi... more En cultivos tradicionales de cacao en el Municipio de Tumaco, Narino, se caracterizaron morfologicamente in situ 102genotipos de cacao. Por medio de Analisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y Correspondencias Multiples (ACM) y clasificacion jerarquica. En ACP, los cinco primeros componentes explicaron el 70,17% de la variacion. En el primero con el mayor tamano de semilla y fruto, peso fresco y seco del grano, bajos promedios de floracion. El segundo, arboles con buena floracion, hojas grandes, productividad baja. El tercero, buena floracion, hojas grandes y buenos indices de mazorca y grano. El cuarto, bajos indices de mazorca y grano, y el quinto, muy bajos indices. El ACM los tres primeros factores expresaron el 39,49% de la variacion. El primero, corresponde al cacao cundeamor, apice de hojas puntiagudas, apice de mazorca agudo, ligera presencia de antocianina en el boton y mazorca color verde inmadura. El segundo, tipo cundeamor, apice atenuado, forma de botella en la constric...
Se describen las caracteristicas, los componentes, la estructura y la funcion de los sistemas agr... more Se describen las caracteristicas, los componentes, la estructura y la funcion de los sistemas agroforestales en el municipio de Rosamorada, Nayarit, Mexico; obtenidas a traves de encuestas, inventarios floristicos, perfiles semirealistas, integracion de indicadores y zonificacion agroforestal, utilizando metodologias de caracterizacion de SAF’s como: Diagnostico y Diseno (DD con apoyo de muestreo estratificado aleatorizado, con asignacion proporcional, 23 variables (SAF’s ‘0r productor, especies forestales, especies de arbustos, especies frutales, arboles forrajeros, especies de pastos, especies agricolas, animales domesticos, tamano de la unidad productiva, Ha en SAF’s , Ha en ganaderia, Ha cultivos, Ha en bosque, produccion agricola, produccion pecuaria, produccion de fruta, produccion de pesca, edad del productor, tamano de la UF, ingreso, escolaridad, tiempo dedicado a los SAF’s y tiempo dedicado a otras actividades), tres unidades de muestreo tipificadas como: 0-10; 10-100 y 10...
El presente estudio se realizo en el vivero del Centro de Investigaciones El Mira CORPOICA, Ubica... more El presente estudio se realizo en el vivero del Centro de Investigaciones El Mira CORPOICA, Ubicado en el municipio de Tumaco, Narino. En el centro predominan condiciones ecologicas de bosque humedo tropical (bh-T), con una altura de 16 msnm, precipitacion promedio anual de 3000 mm, temperatura de 26oC, humedad relativa de 88% y brillo solar 1000 horas/ano. Se determino el porcentaje de infeccion por MVA en raices, la materia seca y la absorcion de fosforo en plantas. Se tomo sustrado de suelos dedicados al cultivo, utilizando cepas nativas y cepas introducidas de GLomus, G. fasciculatum y Acaulospora, dos dosis de fosforo (50 y 500 kg/ha) y dos tratamientos al suelo (esterilizado y sin esterilizar). Se utilizo un diseno DIA con cuatro replicas, 24 tratamientos y cuatro plantas por unidad experimental. El mayor porcentaje de infeccion en raices de cacao lo presento GLomus + 50 kg de P/ha (T4), en las mayores alturas en cacao lo alcanzaron los tratamientos con GLomus + 500 kg de P/ha...
Temas Agrarios, 2019
In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. ... more In Colombia, the diversity of agroecosystems gives the coffee characteristic flavors and aromas. A first step to know the particular aspects of each coffee region is the description of the productive systems. In the coffee crops of the Union Nariño municipality, located at 1º 36’ 06” ‘North latitude and 77º 00’ 15’’ West longitude, the coffee activity takes place in heterogeneous farms in terms of extension, distances of sowing, applied technology, organization, family structure and fundamentally in the use and management of shade; which is why it is important to typify them by integrating the social, economic and environmental dimension and establish the differences between them, know their dynamics and determine the potential and limitations to contribute to the planning, research and organization of the coffee sector. A semi-structured survey was applied to 104 coffee producers located between 1400 and 1800 meters above sea level. This information was complemented with information from institutions linked to the coffee sector. A multivariate analysis from a cluster analysis (Ward method and principal components) was applied to the variables with high correlation. Four typologies of production systems were established: coffee with shade of woody (S1), coffee semi-shade (S2), coffee-banana (S3) and the coffee cultivation system without shade (S4). Within each typology, different dynamics were found in crop management practices, leading to differences in production, quality and economic yields.